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→Eight dhatu
Dhatus are body constituents which build the basic structure and carry various physiological functions. They work as body tissues, stabilize and sustain body. (Code:SAT-B.425)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
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|title=Dhatu
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Dhatu, Rasa dhatu, Rakta dhatu, Mamsa dhatu, Meda dhatu, Asthi dhatu, Majja dhatu, Shukra dhatu, Vata, Pitta, Kapha, Dhatu and body tissues, Dhatvagni and tissue metabolism, Stem cells and poshaka dhatu, ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, alternative medicine, body physiology
|description=Dhatus are body constituents which build the basic structure and carry various physiological functions. They work as body tissues, stabilize and sustain body.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
Dhatu means body constituents which build the basic structure and carry various physiological functions. They work as body tissues, stabilize and sustain body. (Code:SAT-B.425)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
The structural and functional integrity of body depends upon dhatu. Therefore, it is important to understand the concept of dhatu.
The structural and functional integrity of body depends upon dhatu. Therefore, it is important to understand the concept of dhatu.
|data2 = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
|data2 = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
|label3 = Reviewed by
|label3 = Reviewer and Editor
|data3 = Basisht G.
|data3 = Basisht G.
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Date of first publication:
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 =June 16, 2020
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|data7 = April 16, 2020
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.012 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.012]
}}
}}
==Synonyms ==
==Synonyms ==
When these physiological constituents are affected by dosha and lead to abnormalities, they are termed as dushya. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/13]
When these physiological constituents are affected by dosha and lead to abnormalities, they are termed as dushya. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/13]
==Meanings in different contexts ==
==Meanings in different contexts ==
These are components of [[prakriti]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/17]
These are components of [[prakriti]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/17]
It consists of five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form), ego (ahamkara), intellect(mahat), and primordial element(avyakta).
It consists of five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form), ego (ahamkara), intellect(mahat), and primordial element([[Avyakta|avyakta]]).
=== Twenty four dhatu ===
=== Twenty four dhatu ===
== Formation and nourishment of dhatu ==
== Formation and nourishment of dhatu ==
The dhatu are formed from prasada (first transformed food into ahara -rasa (nutrient fluid). This nutrient fluid nourishes body components in sequential pattern. It first nourishes the [[rasa dhatu]], then [[rakta]], then [[mamsa]] etc. The nutrients present in the food nourish respective dhatu qualitatively and quantitatively. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4]
The dhatu are formed from first transformed food into nutrient fluid called ahara-rasa (prasada). This nutrient fluid nourishes body components in a sequential pattern. It first nourishes the [[rasa dhatu]], then [[rakta]], then [[mamsa]] etc. The nutrients present in the food nourish respective dhatu qualitatively and quantitatively. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4]
Furthermore, during the process of metabolism, dhatus undergo a specific pathway through their own characteristic digestive enzymes termed as ‘dhatvagni. In this process, each dhatu gets converted into two parts: poshya(which nourishes itself) and poshaka (which nourishes others). The poshya fraction is responsible for dhatu’s own nourishment and functions. The poshaka fraction nourishes further other dhatus.
Furthermore, during the process of metabolism, dhatus undergo a specific pathway through their own characteristic digestive enzymes termed as ‘dhatvagni. In this process, each dhatu gets converted into two parts: poshya(which nourishes itself) and poshaka (which nourishes others). The poshya fraction is responsible for dhatu’s own nourishment and functions. The poshaka fraction nourishes further other dhatus.
Upadhatu (by products) and [[mala]](waste products) are also formed in this dhatu metabolic process.
By-products(Upadhatu) and waste products([[mala]]) are also formed in this dhatu metabolic process.
Thus, each dhatu nourishes its next sequential dhatu.[Cha. Sa.[[ Chikitsa Sthana ]] 8/39]
Thus, each dhatu nourishes its next sequential dhatu.[Cha. Sa.[[ Chikitsa Sthana ]] 8/39]
== Functions of Dhatu ==
== Functions of Dhatu ==
The major functions of seven dhatus are listed as preenana(nourishment), jeevana(vitalizing), lepa(covering), snehana(moistening), dharana(supporting),poorana(filling), and garbhoptpadana(reproduction) respectively.[Ashtanga Hrudaya sutra sthana 9/4]
The major functions of seven dhatus are listed as nourishment(preenana), vitalizing(jeevana), covering(lepa), moistening(snehana), supporting(dharana),filling(poorana), and reproduction(garbhoptpadana) respectively.[A.Hr. sutra sthana 9/4]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Sr. No. !!Dhatu !![[Guna]] (qualities) !! [[Karma]](functions)
! Sr. No. !!Dhatu !!qualities ([[Guna]]) !! functions([[Karma]])
|-
|-
| 1 || [[Rasa dhatu]] || Drava, snigdha, sara, manda || Tushti (satiety), Preenan(nourishment), Raktapushti (nourishing blood)
| 1 || [[Rasa dhatu]] || Drava, snigdha, sara, manda || satiety (Tushti), nourishment(Preenan), nourishing blood (Raktapushti)
|-
|-
| 2 || [[Rakta dhatu]] || Drava, sara, visra, laghu || Jeevana (vitality), Varnaprasadana(complexion), Mamsapushti (nourishing muscles)
| 2 || [[Rakta dhatu]] || Drava, sara, visra, laghu || vitality (Jeevana), complexion(Varnaprasadana), nourishing muscles (Mamsapushti)
|-
|-
| 3 || [[Mamsa dhatu]] || Sthira, guru, snigdha, pichila || Dehapushti (nourishing body), Lepa (body mass) ,medapushti(nourishing adipose tissue)
| 3 || [[Mamsa dhatu]] || Sthira, guru, snigdha, pichila || nourishing body (Dehapushti), body mass (Lepa) ,nourishing adipose tissue(medapushti)
|-
|-
| 4 || [[Meda dhatu]] || Snigdha, guru,shlakshna, mrudu, Sandra ||Snehana (oleation) of eyes and body,drudhatwa(firmness), asthipushti (nourishing bones)
| 4 || [[Meda dhatu]] || Snigdha, guru,shlakshna, mrudu, Sandra ||oleation (Snehana) of eyes and body,firmness(drudhatwa), nourishing bones (asthipushti)
|-
|-
| 5 || [[Asthi dhatu]] || Sthira,guru, kathina, khara || Dharana(holding body frame), Majjapushti (nourishing bone marrow)
| 5 || [[Asthi dhatu]] || Sthira,guru, kathina, khara || holding body frame(Dharana), nourishing bone marrow (Majjapushti)
|-
|-
| 6 || [[Majja dhatu]] || Sandra, drava, snigdha,shlakshna ||Snehana (oleation), Balakara(strength), Asthipoorana(filling up bones), Shukrapushti (nourishing reproductive tissues)
| 6 || [[Majja dhatu]] || Sandra, drava, snigdha,shlakshna ||oleation (Snehana), strength(Balakara), filling up bones(Asthipoorana), nourishing reproductive tissues (Shukrapushti)
|-
|-
|| 7 || [[Shukra dhatu]] ||Drava, sheeta, snigdha || Harsha (pleasure), Bala (strength), Garbhotpadana(reproduction)
|| 7 || [[Shukra dhatu]] ||Drava, sheeta, snigdha ||pleasure (Harsha), strength (Bala), reproduction(Garbhotpadana)
|}
|}
=== Concept of Upadhatu and Dhatumala ===
=== Concept of Upadhatu and Dhatumala ===
Upadhatu and [[mala]] are by-products formed during process of metabolism. The by-products are categorized into these two groups according to their functional importance. Dhatu supports the body and nourishes the subsequent dhatu. However,upa-dhatus do not nourish any further element. They only carry physiological functions and only support body.
Upadhatu and [[mala]] are by-products formed during the process of metabolism. The by-products are categorized into these two groups according to their functional importance. Dhatu supports the body and nourishes the subsequent dhatu. However,upadhatus do not nourish any further element. They only carry physiological functions and only support the body.
The other by-products are dhatu-mala or excretory products. They can get easily vitiated by pathogenic factors; hence they are termed as [[mala]].
The other by-products are dhatu-mala or excretory products. They can get easily vitiated by pathogenic factors; hence they are termed as [[mala]].
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Sr. No. !!Dhatu !!Upadhatu !! [[Mala]](functions)
! Sr. No. !!Dhatu !!Upadhatu !! [[Mala]]
|-
|-
| 1. || [[Rasa]] || Stanya (breast milk), [[Rakta]](menstrual blood) || [[Kapha]]
| 1. || [[Rasa]] || breast milk (Stanya), menstrual blood([[Rakta]]) || [[Kapha]]
|-
|-
| 2. || [[Rakta]] || Kandara (artery), sira (blood vessels), artava(menstrual blood)* || [[Pitta]]
| 2. || [[Rakta]] || artery (Kandara), blood vessels (sira), menstrual blood(artava)* || [[Pitta]]
|-
|-
| 3. || [[Mamsa]] || Vasa (muscle fat), six layers of skin || Kha-mala (excreta in ear, nose)
| 3. || [[Mamsa]] || muscle fat (Vasa), six layers of skin || excreta in ear, nose etc.(Kha-mala )
|-
|-
| 4. || [[Meda]] || Snayu (tendons) || Sweda (sweat)
| 4. || [[Meda]] || tendons (Snayu) || sweat (Sweda)
|-
|-
| 5. || [[Asthi]] || Danta(teeth)*nakha(nails)# || Kesha(scalp hair) and loma(body hair)
| 5. || [[Asthi]] || teeth(Danta)*nails(nakha)# || scalp hair(Kesha) and body hair(loma)
|-
|-
| 6. || [[Majja]] || Kesha(hair)* || Akshi-twacha-vit sneha(oiliness in eyes, skin and stools)
| 6. || [[Majja]] || hair(Kesha)* || oiliness in eyes, skin and stools(Akshi-twacha-vit sneha)
|-
|-
| 7. || [[Shukra]] || [[Ojas]]* || --
| 7. || [[Shukra]] || [[Ojas]]* || --
|}
|}
* *As opined by Sharangadhara[Sharangadhara Sam. Purvakhanda chapter 5] , # As opined by Sushruta [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/529]
* *As opined by Sharangadhara[Sha.Sa. Purvakhanda chapter 5], # As opined by Sushruta [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/529]
== Importance of knowledge of dhatu in clinical diagnosis and treatment ==
== Importance of knowledge of dhatu in clinical diagnosis and treatment ==
=== Assessment of sara (excellent quality of dhatu) ===
=== Assessment of sara (excellent quality of dhatu) ===
Sara means the excellent quality of dhatu. It is highly related with the health of tissue and endurance to pathogens. The excellent quality depends upon dhatvagni (metabolism). It is one of the assessment parameters to determine strength of an individual in ten-fold examination. The individuals are categorized on the basis of predominance of a particular dhatu as twaksara, raktasara, mamsasara, medosara, asthisara, majjasara and shukrasara. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/102]
Sara means the excellent quality of dhatu. It is highly related with the health of tissue and endurance to pathogens. The excellent quality depends upon metabolism(dhatvagni). It is one of the assessment parameters to determine strength of an individual in ten-fold examination. The individuals are categorized on the basis of predominance of a particular dhatu as twaksara, raktasara, mamsasara, medosara, asthisara, majjasara and shukrasara. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/102]
== Importance in diagnosis ==
== Importance in diagnosis ==
Dhatu have their respective [[srotas]] (systems). These [[srotas]] get affected due to vitiation of [[dosha]] and lead to diseases. Thus, dhatu are the site of lesion in view of diagnosis and target receptors in view of treatment.
Dhatu have their respective systems([[srotas]]). These [[srotas]] get affected due to the vitiation of [[dosha]] and lead to diseases. Thus, dhatu are the site of lesion in view of diagnosis and target receptors in view of treatment.
The increase or decrease of dhatu is also assessed for diagnosis of specific disease. The vitiated [[dosha]] reside in dhatu and produce specific clinical features as observed in conditions of jwara and kushtha.
The increase or decrease of dhatu is also assessed for diagnosis of specific disease. The vitiated [[dosha]] reside in dhatu and produce specific clinical features as observed in the conditions of jwara and kushtha.
In view of prognosis, involvement of a particular dhatu has importance in prognosis also.
In view of prognosis, the involvement of a particular dhatu has importance in prognosis also.
In jwara, if doshas are located in [[rasa]], [[rakta]],[[ mamsa]] and [[medas]] dhatu, the conditionsare curable; while if those are located in the [[asthi]] and [[majja]] dhatu, then conditions are difficult to treat. If vitiated dosha are located in [[shukra]] dhatu, the condition is incurable. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/75-83]
In jwara, if doshas are located in [[rasa]], [[rakta]],[[ mamsa]] and [[medas]] dhatu, the conditionsare curable; while if those are located in the [[asthi]] and [[majja]] dhatu, then conditions are difficult to treat. If vitiated dosha are located in [[shukra]] dhatu, the condition is incurable. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/75-83]
In the pathogenesis of prameha(obstinate urinary disorders) [[dosha]] ( [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]]) along with the ten factors called dushya i.e, [[medas]], [[rakta]], [[shukra]], ambu (body fluid), vasa (muscle fat), lasika (lymph),[[ majja]], [[rasa]], [[ojas]] and [[mamsa]] play the role.[Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/8].While considering the prognosis, “Tulyadushyata” (similarity between the characteristics of [[dosha]] and dushya) is a good sign of prognosis[Ashtanga Sangraha Sutra Sthana7/218]
In the pathogenesis of obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [[dosha]] ( [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]]) along with the ten factors called dushya i.e, [[medas]], [[rakta]], [[shukra]], body fluid(ambu), muscle fat(vasa), lymph(lasika),[[ majja]], [[rasa]], [[ojas]] and [[mamsa]] play the role.[Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/8].While considering the prognosis, “Tulyadushyata” (similarity between the characteristics of [[dosha]] and dushya) is a good sign of prognosis[A.S.Sutra Sthana7/218]
Pathology of kushtha(skin diseases) is related to deranged physiology of seven factors. They are [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] doshas in aggravated state and dhatus, namely, tvak (since the skin is the organ in which rasa dhatu is present, tvak word is used instead of [[rasa dhatu]]),[[ mamsa]], [[shonita]] and lasika that get deranged due to aggravated [[dosha]]. Involvement of higher dhatu makes the disease more complicated. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/9-10]
Pathology of skin diseases(kushtha) is related to the deranged physiology of seven factors. They are [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] doshas in aggravated state and dhatus, namely, tvak (since the skin is the organ in which rasa dhatu is present, tvak word is used instead of [[rasa dhatu]]),[[ mamsa]], [[shonita]] and lasika that get deranged due to aggravated [[dosha]]. The involvement of higher dhatu makes the disease more complicated. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/9-10]
Acute spreading erysepelas (Visarpa)also has the involvement of seven dhatu which determine the prognosis of the condition. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/12]
According to Acharya Sushruta, visha(poison) situated in a particular dhatu produces the dhatupradoshajavikara of that particular dhatu.[Su.sa. Kalpa Sthana 2/30]
According to Acharya Sushruta, poison(visha) situated in a particular dhatu produces the dhatupradoshajavikara of that particular dhatu.[Su.sa. Kalpa Sthana 2/30]
=== Dhatukshaya (degeneration of tissues) ===
=== Dhatukshaya (degeneration of tissues) ===
Dhatukshaya means degeneration or decrement of quality and/or quality of body tissues. It is considered an important event in many disease pathologies.
Dhatukshaya means degeneration or decrement of quality and/or quality of body tissues. It is considered an important event in many disease pathologies.
In Rajayakshma (wasting diseases) there is direct relationship to the defect in nourishment of body tissues. The diagnosis and treatment depend upon qualitative and quantitative assessment of dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/ 8-9]
In wasting diseases (Rajayakshma) there is direct relation to the defect in the nourishment of body tissues. The diagnosis and treatment depend upon qualitative and quantitative assessment of dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/ 8-9]
Moreover, dhatukshaya is mentioned as the etiology or consequence of different diseases like
Moreover, dhatukshaya is mentioned as the etiology or consequence of different diseases like
==Importance in management of disease==
==Importance in management of disease==
*While treating the conditions like dhatukshaya or dhatuvrudhi, the principles of “samanya and vishesha” are applied.For example, the [[mamsa dhatu]] get increased predominantly with the consumption of meat,[[rakta]] by rakta, [[meda]] by fat, vasa by muscle fat, [[asthi]] by tarunasthi(cartilage), [[shukra]] by shukra(semen) and garbha(fetus) by ama garbha, like egg. [Cha. Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]
*While treating the conditions like dhatukshaya or dhatuvrudhi, the principles of “samanya and vishesha” are applied.For example, the [[mamsa dhatu]] get increased predominantly with the consumption of meat,[[rakta]] by rakta, [[meda]] by fat, vasa by muscle fat, [[asthi]] by cartilage(tarunasthi), [[shukra]] by semen(shukra) and fetus(garbha) by ama garbha, like egg. [Cha. Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]
*Acharya Sushruta says that dosha get sthiratwa(stability) and mahatwa(severity) when they invade the successive dhatu.It becomes difficult to manage them, when they have invaded the deeper dhatu as in case of a tree with deeper roots. [Su.sa. Sutra sthana 23/15-16]
*Acharya Sushruta says that dosha get stability(sthiratwa) and severity(mahatwa) when they invade the successive dhatu. It becomes difficult to manage them, when they have invaded the deeper dhatu as in case of a tree with deeper roots. [Su.sa. Sutra sthana 23/15-16]
*While planning the treatment of a particular disease, the stage of the disease in terms of involvement of dhatu is important. The concept of koshtha and shakha is important here. In some contexts, the term koshtha is used for [[rasa dhatu]] and shakha refers to the succeeding dhatu([[rakta]],[[mamsa]] etc.).
*While planning the treatment of a particular disease, the stage of the disease in terms of involvement of dhatu is important. The concept of koshtha and shakha is important here. In some contexts, the term koshtha is used for [[rasa dhatu]] and shakha refers to the succeeding dhatu([[rakta]],[[mamsa]] etc.).
Panchakarma procedures are indicated for the elimination of morbid [[dosha]] situated in shakha after bringing them back to koshtha. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 32/21]
Panchakarma procedures are indicated for the elimination of morbid [[dosha]] situated in shakha after bringing them back to koshtha. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 32/21]
*Among the benefits of snehana , the term “pratyagradhatu”(rejuvenation of dhatu)is mentioned.[Su.sa. chikitasa Sthana 31/56]
*Among the benefits of [[snehana]], rejuvenation of dhatu (pratyagradhatu)is mentioned.[Su.sa. chikitasa Sthana 31/56]
*Among the benefits of shodhana chikitsa , “dhatusthiratwam”(strength in terms of proper formation)is emphasized. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 33/27]
*Among the benefits of shodhana chikitsa, strength in terms of proper formation(dhatusthiratwam)is emphasized. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 33/27]
== Contemporary approach ==
== Contemporary approach ==
[[Grahani Chikitsa]]
[[Grahani Chikitsa]]
=== Related articles ===
*[[Rasa dhatu]]
*[[Rakta dhatu]]
*[[Mamsa dhatu]]
*[[Meda dhatu]]
*[[Asthi dhatu]]
*[[Majja dhatu]]
*[[Shukra dhatu]]
=== Abbreviations ===
*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology
*Cha. = Charak
*Su. = Sushruta
*Ka. = Kashyapa
*Sha. =Sharangadhara
*Sa. = Samhita
*A. = Ashtanga
*Hr. = Hridaya
*S. = Sangraha
=== List of references in [[Charak Samhita]] ===
=== List of references in [[Charak Samhita]] ===
The list of references of dhatu observed in Charak Samhita can be downloaded [[Media:Dhatu-_List_of_references.pdf|here]].
The list of references of dhatu observed in Charak Samhita can be downloaded [[Media:Dhatu-_List_of_references.pdf|here]].
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== References ==
== References ==
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