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|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 3.Pharmaceutical preparations of Ikshvaku

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<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 3.Pharmaceutical preparations of Ikshvaku '''</big>

<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 3.Pharmaceutical preparations of Ikshvaku '''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya

|title = Ikshvaku Kalpa Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

 

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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''Ikshvaku'' is referred at various places in [[Charaka Samhita]] by synonyms like ''Lamba, Katukalabu, Tumbi, Pindphala'' and ''Phalini''. It is indicated in ''Kasa''(cough), ''Shwasa''(dyspnea/asthma), ''Visha''(toxins), ''Chhardi''(vomiting), ''Jwara''(fever) and ''Pratamyata''(blackouts). The most potent and useful part employed in recipes are leaves (collected before flowering), fruits and seeds. Two more synonyms - ''Katutumbi'' and ''Mahaphala'' are quoted for ''Ikshvaku'' with ''hridya''( cardio-protective) and ''vishahara''( anti-poisonous) properties. [1]

''Ikshvaku'' is referred at various places in [[Charaka Samhita]] by synonyms like ''Lamba, Katukalabu, Tumbi, Pindphala'' and ''Phalini''. It is indicated in ''Kasa''(cough), ''Shwasa''(dyspnea/asthma), ''Visha''(toxins), ''Chhardi''(vomiting), ''Jwara''(fever) and ''Pratamyata''(blackouts). The most potent and useful part employed in recipes are leaves (collected before flowering), fruits and seeds. Two more synonyms - ''Katutumbi'' and ''Mahaphala'' are quoted for ''Ikshvaku'' with ''hridya''( cardio-protective) and ''vishahara''( anti-poisonous) properties. <ref> Bhavamishra,Shakavarga, In:Prof. K.C. Chunekar,Late Dr. G.S. Pandey, editors,Bhavaprakash Nighantu, ?ed,Varanasi:Chaukhamba Bharati Acadamy,2010, pp 682</ref>

   

   

In a ''samabhasha'' (discussion) referred in [[Siddhi Sthana]], King Vamaka opined that ''Katutumbi'' is the best emetic and capable of eliminating ''doshas''. Lord Atreya concluded that ''Katutumbi'' is useful for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (urinary diseases including diabetes), however ''Madanaphala'' is superior, because it can be prescribed in various other disease conditions too. [2]

In a ''samabhasha'' (discussion) referred in [[Siddhi Sthana]], King Vamaka opined that ''Katutumbi'' is the best emetic and capable of eliminating [[dosha]]. Lord Atreya concluded that ''Katutumbi'' is useful for the treatment of ''Prameha'' (urinary diseases including diabetes), however ''Madanaphala'' is superior, because it can be prescribed in various other disease conditions too.[Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 11/5-6]

 

Rajanighantu mentioned several varieties of ''Tumbi'' like ''Kumbha tumbi, Ksheeratumbi, Bhutumbi'' etc. whereas Bhavamishra identified two varieties of ''Tumbi'', namely ''Madhura'' and ''Latatumbi''.

Rajanighantu mentioned several varieties of ''Tumbi'' like ''Kumbha tumbi, Ksheeratumbi, Bhutumbi'' etc. whereas Bhavamishra identified two varieties of ''Tumbi'', namely ''Madhura'' and ''Latatumbi''.

'''Indications''' – Jwara, Kasa

'''Indications''' – Jwara, Kasa

'''Therapeutic uses[3]''' –  

'''Therapeutic uses<ref>Prof K Nishteswar&Dr.KoppulaHemadri, Dravyaguna Vidyana, first edition 2010, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan, Delhi, pp 421.</ref>''' –  

*Ashmari (Calculi) – The seed powder mixed with honey and sheep’s milk administered for 7 days dissolves Ashmari (Calculus).  

*Ashmari (Calculi) – The seed powder mixed with honey and sheep’s milk administered for 7 days dissolves Ashmari (Calculus).  

*Pradara (Menorrhagia) – The fruit powder mixed with honey and sugar relieves  

*Pradara (Menorrhagia) – The fruit powder mixed with honey and sugar relieves  

=== Botanical  description ===

=== Botanical  description ===

Tendrillar climber, upto 10m long; stem soft, hairy, angular. Leaves alternate, petiolate, broadly ovate – suborbicular, 3-5 angled or shortly lobed and dentate with cordate base, 15-20 cm across; petiole with two glands at the part of joining lamina. Flowers monoecious, solitary, axillary; calyx tube of male green, narrowly campanulate with linear, small lobes; corolla of 5 oblong – obovate, white petals about 4-5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad; stamens 3, anthers slightly fused, one of them 1- celled and the others 2- locular; female flowers with densely softly hairy ovary. Fruit of various shapes on different plants, very long and club- shaped, sometimes reaching upto 75 cm long and 15-20 cm diameter at broader end, or bottle- shaped/ dumbbell -  shaped and broadly obovoid shape, the broader end measuring upto 25 cm across or more. Seeds numerous, oblong in outline, about 1.3* 0.7 cm, broader and somewhat obcordate at apex[4].

Tendrillar climber, upto 10m long; stem soft, hairy, angular. Leaves alternate, petiolate, broadly ovate – suborbicular, 3-5 angled or shortly lobed and dentate with cordate base, 15-20 cm across; petiole with two glands at the part of joining lamina. Flowers monoecious, solitary, axillary; calyx tube of male green, narrowly campanulate with linear, small lobes; corolla of 5 oblong – obovate, white petals about 4-5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad; stamens 3, anthers slightly fused, one of them 1- celled and the others 2- locular; female flowers with densely softly hairy ovary. Fruit of various shapes on different plants, very long and club- shaped, sometimes reaching upto 75 cm long and 15-20 cm diameter at broader end, or bottle- shaped/ dumbbell -  shaped and broadly obovoid shape, the broader end measuring upto 25 cm across or more. Seeds numerous, oblong in outline, about 1.3* 0.7 cm, broader and somewhat obcordate at apex<ref name=PC>P.C.Sharma et al, Data Base on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Vol-5, Reprint 2005, CCRAS, GOI, 437</ref>.

'''Flowering''' – October- December

'''Flowering''' – October- December

'''Fruiting''' – March- June

'''Fruiting''' – March- June

'''Distribution''' – Wild Lagenaria siceraria is generally met with in and around forest villages, almost throughout India. In this form, both the fruit (unripe and ripe) and the root are bitter to taste and are supposed to be used in Indian systems of Medicine. The non – bitter form with edible, unripe fruit is cultivated and is available throughout the year for consumption. The morphological description, however, matches for both the forms[4].

'''Distribution''' – Wild Lagenaria siceraria is generally met with in and around forest villages, almost throughout India. In this form, both the fruit (unripe and ripe) and the root are bitter to taste and are supposed to be used in Indian systems of Medicine. The non – bitter form with edible, unripe fruit is cultivated and is available throughout the year for consumption. The morphological description, however, matches for both the forms<ref name=PC/>

The climber is distributed almost throughout the Tropics in the world.

The climber is distributed almost throughout the Tropics in the world.

'''Chemical constituent''': Bitter fruit yield 0.013% of a solid foam containing cucurbitacin B, D, G and H, mainly cucurbitacin B. These bitter principles are present in the fruit as aglycon. Leaves contain cucurbitacin B, and roots cucurbitacins B, D and traces of E. The fruit juice contains beta-glycosidase (elaterase)..[5]

'''Chemical constituent''': Bitter fruit yield 0.013% of a solid foam containing cucurbitacin B, D, G and H, mainly cucurbitacin B. These bitter principles are present in the fruit as aglycon. Leaves contain cucurbitacin B, and roots cucurbitacins B, D and traces of E. The fruit juice contains beta-glycosidase (elaterase).<ref>C.P.Khare, Indian Medicinal Plant, an Illustrated Dictionary. P 358</ref>C.P.Khare, Indian Medicinal Plant, an Illustrated Dictionary. P 358</ref>

According to Thakur Balwant Singh, there are two varieties, sweet and bitter used as vegetable and in medicine respectively. The fruit deprived of its pulp and seeds used an instrument for blood-letting [6]

According to Thakur Balwant Singh, there are two varieties, sweet and bitter used as vegetable and in medicine respectively. The fruit deprived of its pulp and seeds used an instrument for blood-letting<ref>Thakur Balwant Singh and Dr K C Chunekar, Glossary of Vegetable drugs in Brihattrayi, second edition 1999, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, pp25</ref>

'''Action''': The roots are emetics, purgative and anti-inflammatory. They are useful in constipation and inflammation.

'''Action''': The roots are emetics, purgative and anti-inflammatory. They are useful in constipation and inflammation.

The fruits are refrigerant, emetics, purgative, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, diuretic and febrifuge. They are useful in burning of the feet, cough, bronchitis, inflammation, skin diseases, leprosy, fainting, night blindness, Apachi, delirium, rhinitis, oedema and fever.

The fruits are refrigerant, emetics, purgative, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, diuretic and febrifuge. They are useful in burning of the feet, cough, bronchitis, inflammation, skin diseases, leprosy, fainting, night blindness, Apachi, delirium, rhinitis, oedema and fever.

The seeds are purgative, diuretic, cooling and useful in cough, fever, burning micturition, otalgia, inflammations, dropsy and haemorrhoids.[7]

The seeds are purgative, diuretic, cooling and useful in cough, fever, burning micturition, otalgia, inflammations, dropsy and haemorrhoids.<ref>P.C.Sharma et al, Data Base on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, Vol-5, Reprint 2005, CCRAS, GOI, pp437</ref>

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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It is recommended for purpose of emesis in patients suffering from cough, dyspnea, poisoning, vomiting and fever as well as in patients reduced due to diseases of ''kapha'' or fainting. [4]

It is recommended for purpose of emesis in patients suffering from cough, dyspnea, poisoning, vomiting and fever as well as in patients reduced due to diseases of [[kapha]] or fainting. [4]

=== Various preparations ===

=== Various preparations ===

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A large fistful of the sprouts of the plant (leaves) that has not yet put forth flowers should be boiled in 64 ''tolas'' (768ml) of milk and given in the fever of the ''kapha'' type, with ''pitta'' provocation.[5]

A large fistful of the sprouts of the plant (leaves) that has not yet put forth flowers should be boiled in 64 ''tolas'' (768ml) of milk and given in the fever of the [[kapha]] type, with [[pitta]] provocation.[5]

As per the description of the recipes of ''jimutaka'' in the earlier chapter, four types of milk preparations are to be made out of its flowers etc.(Milk should be prepared with its flowers, milky gruel with freshly appeared fruits, milk cream with hairy fruits, curd with non hairy one and sour curd from milk boiled with the pale green fruit).The fifth one is made by soaking green – pale fruits in ''suramanda''. [6]

As per the description of the recipes of ''jimutaka'' in the earlier chapter, four types of milk preparations are to be made out of its flowers etc.(Milk should be prepared with its flowers, milky gruel with freshly appeared fruits, milk cream with hairy fruits, curd with non hairy one and sour curd from milk boiled with the pale green fruit).The fifth one is made by soaking green – pale fruits in ''suramanda''. [6]

One part of the expressed juice of the fruits should be boiled with three parts milk. This is to be administered in accumulation of ''kapha'' in the chest, in hoarseness of voice and chronic coryza.[7]

One part of the expressed juice of the fruits should be boiled with three parts milk. This is to be administered in accumulation of [[kapha]] in the chest, in hoarseness of voice and chronic coryza.[7]

The pulp of a ripe fruit of ''ikshvaku'' should be removed and in this shell, milk should be kept till it becomes curd. This curd should be given as potion in cough with expectoration, dyspnea and vomiting.[8]

The pulp of a ripe fruit of ''ikshvaku'' should be removed and in this shell, milk should be kept till it becomes curd. This curd should be given as potion in cough with expectoration, dyspnea and vomiting.[8]

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The demulcent drink with the extracted juice of the bottle gourd and ''saktu'' (roasted paddy powder) should be taken as potion in fever due to ''kapha'', cough, throat diseases and anorexia. [19]

The demulcent drink with the extracted juice of the bottle gourd and ''saktu'' (roasted paddy powder) should be taken as potion in fever due to [[kapha]], cough, throat diseases and anorexia. [19]

   

   

A portion of the paste of the bottle gourd seeds mixed with meat soup should be taken in ''gulma, meha'' and ''praseka''. By this, person vomits well without getting exhausted. [20]

A portion of the paste of the bottle gourd seeds mixed with meat soup should be taken in ''gulma, meha'' and ''praseka''. By this, person vomits well without getting exhausted. [20]

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)==

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)==

*''Ikshvaku'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is used as emetic in various diseases originated from vitiation of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.

*''Ikshvaku'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is used as emetic in various diseases originated from vitiation of [[kapha]] and [[pitta]].

==Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)==

==Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)==

=== Pharmacological activities [8] ===

=== Pharmacological activities ===

Anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-hyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hyperthyroidism, hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation, anti-cancer, CNS depressant activity, hypertensive activity.

Anti-hyperglycemic activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-hyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hyperthyroidism, hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation, anti-cancer, CNS depressant activity, hypertensive activity.<ref>B.N. Shah et al, Phytopharmacological profile of Lagenaria siceraria: A review, Asian Journal of Plant Science 9(3); 2010, 152-157.</ref>

=== Research works ===

=== Research works ===

*Anthelmintic activity: Ethanolic extract of seeds exhibited potent anthelmintic activity against tapeworm  (hymenolepis nana).[9]

*Anthelmintic activity: Ethanolic extract of seeds exhibited potent anthelmintic activity against tapeworm  (hymenolepis nana).<ref>EE Elisha, HAA Twaji,NM Ali, JH Tarish, S Karim,M Al-Omari, The Anthelmintic Activity of Some Iraqi Plants of the Cucurbitaceae, International Journal of Crude Drug Research, Vol 25, Issue 3,1987, PP-153-157</ref>

*Antioxidant: Methanolic extract of leaves shown significant antioxidant activity in DPPH method.[10]

*Antioxidant: Methanolic extract of leaves shown significant antioxidant activity in DPPH method.<ref>Neeraj Kant Sharma, Priyankayadav, Hemant Kumar Singh And Anil Kumar Shrivastava, In Vitro Antioxidant activity of Lagenaria siceraria leaves, Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical science, Vol 11, No.1,1-11(2013)</ref>

*Antistress and adaptogenic activity: Ethanolic extract of fruits shown  significant anti-stress activity in forced swimming endurance stress on swimming endurance time methods in albino rats.[11]

*Antistress and adaptogenic activity: Ethanolic extract of fruits shown  significant anti-stress activity in forced swimming endurance stress on swimming endurance time methods in albino rats.<ref>B.V.S Lakshmi and M Sudhakar, Adaptogenic activity of Lagenaria siceraria, An experimental study using acute stress models on rats, Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2009,4(8)pp-300-306</ref>

*L.S juice is an excellent in cardiac problems, digestive, urinary problems and in diabetes. Dietary fibres present helps in constipation, flatulence and in piles.[12]

*L.S juice is an excellent in cardiac problems, digestive, urinary problems and in diabetes. Dietary fibres present helps in constipation, flatulence and in piles.<ref>Rakesh P Prajapati, Manisha Kalariya, Sachin K parmar, Navin R sheth Phytochemical and pharmacological review of legenaria siceraria , J Ayurveda Integr Med . 2010 volume1/issue 4/ page 266-272 http://www.iaim.in/text.asp?20101/4/266-272/74431</ref>

=== Future research ===

=== Future research ===

There is a scope to conduct clinical trials to study effect of Ikshvaku as emetic in diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia and liver disorders.

There is a scope to conduct clinical trials to study effect of Ikshvaku as emetic in diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypercholesterolemia and liver disorders.

== Reference ==

== Reference ==

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