Dhumapana

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The word ‘dhuma’ (also spelled as dhooma) means smoke and ‘pana’ means to consume. Thus, the word ‘dhumapana’ means taking smoke inside. In ancient times, dhumapana was a part of daily regimen (dinacharya); wherein a specific procedure is adopted for the smoke inhalation through nose and exhaled through mouth, with help of a medicated wick (varti) containing herbs. However, currently this practice has been limited as an ayurveda treatment procedure in management of certain conditions. Ayurvedic dhumapana is generally misunderstood with the dhumrapana, the basic difference between both is that in Ayurvedic dhumapana, smoke inhalation of medicated herbs is done via nose and exhalation from mouth. While dhumrapana is mainly via mouth and exhalation through nosemouth or both as hukkah, bidi, cigarette, cigar etc.. This smoke inhalation is injurious to health and can lead to eye disorders, respiratory diseases and other complications. Dhumapana (medicated smoking) can be used for prevention and treatment of the diseases in upper clavicular region (urdhvajatrugataroga). This chapter deals with the description of dhumapana.

Contributors
Section/Chapter/topic Concepts& Practices /Dhumapana
Authors Bhojani M. K. 1,
Jain Rahul1,
Deole Y.S.2
Reviewer & Editor Basisht G.3
Affiliations 1 Department of Sharir Kriya, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
3 Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
Correspondence emails meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in,
carakasamhita@gmail.com
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre, I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
Date of publication: June 16, 2023
DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.141

Etymology

Dhumpapana word is made up of two words- “dhuma” means smoke and “Pana” means to consume (drink or inhale). So, dhumapanameans inhalation of medicated dhumafor treatment as well as prevention of different diseases.

Synonyms

  • Dhumra

Types of dhumapana

Acharya Charak

[Ch.Sa.SutraSthana, 5/58]

Acharya Sushrut

[Su.Sa.ChikitsaSthana40/4]

Acharya Vagbhat

[A.Hri. SutraSthana 21/2]

Acharya Sharangdhara

[A.Sa. Sutra Sthana,30]

  1. Prayogika or shamana (for preventing/pacifying diseases)
  2. Vairechanika (purgative/ cleansing)
  3. Snaihika (lubricating)
  1. Prayogika or Shamana (for preventing diseases)
  2. Vairechanika (purgative)
  3. Snaihika (lubricating)
  4. Kashaghna (antitussive)
  5. Vamaniya (vomit inducing)
  1. Snigdhadhuma (lubricating passages)
  2. Madhyamadhuma (Medium)
  3. TikshnaDhuma (Strong or Purifying)
  1. Shamanadhuma (balancing)
  2. Brimhanadhuma (nourishing)
  3. Rechanadhuma (Purgative)
  4. Kasahara dhuma (Antitussive)
  5. Vamana dhuma (Vomit inducing)
  1. Prayorika or shamanadhumapana (preventing or pacifying diseases)
    Prayogikadhumapana is advised for healthy individuals for preservation of health and prevention of vata-kapha dominant diseases in supraclavicular region.
  2. Snaihikadhumapana (lubricating)
    Snaihikadhumapana is done with unctuous substance and intended for oleation purpose.
  3. Vairechanikadhumapana (cleansing)
    Vairechanikadhumapanais done with substance having cleansing properties with an intention to remove the aggravated dosha in supraclavicular region.

Time and frequency

Prayogika Snaihika Vairechaanika
Two times a day Once a day till lacrimation in eyes starts Three to four times per day
Acc. to acharya Charak, there are eight specific times when it can be done

[Ch.Sa.SutraSthana5/58]

  1. Snatva (After bathing)
  2. Bhuktva (After eating)
  3. Samulikhya (After vomiting)
  4. Kshutva (After sneezing)
  5. Dantanighrishya (After brushing teeth)
  6. Navanante (After nasya)
  7. Anjanante (After applying anjana)
  8. Nidrante (After waking up)

Acc. To Acharya Sushrut four specific times to do[Su.Sa. ChikitsaSthana 40/13]

  1. After brushing teeth
  2. After bathing
  3. After consuming food
  4. After any surgical procedure
 Acc. to acharya Sushrut

[Su.Sa.ChikitsaSthana, 40/13]

  1. After evacuation of urine and faeces
  2. After sneezing
  3. After laughing
  4. After coitus
  5. After anger
 Acc. to acharya Sushrut

[Su.Sa.ChikitsaSthana, 40/13]

  1. After bathing
  2. After day sleep (divashayan)
  3. After vomiting

Preparation of medicated wick for smoking (dhumavarti)

  1. Prayogika dhumapana [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/20-24]
    Materials: Harenuka (Aconitum novoluridum), Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla), Prithvika (Ammonum subulatum), Keshar (Crocus sativus), Nakha (Helix aspera), Hriver (Pavonia odorata), Chandan (Santalum album), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala), Twak Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum), Usheera (Vetiveria zizaniodes), Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides), Dhyamaka (Cymbopogon martini), Madhuka (Madhuca longifolia), Mansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Guggulu (Commiphora mukul), Agaru (Aquilaria agallocha), Sharkara, Nyagrodha (Ficus bengalensis), Udumbara (Ficus glomerata), Ashvattha (Ficus religiosa), Plaksha (Ficus virens), Lodhra (Symplocos racemose), Vanya (Dioscorea bulbifera), Sarjarasa (Vateria indica), Musta (Cyprus rotundus), Shaileya (Parmelia perlata), Utpala, Shreeveshtaka (Pinus roxburghii), Shallaki (Boswellia serrata), Sthauneyaka (Taxus baccata).
    Method
    • Make paste of above-mentioned drugs by grinding and adding water.
    • Stick that paste on a shareshika (pipe like structure) such that it’s width should be more in centre and narrow at the ends.
    • Pramana (measurements): angushtha pramana (thickness of thumb)
    • Length: Twelve angula (measurement by fingers approx.21.12 cm). (Acc. to acharya Charak) and eight angula (measurement by fingers approx. 14.08 cm) (Acc. to acharya Sushrut)
    • Dry that varti (wick) in shade and then remove it from shareshika (pipe like structure).
  2. Snaihika dhumapana [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/25]
    Materials: Vasa (fat), ghrita (clarified butter), Madhuchhishta (beeswax), Jeevaniya gana drugs (Jeevaka- Malaxis acuminate, Rishabhaka- Manilkara hexandra, Meda- Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Mahameda- Polygonatum verticilatum, Kakoli- Fritillaria roylei, Ksheerkakoli- Roscoea purpurea, Mudgaparni- Phaseolus trilobus, Mashaparni- Teramnus labialis, Jeevanti- Leptadenia reticulata, Madhuka- Glycyrrhiza glabra)
    Method
    • Mix the jeevaniya gana dravya with vasa, ghrita and madhuchhishta (beeswax)
  3. Vairechanika dhumapana
    Materials: Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea), Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus), Hartal, Manah-shila, Gandha agaru (Aquiularia agallocha), Patra(Cinnamomum tamala) etc.
    Method
    • Prepare the dhumavarti as mentioned above in prayogika dhumapana
  4. Dhumanetra (nozzle for the smoking)
    Material- Should be made of the same material as bastinetra (Suvarna- gold, silver, ranga-tin, lead, copper, bronze etc).
    Structure-
    • It should have 3 kosha (curves).
    • Base should have a hole of angushtha pramana (.).
    • Upper part should also have a hole of kolasthi pramana (..).
Acc. to acharya Sushruta dimensions for dhumavarti is described:
Prayogika Snaihika Vairechanika Kasaghna and vamaniya
Pramana- kanishthika anguli (breadth with little finger)

48 angula (84.48cm) length

36 angula (63.36) length (Acc. To Acharya Charak)

32 angula (56.32 cm) length 24 angula (42.24 cm) length 16 angula (28.16 cm) length

Drugs for preparing dhumavarti

S.No. Dhumpana Drugs
1. Snigdha or mridu (soft or lubricating)
[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 21/13]   		Agaru (Aquilaria agllocha), Guggulu (Commiphora mukul), Nagarmotha (Cyprus rotundus), Thuner (Taxus wallichiana), Shaileya (Parmelia perlata), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Khas (Chrysopogon zizanioides), Netrabala (Pavonia odorata), Dalchini c, Renuka (Vitex negundo), Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Bilwa (Aegle marmelos) majja, Elvaluka (Prunus cerasus), Shreeveshtaka (Pinus roxburghii), Sarjarasa (Vateria indica), Dhyamka (Cymbopogon schoenanthus), Shallaki (Boswellia serrata), Kumkum (Mallotus philippensis), Masha (Vigna mungo), Yava (Hordeum vulgare), Kunduru (Coccinia grandis), Tila (Sesamum indicum), Sneha (Oil), Meda (fat), Majja , Vasa (fat), Ghrita (Clarified butter)
2.   Madhyama or Shamana (moderate or pacifying)
[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 21/16] 		Shallaki (Boswellia serrata), Laksha (Laccifer lacca), Prithvika (Ammonum subutalum), Kamal (Nelumbo nucifera), Utpala (Nymphea alba),Nyagrodha (Ficus bengalensis), Udumbara (Ficus glomerata), Ashvatha (Ficus religiosa), Plaksha (Ficus virens), Lodhra (Symplocos racemose), Twaka (Boswellia serrata), Sita, Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Tagara (Valeriana wallichii)
3. Teekshna (strong or cleansing)
[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 21/17] 		Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus), Haridra Curcuma longa), Dashamool (Bilwa- Aegle marmelos, Agnimantha- Premna mucronate, Shyonaka- Oroxylum indicum, Patala- Stereospermum suaveolens, Gambhari- Gmelina arborea, Brihati- Solanum indicum, Kantakari- Solanum xanthocarpum,  Gokshura- Tribulus terrestris, Shalaparrni- Desmodium gangeticum, Prishnaparni- Uraria pictta), Manah-shila, Hartal, Laksha (Laccifer lacca), Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera), Triphala (Amalaki- Phyllanthus emblilca, Vibhitaki- Terminalia bellerica, Haritaki- Terminalia cheebula), Gandha dravya (aromatics), Shirovirechana gana (nasal errhines)


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