Changes

{{#seo:

{{#seo:

|title=Concept and practices of immunization and vaccination in Ayurveda  

|title=Concept and practices of immunization and vaccination in Ayurveda  

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Immunization, Charak samhita, carakasamhitaonline, Indian System of Medicine, bala  

|keywords=Immunization, Charak samhita, carakasamhitaonline, Indian System of Medicine, bala, vaccination in ayurveda, immunity development, immunity boosters, holistic system of medicine, suvarnaprashana, ayurvedic concept of immunization, vaccination

|description=Concept of immunization in Ayurveda & contemporary systems  

|description=Concept of immunization in Ayurveda & contemporary systems  

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|type=article

|type=article

}}

}}

Vaccination or developing immunity has gained significant attention during SARS-COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines are developed to target a specific antigen and prevent a specific disease. This can be included in offense strategy or disease-centric strategy of healthcare systems. [[Ayurveda]] emphasizes on building a strong defense system, that can fight with any type of antigen. This shows the patient-centric ([[purusha]]) views of healthcare in the ancient system of medicine originated in India. The article describes a comprehensive understanding of concepts of immunization in contemporary systems and ancient practices of strengthening immunity.

<p style="text-align:justify;">Vaccination or developing immunity has gained significant attention during SARS-COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines are developed to target a specific antigen and prevent a specific disease. This can be included in offense strategy or disease-centric strategy of healthcare systems. [[Ayurveda]] emphasizes on building a strong defense system, that can fight with any type of antigen. This shows the patient-centric ([[purusha]]) views of healthcare in the ancient system of medicine originated in India. The article describes a comprehensive understanding of concepts of immunization in contemporary systems and ancient practices of strengthening immunity.

 

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label3 = Reviewers  

|label3 = Reviewers  

|data3 = Rekhi Rachna ³, Basisht G.²

|data3 = Rekhi Rachna ³, Basisht G.⁴

|label4 = Editor

|label4 = Editor

|data4 = Basisht G.²

|data4 = Basisht G.⁴

|label5 = Affiliations

|label5 = Affiliations

³Pediatrician, Daly City, CA, U.S.A.

³Pediatrician, Daly City, CA, U.S.A.

|label6 = Correspondence email

|label6 = Correspondence email

|data6 = kpkarthik131@gmail.com, carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data6 = kpkarthik131@gmail.com, carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label7 = Date of first publication:

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = January05, 2022

 

|label8 = Date of first publication:

|data8 = January05, 2022

|label8 = DOI

|label9 = DOI

|data8 = under process

|data9 = 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.078

}}

}}

Preconception dietary and lifestyle regimens of various kinds have been found to have conducive effects on the growth of the fetus. Lipid-based supplementation of micronutrients along with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and minimal amounts of protein and energy along with improved environmental conditions to women planning for conception at least 3 months before conception showed decreases of 44% in stunting, 24% in wasting, and 26% SGA in comparison to the control group in which no preconceptional dietary modification was given.<ref>S.M. Dhaded, K.M. Hambidge, S.A. Ali, M. Somannavar, S. Saleem, O. Pasha, U. Khan, V. Herekar, S. Vernekar, Y. Kumar S., J.E. Westcott, V.R. Thorsten, A. Sridhar, A. Das, E. McClure, R.J. Derman, R.L. Goldenberg, M. Koso-Thomas, S.S. Goudar, N.F. Krebs, Preconception nutrition intervention improved birth length and reduced stunting and wasting in newborns in South Asia: The Women First Randomized Controlled Trial, PLoS ONE. 15 (2020) e0218960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218960.</ref> Preconceptional diet predominant in fruits, with minimal fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and glycemic load, has been found to improve fertility and reduce time to pregnancy.<ref>J.A. Grieger, Preconception diet, fertility, and later health in pregnancy, Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 32 (2020) 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000629.</ref>

Preconception dietary and lifestyle regimens of various kinds have been found to have conducive effects on the growth of the fetus. Lipid-based supplementation of micronutrients along with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and minimal amounts of protein and energy along with improved environmental conditions to women planning for conception at least 3 months before conception showed decreases of 44% in stunting, 24% in wasting, and 26% SGA in comparison to the control group in which no preconceptional dietary modification was given.<ref>S.M. Dhaded, K.M. Hambidge, S.A. Ali, M. Somannavar, S. Saleem, O. Pasha, U. Khan, V. Herekar, S. Vernekar, Y. Kumar S., J.E. Westcott, V.R. Thorsten, A. Sridhar, A. Das, E. McClure, R.J. Derman, R.L. Goldenberg, M. Koso-Thomas, S.S. Goudar, N.F. Krebs, Preconception nutrition intervention improved birth length and reduced stunting and wasting in newborns in South Asia: The Women First Randomized Controlled Trial, PLoS ONE. 15 (2020) e0218960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218960.</ref> Preconceptional diet predominant in fruits, with minimal fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and glycemic load, has been found to improve fertility and reduce time to pregnancy.<ref>J.A. Grieger, Preconception diet, fertility, and later health in pregnancy, Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 32 (2020) 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000629.</ref>

Diet and lifestyle during pregnancy also play a significant role in framing the strength and immunity of the child. This is knowns as prenatal regimen ([[garbhini paricharya]]). The diet in each trimester has been designed in synchronization with the fetal developments. The first-trimester diet comprises food items that are sweet in taste, cold in potency, and is predominantly liquid. This ensures proper nutrition and prevents dehydration. The second-trimester diet focuses on the formation and growth of muscles and organs. It is rich in proteins. The third-trimester diet is mostly about dealing with constipation, water retention, and facilitating the process of parturition. This includes mild laxatives and enemas.<ref>D.B. Koli, PA01.78. Ayurvedic diet in pregnancy, Anc. Sci. Life. 32 (2012) S128.</ref> Epigenetic modifications are changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequences. They occur due to factors like DNA methylations, histone modifications, and miRNA expression modulation. The presence of excess methyl donors in the maternal diet may lead to an increased risk of allergic airway disease in the offspring, whereas sensitization to certain pathogens reduces the risk. An inappropriately high-fat diet has been identified to be a potential risk factor of fetal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.<ref>A.A. Geraghty, K.L. Lindsay, G. Alberdi, F.M. McAuliffe, E.R. Gibney, Nutrition During Pregnancy Impacts Offspring’s Epigenetic Status—Evidence from Human and Animal Studies, Nutr. Metab. Insights. 8 (2016) 41–47. https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S29527.</ref>

Diet and lifestyle during pregnancy also play a significant role in framing the strength and immunity of the child. This is knowns as prenatal regimen (garbhini paricharya). The diet in each trimester has been designed in synchronization with the fetal developments. The first-trimester diet comprises food items that are sweet in taste, cold in potency, and is predominantly liquid. This ensures proper nutrition and prevents dehydration. The second-trimester diet focuses on the formation and growth of muscles and organs. It is rich in proteins. The third-trimester diet is mostly about dealing with constipation, water retention, and facilitating the process of parturition. This includes mild laxatives and enemas.<ref>D.B. Koli, PA01.78. Ayurvedic diet in pregnancy, Anc. Sci. Life. 32 (2012) S128.</ref> Epigenetic modifications are changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequences. They occur due to factors like DNA methylations, histone modifications, and miRNA expression modulation. The presence of excess methyl donors in the maternal diet may lead to an increased risk of allergic airway disease in the offspring, whereas sensitization to certain pathogens reduces the risk. An inappropriately high-fat diet has been identified to be a potential risk factor of fetal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.<ref>A.A. Geraghty, K.L. Lindsay, G. Alberdi, F.M. McAuliffe, E.R. Gibney, Nutrition During Pregnancy Impacts Offspring’s Epigenetic Status—Evidence from Human and Animal Studies, Nutr. Metab. Insights. 8 (2016) 41–47. https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S29527.</ref>

===After birth===

===After birth===

! Weaning dumpling (Modaka)  !! Therapeutic action

! Weaning dumpling (Modaka)  !! Therapeutic action

|-

|-

| | Buchanania latifolia (Priyala) fruit rind, Glycyrrhiza glabra (Madhuka), honey, parched rice, sugar candy<ref>A.N. Baldota, M. Deodas, P. Wankhede, S. Singh, COMPLIMENTARY FEEDING IN INFANT- AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE, World J. Pharm. Res. (n.d.) 7.</ref> || Nourishing (prinana)

| | Buchanania latifolia (priyala) fruit rind, Glycyrrhiza glabra (madhuka), honey, parched rice, sugar candy<ref>A.N. Baldota, M. Deodas, P. Wankhede, S. Singh, COMPLIMENTARY FEEDING IN INFANT- AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE, World J. Pharm. Res. (n.d.) 7.</ref> || Nourishing (prinana)

|-

|-

| | Unripe fruit of Aegle marmelos (Bala vilva), Elettaria cardamomum (Ela), sugar candy, and parched rice<ref>A. R, C.K. Vk, Preparation of Balabilwadi modaka: Ayurvedic complementary food, Pharma Innov. J. 5 (2016) 33–38.</ref> || Carminative ([[dipana]])

| | Unripe fruit of Aegle marmelos (bala bilva), Elettaria cardamomum (ela), sugar candy, and parched rice<ref>A. R, C.K. Vk, Preparation of Balabilwadi modaka: Ayurvedic complementary food, Pharma Innov. J. 5 (2016) 33–38.</ref> || Carminative ([[dipana]])

|-

|-

| | Woodfordia fruticosa (Dhataki) flower, sugar candy, puffed rice soaked in water (tarpana) || Styptic (sangrahi)

| | Woodfordia fruticosa (dhataki) flower, sugar candy, puffed rice soaked in water (tarpana) || Styptic (sangrahi)

|-

|-

|}

|}

'''[[Rasayana]] (rejuvenation therapy)'''

'''[[Rasayana]] (rejuvenation therapy)'''

Rejuvenation therapy is one of the eight branches of [[Ayurveda]], concerned with healthy ageing, increasing longevity, intellect, strength, immunity, and also cure of the diseases that have occurred. [[Rasayana]], when administered in the early or middle years of life, with proper preparatory measures (like prior cleansing of the body, pleasant mind, etc.) bestows the individual with longevity, intellect, memory, youth, luster, sweetness of voice, the strength of body and senses, etc. It is considered to be the most superior way to bring the excellence of bodily tissues, hence bringing about their optimal functioning and enhancing the [[Bala]] or immunity. While most of the [[rasayana]] are general promoters of health, some are specifically dedicated to providing protection against some diseases. Some are designed to be used in the management of particular diseases.  

Rejuvenation therapy is one of the eight branches of [[Ayurveda]], concerned with healthy ageing, increasing longevity, intellect, strength, immunity, and also cure of the diseases that have occurred. [[Rasayana]], when administered in the early or middle years of life, with proper preparatory measures (like prior cleansing of the body, pleasant mind, etc.) bestows the individual with longevity, intellect, memory, youth, luster, sweetness of voice, the strength of body and senses, etc. It is considered to be the most superior way to bring the excellence of bodily tissues, hence bringing about their optimal functioning and enhancing the [[bala]] or immunity. While most of the [[rasayana]] are general promoters of health, some are specifically dedicated to providing protection against some diseases. Some are designed to be used in the management of particular diseases.  

Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) is a [[rasayana]] drug that has been extensively studied and established for its immunomodulatory activity. It acts primarily on the non-specific immune mechanism, stimulating the same. Besides the immune-boosting activity, it has been studied for antioxidant, adaptogenic, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety activities, and also the protective effect on liver, heart, bones, etc.<ref>K. Dhama, S. Sachan, R. Khandia, A. Munjal, H.M.N. Iqbal, S.K. Latheef, K. Karthik, H.A. Samad, R. Tiwari, M. Dadar, Medicinal and Beneficial Health Applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A Miraculous Herb Countering Various Diseases/Disorders and its Immunomodulatory Effects, Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov. 10 (2017) 96–111. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872214811666170301105101.</ref>

Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) is a [[rasayana]] drug that has been extensively studied and established for its immunomodulatory activity. It acts primarily on the non-specific immune mechanism, stimulating the same. Besides the immune-boosting activity, it has been studied for antioxidant, adaptogenic, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety activities, and also the protective effect on liver, heart, bones, etc.<ref>K. Dhama, S. Sachan, R. Khandia, A. Munjal, H.M.N. Iqbal, S.K. Latheef, K. Karthik, H.A. Samad, R. Tiwari, M. Dadar, Medicinal and Beneficial Health Applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A Miraculous Herb Countering Various Diseases/Disorders and its Immunomodulatory Effects, Recent Pat. Endocr. Metab. Immune Drug Discov. 10 (2017) 96–111. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872214811666170301105101.</ref>

#O P Gupta (1991): To study controlled trial of Rasayana in case of Kshaya w.s.r. to general Vyadhikshamatva (Bala). (Kaya Chikitsa).  

#O P Gupta (1991): To study controlled trial of Rasayana in case of Kshaya w.s.r. to general Vyadhikshamatva (Bala). (Kaya Chikitsa).  

#S N Tewari (2005): Ayurvedic concept of Immunity and drug for immunotherapeuticuses. (Basic Principles), ASP University Rewa.

#S N Tewari (2005): Ayurvedic concept of Immunity and drug for immunotherapeuticuses. (Basic Principles), ASP University Rewa.

==References==

==References==