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{{#seo:

|title=Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Danti (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.), Dravanti (Croton tiglium L.), therapeutic purgatives, Sneha pakas, Koshtha, various conditions of purification, measurements

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|keywords=Danti (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.), Dravanti (Croton tiglium L.), therapeutic purgatives, Sneha pakas, Koshtha, various conditions of purification, measurements, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 12. Pharmaceutical preparations of Danti and Dravanti

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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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|image_alt=charak samhita

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|type=article

}}

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<big>'''[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 12. Pharmaceutical preparations of Danti and Dravanti'''</big>

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~~<big>'''Abstract'''</big>~~

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In this last chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]], 48 various therapeutic purgative formulations and their applications, the polynyms, the collection and processing procedures and qualities of ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are explained. The general principles of the selection of ingredients, importance of the processing to potentiate and regulate the actions of formulations for wide acceptance are explained. The three varieties of drugs, actions and their applications in persons with three types of strength of ''doshas'' and ''atura'' (patient) are also described. The general methods to get the desired purgative effects and the measure to manage all the possible clinical conditions are also elaborated. The doses prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) and ''bala'' (medium strength), with reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lower.

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~~Information about different measurements and three ''snehapakas'' (characteristics of unctuous formulations) and their indications are also mentioned in this chapter.~~

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~~'''Keywords''': ''Danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.), ''Dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.), therapeutic purgatives, ''Sneha pakas, Koshtha,'' various conditions of purification, measurements.~~

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{{Infobox

|title = Dantidravanti Kalpa Adhyaya

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|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

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|label6 = Translator and commentator

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|data6 = Bairi S., Ravikrishna S.

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|label7 = Reviewer

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|data7 = Sawant B., Nishteswar K.

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|label8 = Editors

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|data8 = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

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|label9 = Year of publication

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|data9 = 2020

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|label10 = Publisher

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|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

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|label11 = DOI

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|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.013 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.013]

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}}

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~~|header3~~ =

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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

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<p style="text-align:justify;">In this last chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]], 48 various therapeutic purgative formulations and their applications, the polynyms, the collection and processing procedures and qualities of ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are explained. The general principles of the selection of ingredients, importance of the processing to potentiate and regulate the actions of formulations for wide acceptance are explained. The three varieties of drugs, actions and their applications in persons with three types of strength of [[dosha]] and ''atura'' (patient) are also described. The general methods to get the desired purgative effects and the measure to manage all the possible clinical conditions are also elaborated. The doses prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) and ''bala'' (medium strength), with reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lower.

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<br/>

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Information about different measurements and three ''snehapakas'' (characteristics of unctuous formulations) and their indications are also mentioned in this chapter. </p>

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}}

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'''Keywords''': ''Danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.), ''Dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.), therapeutic purgatives, ''Sneha pakas, Koshtha,'' various conditions of purification, measurements.

== Introduction ==

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The ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha ~~doshas''~~ denote the physiological state of a person, ''rasadi'' seven ~~''dhatus''~~ denote the structure or tissue component and ''pranavahaadi srotas'' denote the enzymatic, bio-chemical functional and circulatory activity related to each ''dhatu'' in the living beings.

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The [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] denote the physiological state of a person, ''rasadi'' seven [[dhatu]] denote the structure or tissue component and ''pranavahaadi srotas'' denote the enzymatic, bio-chemical functional and circulatory activity related to each [[dhatu]] in the living beings.

The harmonious blending of this body, sense organs, mind and soul is well defined as life in [[Ayurveda]]. Health is not just absence of the disease, but it is the state of enjoying the life with physical, mental and spiritual happiness. Achievement of real health involves the maintenance, promotion of the health in a healthy individual and management, cure of the illness in a diseased person. The ''bheshaja'' or ''chikitsa'' (treatment) includes the measures for achieving the optimum health both in healthy and diseased one.

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The major elimination of vitiated ~~''doshas''~~ are done by purification procedures i.e. ''shodhana'' (cleansing or elimination therapy). In [[Kalpa Sthana]], 355 formulations for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulations for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs for the different likings of the persons, doshika involvement and the specific disorders.

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The major elimination of vitiated [[dosha]] are done by purification procedures i.e. ''shodhana'' (cleansing or elimination therapy). In [[Kalpa Sthana]], 355 formulations for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulations for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs for the different likings of the persons, doshika involvement and the specific disorders.

In the present chapter, 48 different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are described for therapeutic purgation. The chapter concludes [[Kalpa Sthana]] (section on pharmaceutics) and precedes [[Siddhi Sthana]] (section on successful management of [[Panchakarma]]). Therefore, in this chapter, the guidelines for designing effective formulations are mentioned along with those for management of various conditions arise during administration of purification medicines.

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=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

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== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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</div></div>

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Now we shall expound the ~~pharmaceutics~~ of ~~''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.)~~ and ~~''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.~~). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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Now we shall expound the chapter "Dantidravanti Kalpa"(Pharmaceutical preparations of Danti and Dravanti). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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==== Synonyms ====

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Note: Danti is Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and Dravanti is Croton tiglium L.

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=== Synonyms ===

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''Danti'' is also known as ''udumbaraparni, nikumbha'', and ''mukulaka''. ''Dravanti'' is also known as ''chitra, nyagrodhi'' and ''musikahvaya''. The names like ''mushkaparni, upachitra, sambari, pratyaksreni, sutasreni, danti'' and ''chanda'' are also considered for ''dravanti''.[3]

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==== Method of collection ====

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=== Method of collection ===

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These roots are smeared with the paste of ''pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''madhu'' (honey), wrapped with ''kusha'' ( Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf.) coated with mud and baked. Roots are separated and dried under sunlight. This process reduces the ''vikasi'' property of the drugs. [5]

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==== Effects ====

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=== Effects ===

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</div></div>

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The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', and aggravates ''vata dosha''. [6]

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The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], and aggravates [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [6]

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==== Various preparations ====

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=== Various preparations ===

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The different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' for therapeutic purgation are given below:

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1. ''Dadhi'' - Curd

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12. ''Taila'' - the medicated oil is useful in ''meha, gulma, udavarta kaphavata roga''.

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13. ''Chatursneha'' – (''ghrita, taila, vasa, majja'') is used in curing the obstruction of ''shakrit'' (feces), ''shukra''(semen) and ''adhovata''(flatus) and other ''vata rogas''. [9-10]

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13. ''Chatursneha'' – (''ghrita, taila, vasa, majja'') is used in curing the obstruction of ''shakrit'' (feces), ''shukra''(semen) and ''adhovata''(flatus) and other [[vata]] rogas. [9-10]

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These above eight drugs are taken in equal quantity, powdered and triturated with cow’s urine for a week. One ''panitala'' (around one ''karsha''-approximately 10 grams) of this powder can be used with ghee for purgation. After purgation the ''tarpana'' (the drink which gives satiety) has to be given.

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This combination is safe for all the ages, in all the seasons and useful in all the disorders. It is indicated in the ''durbhakta'' (irregular food habits), ''ajirna'' (indigestion), ''parshwarthi'' (pain in the flanks), ''gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''plihodara''(ascitis due to splenic disorder), ''gandamala'' (inflammation of glands on neck), ''vata roga'' and ''pandu''(anemia). [23-26]

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This combination is safe for all the ages, in all the seasons and useful in all the disorders. It is indicated in the ''durbhakta'' (irregular food habits), ''ajirna'' (indigestion), ''parshwarthi'' (pain in the flanks), ''gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''plihodara''(ascitis due to splenic disorder), ''gandamala'' (inflammation of glands on neck), [[vata]] roga and ''pandu''(anemia). [23-26]

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#''Gud'' - 8 ''pala''( approximately 320 grams)

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These above ingredients are mixed and prepare 10 ''modaka'' (sweet bolus). One ''modaka'' is advised to use on every 10th day with hot water without any dietetic restriction. This is indicated in all the disorders, ''grahani, pandu, arsha, kandu, kotha'' and vitiated ''vata''. [27-29]

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These above ingredients are mixed and prepare 10 ''modaka'' (sweet bolus). One ''modaka'' is advised to use on every 10th day with hot water without any dietetic restriction. This is indicated in all the disorders, ''grahani, pandu, arsha, kandu, kotha'' and vitiated [[vata]]. [27-29]

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</div></div>

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41. The decoction prepared from ''phanita'' of ''shyama'' (''krishna trivrita'') and ''danti'' is mixed with jaggery (''gud'') in a vessel coated with the paste of ''pippali, madanaphala, chitraka'' and fermented. This arista is ''vata kapha shamaka'' and useful in ''pliha, pandu'' & ''udara''.

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41. The decoction prepared from ''phanita'' of ''shyama'' (''krishna trivrita'') and ''danti'' is mixed with jaggery (''gud'') in a vessel coated with the paste of ''pippali, madanaphala, chitraka'' and fermented. This arista is [[vata]] [[kapha]] shamaka and useful in ''pliha, pandu'' & ''udara''.

42.– 43. The decoction of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' either with ''ajagandha'' or ''ajashringi'' is mixed with ''gud'' and fermented. these are the safe therapeutic purgation preparations.

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44. The decoction of ''danti, dravanti'' and ''masha'' added with ''kinva'' is fermented and used for ~~''kaphaja~~ gulma, agnimantha, parshvagraha'' and ''katigraha''. [32-34]

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44. The decoction of ''danti, dravanti'' and ''masha'' added with ''kinva'' is fermented and used for [[kapha]]ja gulma, agnimantha, parshvagraha'' and ''katigraha''. [32-34]

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47. & 48th formulations are prepared according to the ''lodhra yoga''. [35]

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==== Summary of formulations ====

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=== Summary of formulations ===

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|}

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'''Note''': There are few variations are observed in the numbers of ''virechana yogas'' explained and summarized in this chapter.

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'''Note''': There are few variations are observed in the numbers of [[virechana]] yogas'' explained and summarized in this chapter.

There are only four ''sidhu'' are mentioned in ''priyaladi yogas'', but not five. Eight ''mudga mamsarasa'' formulations can be considered instead of three. ''Kwatha taila yoga'' is nothing but the ''bakshya yoga''. There are six ''asava yogas'' not five. There is no description of five ''gritha yogas''. Still the total numbers of ''yoga'' remains the same.

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</div></div>

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Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the ''dosha'' involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]

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Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the [[dosha]] involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]

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==== Number of emetic and purgative formulations ====

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=== Number of emetic and purgative formulations ===

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355 formulation for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulation for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs. [41-42]

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==== Guidelines for formulating medicines ====

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=== Guidelines for formulating medicines ===

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===== Nomenclature of formulations =====

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==== Nomenclature of formulations ====

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The nomenclature of the combination are always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations will boost, regulate and they act in accordance to the main ingredient similar to the followers of the king. [43-44]

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==== Addition of other ingredients ====

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=== Addition of other ingredients ===

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Six hundred formūlation mentioned in [[Kalpa Sthana]] are practically experienced combination for the use. Such thousands or crores of combination can be planned & prepared by the wise physician with his own intellect and experience. There is no limit for framing new formulations as there exists a wide scope for multidrug combinations. [49-50]

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==== Three types of purification drugs ====

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=== Three types of purification drugs ===

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The characteristic features of three categories of ''dravya'' and its therapeutic elimination effects are explained.

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===== ''Tikshna'' (sharp acting) =====

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==== ''Tikshna'' (sharp acting) ====

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The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid ''doshas'' completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]

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The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid [[doshas]] completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & [[swedana]] therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]

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</div></div>

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===== ''Madhyama'' (medium) =====

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==== ''Madhyama'' (medium) ====

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The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' and are called as ''madhyama''.

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The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper [[snehana]] & [[swedana]] and are called as ''madhyama''.

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===== ''Mridu''(mild) =====

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==== ''Mridu''(mild) ====

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The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without ''snehana'' & ''swedana'') acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]

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The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without [[snehana]] & [[swedana]]) acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]

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</div></div>

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In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains ''pitta''. [59]

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In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains [[pitta]]. [59]

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</div></div>

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After assessing the three types of strength of ~~''doshas''~~ & ''atura'' the drugs can be administered repeatedly or avoided totally. [60]

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After assessing the three types of strength of [[dosha]] & ''atura'' the drugs can be administered repeatedly or avoided totally. [60]

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</div></div>

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If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of ~~''doshas''~~, then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action. [61]

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If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of [[dosha]], then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action. [61]

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</div></div>

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The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested ~~''doshas''~~ without getting digested where as therapeutic purgative drugs expels the ~~''doshas''~~ during the digestion. That’s why one should not wait for the digestion of emetic drugs. [62]

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The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested [[dosha]] without getting digested where as therapeutic purgative drugs expels the [[dosha]] during the digestion. That’s why one should not wait for the digestion of emetic drugs. [62]

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</div></div>

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If the purgative drugs get digested without expelling the ~~''doshas''~~ or vomited, then the physician can give the suitable purgative drugs once again confidently. [63]

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If the purgative drugs get digested without expelling the [[dosha]] or vomited, then the physician can give the suitable purgative drugs once again confidently. [63]

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</div></div>

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In case of inadequate clearance of ~~''doshas''~~ in the persons with good digestive power, abundant morbid ~~''doshas''~~ and adequate unctuousness, allow him/her to have the food on that day and administer the drug next day. Debilitated persons with abundant morbid ~~''doshas''~~, evacuates naturally after ''dosha paka''. For them the laxative food items have to be administered for adequate elimination of ~~''doshas''~~. [64-65]

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In case of inadequate clearance of [[dosha]] in the persons with good digestive power, abundant morbid [[dosha]] and adequate unctuousness, allow him/her to have the food on that day and administer the drug next day. Debilitated persons with abundant morbid [[dosha]], evacuates naturally after [[dosha]] paka. For them the laxative food items have to be administered for adequate elimination of [[dosha]]. [64-65]

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</div></div>

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In adequate & inadequate cleansing by medicated emesis & purgation the appropriate diet & decoction is given to pacify the remnant ~~''doshas''~~. [66]

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In adequate & inadequate cleansing by medicated emesis & purgation the appropriate diet & decoction is given to pacify the remnant [[dosha]]. [66]

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</div></div>

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In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid ~~''doshas''~~ is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered. [67]

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In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid [[dosha]] is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered. [67]

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</div></div>

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When the amount of morbid ~~''doshas''~~ is high in a weak person, then the ~~''doshas''~~ can be eliminated by repeated administration of mild drugs. If not, this morbid ~~''doshas''~~ may end the life. [69]

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When the amount of morbid [[dosha]] is high in a weak person, then the [[dosha]] can be eliminated by repeated administration of mild drugs. If not, this morbid [[dosha]] may end the life. [69]

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</div></div>

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If the ''virechana'' medicine combined with the morbid ''kapha'' is vomited, then induce proper ''vamana'' to that person. After ''vamana'' give an appropriate ''kavala'' (holding medicine in mouth for gargling), ''langhana'' & ''virechana''.

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If the [[virechana]] medicine combined with the morbid [[kapha]] is vomited, then induce proper [[vamana]] to that person. After [[vamana]] give an appropriate ''kavala'' (holding medicine in mouth for gargling), [[langhana]] & [[virechana]].

If the elimination is obstructed, incomplete or delayed then consume hot water. It reduces ''adhamana'' (distention of the abdomen), ''trishna'' (thirst), ''chhardi'' (vomiting) and ''vibhandha''(constipation).

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If the administered drug is obstructed by the morbid ~~''doshas''~~, unable to expel by upward & downward direction, associated with belching & bodyache, then appropriate ''swedana'' (fomentation) is given. [70-72]

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If the administered drug is obstructed by the morbid [[dosha]], unable to expel by upward & downward direction, associated with belching & bodyache, then appropriate [[swedana]] (fomentation) is given. [70-72]

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</div></div>

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Even after adequate ''virechana'', if person has belching of the drugs, then it has to be removed immediately by emesis.

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Even after adequate [[virechana]], if person has belching of the drugs, then it has to be removed immediately by emesis.

In the condition of excess elimination and when the administered drug is digested, then the purgation should be stopped with suitable ''sheetopachara'' (cold measures) by the physician. [73]

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</div></div>

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There may be possibilities of ''virechana'' drugs obstructed in the chest region (stomach) because of ''kapha'', then elimination starts in the evening or night after the reduction of ''kapha''. [74]

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There may be possibilities of [[virechana]] drugs obstructed in the chest region (stomach) because of [[kapha]], then elimination starts in the evening or night after the reduction of [[kapha]]. [74]

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</div></div>

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The purgative drugs will be digested in the persons, who are ''ruksha'' (dryness in body) and indulge in fasting. This aggravates the ''vata dosha'', obstructs the drugs and moves in upper direction without purgation. This is treated with other purgative combination mixed with ''sneha'' (unctuous substance) & ''lavana'' (salt). [75]

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The purgative drugs will be digested in the persons, who are ''ruksha'' (dryness in body) and indulge in fasting. This aggravates the [[vata]] [[dosha]], obstructs the drugs and moves in upper direction without purgation. This is treated with other purgative combination mixed with ''sneha'' (unctuous substance) & ''lavana'' (salt). [75]

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</div></div>

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During the digestion of ''virechana'' drugs, if a person complains of ''trishna'' (thirst), ''moha'' (confusion), ''bhrama'' (giddiness), ''murchcha'' (fainting), then ''pitta shamaka'' (''pitta'' pacifying), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sheeta'' (cold potency) medicaments & therapies are beneficial. [76]

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During the digestion of [[virechana]] drugs, if a person complains of ''trishna'' (thirst), ''moha'' (confusion), ''bhrama'' (giddiness), ''murchcha'' (fainting), then [[pitta]] shamaka ([[pitta]] pacifying), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sheeta'' (cold potency) medicaments & therapies are beneficial. [76]

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</div></div>

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If the purgative drug covered (wrapped) with ''kapha'' produces ''lalastrava'' (salivation), ''hrillasa'' (nausea), ''vishtambha'' (constipation), ''lomaharsha'' (horripilation), then ''tikshana'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''katu'' (pungent) drugs having ~~''kaphahara''~~ properties are used. [77]

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If the purgative drug covered (wrapped) with [[kapha]] produces ''lalastrava'' (salivation), ''hrillasa'' (nausea), ''vishtambha'' (constipation), ''lomaharsha'' (horripilation), then ''tikshana'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''katu'' (pungent) drugs having [[kapha]]hara properties are used. [77]

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</div></div>

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If inadequate purgation occurs in the ''krura koshtha'' persons even after proper ''snehapana'', for them ''langhana'' is advised. This will remove the morbid ''kapha'' and the obstruction caused by ''sneha''. [78]

+

If inadequate purgation occurs in the ''krura koshtha'' persons even after proper ''snehapana'', for them [[langhana]] is advised. This will remove the morbid [[kapha]] and the obstruction caused by ''sneha''. [78]

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</div></div>

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In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess ''morbid vata, krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite the purgatives get digested without purgation. Then it is ideal to treat with enemata followed by suitable purgatives. This enema facilitates the expulsion of doshas through purgation immediately. [79-80]

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In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid [[vata]], krura koshtha, performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite the purgatives get digested without purgation. Then it is ideal to treat with enemata followed by suitable purgatives. This enema facilitates the expulsion of doshas through purgation immediately. [79-80]

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</div></div>

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In a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite, the morbid of ~~''doshas''~~ are reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to ''vata'' (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire). Even they can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating) .

+

In a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite, the morbid of [[dosha]] are reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to [[vata]](air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire). Even they can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating) .

−

These persons are subjected to ''sneha'' to protect from ''vata prakopa'' without ''shodhana'' ( purification therapy). ''Shodhana'' can be performed only when they are afflicted by the illness indicated for ''shodhana''. [81-82]

+

These persons are subjected to ''sneha'' to protect from [[vata]] prakopa without ''shodhana'' ( purification therapy). ''Shodhana'' can be performed only when they are afflicted by the illness indicated for ''shodhana''. [81-82]

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</div></div>

−

The employment of ''snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' persons. To manage the morbidity caused by excess ''snehana, ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives) is advised.

+

The employment of snigdha [[virechana]](unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' persons. To manage the morbidity caused by excess ''snehana, ruksha [[virechana]] (non-unctuous purgatives) is advised.

−

The wise physician if employed the ''virechana'' in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion) will not give room for injustice.

+

The wise physician if employed the [[virechana]] in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion) will not give room for injustice.

Improper employment (selection & administration) of ''shodhana'' causes dreadful effect similar to ''visha,'' where as fruitful effect if used properly. Maximum effort is made to carry out proper ''shodhana'' essentially when ever it is needed. [83-85]

−

==== Standard and personalized dose ====

+

=== Standard and personalized dose ===

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The dose prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) & ''bala'' (strength). With reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lesser. [86]

−

==== Measurements ====

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=== Measurements ===

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</div></div>

−

===== Specific measurements =====

+

==== Specific measurements ====

{|class = "wikitable"

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Where the proportion of ''jala'' (water), ''sneha'' (fatty media) and ''aushada'' (drugs & paste) are not mentioned then four times of ''sneha'' to that of ''aushada'' (''kalkadravya'') & four times of ''jala'' to ''sneha'' are used. [101]

−

==== Three types of ''snehapaka'' (characteristics of prepared unctuous formulation) ====

+

=== Three types of ''snehapaka'' (characteristics of prepared unctuous formulation) ===

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The ''sneha paka'' (characteristic of prepared unctuous formulation) is categorized into three the ''mridupaka'' (soft/thin), ''madhyama paka'' (medium consistency) & ''khara paka'' (dense/thick consistency). If the ''kalka'' turns to ''niryasa'' (gum like) is called as ''mridupaka'', becomes round soft mass then it is ''madhyama paka'' and paste disintegrates during wicking is known as ''kharapaka''. [102-103]

−

==== Their indications ====

+

=== Their indications ===

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</div></div>

−

''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti''). [104]

+

''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route ([[nasya]]), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema ([[basti]]). [104]

−

==== Two types of measurements ====

+

=== Two types of measurements ===

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There are two categories of measurements 1. ''kalinga'' 2. ''magadha''. Out of these, ''magadha'' is considered as best by the experts. [105]

−

==== Summary of content of chapter ====

+

=== Summary of content of chapter ===

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== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

−

*''Danti''(Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are strong purgative drugs with ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ashukari'' (quickly acting), ''vikasi'' ( immediately getting distributed in body) properties. Roots of these plants are used for therapeutic purpose after purification. These drugs are mainly indicated in ''gulma''(abdominal lumps), ''udara'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis), and ''udavarta''. These drugs can liquefy ''kapha-pitta dosha'' and expel them out.

+

*''Danti''(Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are strong purgative drugs with ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ashukari'' (quickly acting), ''vikasi'' ( immediately getting distributed in body) properties. Roots of these plants are used for therapeutic purpose after purification. These drugs are mainly indicated in ''gulma''(abdominal lumps), ''udara'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis), and ''udavarta''. These drugs can liquefy [[kapha]]-[[pitta]] [[dosha]] and expel them out.

*The nomenclature of the combination is always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations boost, regulate and act in accordance to the main ingredient.

*In a formulation, the action of main ingredient should not be hampered by the addition of other ingredients having opposite qualities. Addition of ingredients with similar properties will enrich the action of the formulations.

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*There are three categories of drugs based upon their therapeutic potential of elimination viz. ''tikshna'' (sharp acting), ''madhyama'' (medium potential), ''mridu'' (mild acting).

*These three drugs shall be administered in respective category according to strength of disease and patient.

−

*In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains ''pitta''.

+

*In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains [[pitta]].

−

*If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of ~~''doshas''~~, then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action.

+

*If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of [[dosha]], then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action.

−

*The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested ~~''doshas''~~ without getting digested.

+

*The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested [[dosha]] without getting digested.

−

*Therapeutic purgative drugs expel the ~~''doshas''~~ during digestion.

+

*Therapeutic purgative drugs expel the [[dosha]] during digestion.

−

*Various conditions of inadequate elimination can be managed after giving proper elimination therapy again. Or medicine and diet can be given to digest remnant ~~''doshas''~~.

+

*Various conditions of inadequate elimination can be managed after giving proper elimination therapy again. Or medicine and diet can be given to digest remnant [[dosha]].

−

*In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid ~~''doshas''~~ is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered.

+

*In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid [[dosha]] is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered.

*It is always best & safe to use the ''mridu shodhana dravyas'' (mild purification) repeatedly as they are less harmful rather than using the ''tikshana shodhana dravyas'' (strong purification), which may cause sudden threat to life.

−

*In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid ''vata, krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite, the purgatives get digested without purgation. In these patients, enema shall be administered before purgation. This enema facilitates the expulsion of ~~''doshas''~~ through purgation immediately.

+

*In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid [[vata]], krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite, the purgatives get digested without purgation. In these patients, enema shall be administered before purgation. This enema facilitates the expulsion of [[dosha]] through purgation immediately.

−

*The morbid ~~''doshas''~~ are naturally reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to ''vata'' (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire) in a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite. These persons can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating).

+

*The morbid [[dosha]] are naturally reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to [[vata]] (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), [[agni]] (fire) in a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite. These persons can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating).

−

*''Snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' (excess unctuous) persons. The morbidity caused by excess ''snehana'' is managed by ''ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives). ''Virechana'' shall be administered in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion).

+

*''Snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' (excess unctuous) persons. The morbidity caused by excess ''snehana'' is managed by ''ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives). [[Virechana]] shall be administered in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion).

−

*The consistency of ''sneha'' (unctuous drug) shall be changed according to its route of administration. ''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is used for the ''abhyanaga'' (unction). ''Mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''). ''Madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti'').

+

*The consistency of ''sneha'' (unctuous drug) shall be changed according to its route of administration. ''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is used for the ''abhyanaga'' (unction). ''Mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route ([[nasya]]). ''Madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema ([[basti]]).

+

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

−

=== ~~''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences~~===

+

=== Description of Danti and Dravanti ===

−

Polynyms are used for the identification of the plants, to know their qualities and the therapeutic actions. ~~C''hitropachitra~~, sambari, pratyakshreni, chanda'' are not available in some of the original texts. These different names of both the plants are mentioned in ~~Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Pg~~.~~no 399, Guduchyadi varga) in the names of~~ ''laghudanti'' and ''dravanti'' as ''dantidvaya''. The Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg. and Croton tigilium L. of Euphorbiaceae family are considered as the botanical source respectively. The seeds of the C. tiglium are also considered as ''jayapala'' in this text.( verse 3)

+

Polynyms are used for the identification of the plants, to know their qualities and the therapeutic actions. Chitropachitra, sambari, pratyakshreni, chanda are not available in some of the original texts. These different names of both the plants are mentioned in Bhavaprakasha i.e''laghudanti'' and ''dravanti'' as ''dantidvaya'' .<ref>Bhavamishra.Guduchyadi Varga Bhavaprakasha -Volume II. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2004.pp.</ref>The Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg. and Croton tigilium L. of Euphorbiaceae family are considered as the botanical source respectively. The seeds of the C. tiglium are also considered as ''jayapala'' in this text.( verse 3)

−

The other principle of collection of ''mula'' is discussed in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] and Sushruta Samhita ~~Sutra sthana 37th chapter~~. (verse 4)

+

The other principle of collection of ''mula'' is discussed in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] and also by Sushruta.<ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.37 Mishraka Adhyaya. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1-10.

+

</ref>(verse 4)

−

The fresh roots of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are used for the purification processing. This process reduces the harmful effect and imparts a safer action to the drug. ''Vikasi'' quality is explained in Sushruta ~~Samhita~~ Sutra ~~sthana~~ 46 / ~~530~~ and in Sharangadhara ~~Madhyama~~ Khanda 4/20.

+

The fresh roots of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are used for the purification processing. This process reduces the harmful effect and imparts a safer action to the drug. ''Vikasi'' quality is explained by Sushruta<ref> Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.46 Annapanavidhi Adhyaya.Verse 530 In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1-10. </ref> and Sharangadhara.<ref>Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita Madhama Khanda Chapter 4, Verse 20. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.pp-- </ref>

The same method of processing is described by Vriddhavaghbhata in Astanga Sangraha Kalpa Sthana 2nd chapter. The procedure of this ''samskara'' is described in Sharangadhara Madhyama Khanda 1/21-24 in the context of ''putapaka swarasa''. (verse 5)

−

The similar qualities of ''tikshna, ushna, vikasi'' and ''ashukari'' are mentioned by Vriddhavaghbhata in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2nd chapter. Some additional qualities and therapeutic actions of the drug are mentioned in Bhavaprakasha ~~Nighantu~~ Guduchyadi Varga~~/ 199~~-200. (verse 6)

+

The similar qualities of ''tikshna, ushna, vikasi'' and ''ashukari'' are mentioned by Vriddhavaghbhata in Astanga Sangraha Kalpasthana 2nd chapter. Some additional qualities and therapeutic actions of the drug are mentioned in Bhavaprakasha..<ref>Bhavamishra.Guduchyadi Varga, Verse 119-200, Bhavaprakasha -Volume II. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2004.pp.</ref> (verse 6)

−

Gangadhara considered ''gorasa'' as ''paya'': specifically one should consider cows milk and not the soup of cows meat. Vridhha Vagbhata mentioned the same 3 ''yogas'' ~~(Astanga Samgraha~~, ~~Kalpasthana~~ 2/62). (verse 8)

+

Gangadhara considered ''gorasa'' as ''paya'': specifically one should consider cows milk and not the soup of cows meat. Vridhha Vagbhata mentioned the same 3 ''yogas''.<ref> Indu,vagbhata.Kalpa Sthana 2 Virechana Kalpa Adhyaya,Verse 62, In:Dr Shivaprasad Sharma editor,Astanga Sangraha, ? ed.,Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2006 Pp965. </ref>(verse 8)

−

One part of ''kalka'' + 2 parts of ''kashaya'' of ''danti'' and ''dravantimula'' + 2 part of ''dashamula kashaya'' are taken for the preparation of ''sneha''. (Gangadhara) The same three ''sneha'' preparations are mentioned by ~~Vriddhavaghbhata~~ in Ashtanga Sangraha ~~Kalpasthana 2nd chapter~~. (verse 9-10)

+

One part of ''kalka'' + 2 parts of ''kashaya'' of ''danti'' and ''dravantimula'' + 2 part of ''dashamula kashaya'' are taken for the preparation of ''sneha''. (Gangadhara) The same three ''sneha'' preparations are mentioned by Vriddha vaghbhata in Ashtanga Sangraha.<ref> Indu,vagbhata.Kalpa Sthana 2 Virechana Kalpa Adhyaya.In:Dr Shivaprasad Sharma editor,Astanga Sangraha, ? ed.,Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2006 Pp965. </ref> (verse 9-10)

−

''Shyamadi'' ~~in verse 11-15,~~ refers to nine purgative drugs mentioned in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], verse 6. Preparation and description of ''phanita'' is discussed in Bhavaprakasha Nigantu Iksu Varga. The same purgative preparations discussed in Astanga Sangraha ~~Kalpasthana~~ 2/66- 67. ''Ghrita'' or ''taila'' can be selected according to the doshas involved in the disease. (verse 11-15)

+

''Shyamadi'' refers to nine purgative drugs mentioned in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]], verse 6. Preparation and description of ''phanita'' is discussed in Bhavaprakasha Nigantu Iksu Varga. The same purgative preparations discussed in Astanga Sangraha.<ref> Indu,vagbhata.Kalpa Sthana 2 Virechana Kalpa Adhyaya,Verse 66-67, In:Dr Shivaprasad Sharma editor,Astanga Sangraha, ? ed.,Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2006 Pp965. </ref>''Ghrita'' or ''taila'' can be selected according to the doshas involved in the disease. (verse 11-15)

−

The same preparation as in verse 16 is mentioned in Astanga Sangraha ~~Kalpasthana~~ 2/68. The ''bilwasama'' dose is only for the preparation of medicament and not to be considered as therapeutic dose. ''Asrustavishi'' is nothing but ''baddhapurisha'' (Gangadhara). ''Amla pada'' (sour recipes) are ''kanji, dadima rasa, dadhi manda, madya, sidhu, souvira, tushodaka''. (verse 16)

+

The same preparation as in verse 16 is mentioned in Astanga Sangraha.<ref> Indu,vagbhata.Kalpa Sthana 2 Virechana Kalpa Adhyaya,Verse 68, In:Dr Shivaprasad Sharma editor,Astanga Sangraha, ? ed.,Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2006 Pp965. </ref> The ''bilwasama'' dose is only for the preparation of medicament and not to be considered as therapeutic dose. ''Asrustavishi'' is nothing but ''baddhapurisha'' (Gangadhara). ''Amla pada'' (sour recipes) are ''kanji, dadima rasa, dadhi manda, madya, sidhu, souvira, tushodaka''. (verse 16)

−

In Astanga Sangraha ~~Kalpasthana~~ 2/9, the same ~~preparationas~~ in verse 17 is mentioned. The sugarcane juice should not be extracted by instrument; it should be cleaned and chewed (Bhavaprakasha Nigantu). (verse 17)

+

In Astanga Sangraha <ref>Vagbhata.Kalpa Sthana 2 Virechana Kalpa Adhyaya,Verse 9, In:Dr Shivaprasad Sharma editor,Astanga Sangraha, ? ed.,Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2006 Pp965. </ref>, the same preparations in verse 17 is mentioned. The sugarcane juice should not be extracted by instrument; it should be cleaned and chewed (Bhavaprakasha Nigantu). (verse 17)

−

~~[[Charaka Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/47 the~~ eight birds flesh are mentioned these are boiled with green gram and the root of ''danti'' & ''dravanti'' can also be considered as eight different therapeutic purgative soup preparations. (verse 18)

+

The eight birds flesh are mentioned these are boiled with green gram and the root of ''danti'' & ''dravanti'' can also be considered as eight different therapeutic purgative soup preparations. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/47](verse 18)

−

The preparation method of ''yavagu'' is mentioned in Sushruta ~~Sutrasthana~~ 46~~/344~~-345 and yūśa in Sharngadhara ~~Madhyamakhanda~~ 2/154. (verse 19)

+

The preparation method of ''yavagu'' is mentioned by Sushruta.<ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.46 Annapana vidhi Adhyaya verse 334-345. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1 </ref> and yūśa by Sharngadhara.<ref>Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita,Madhyama khanda 2/154. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.pp--</ref> (verse 19)

The ''godhuma churna'' or other flour can be used for the preparation in verse 22. The oil prepared from the decoction & paste of the roots of ''danti'' & ''dravanti'' with sesame oil is suitable for frying than the available croton oil (the seed oil of these plants). ( verse 22)

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Qualities of ideal ''haritaki'' are mentioned in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritakyadi Varga. ''Modaka'' is mentioned as ''agyasta modaka'' in other texts (Chakrapani) (verse 27-29)

−

The fermented ~~formūlation~~ is prepared after 1/4 th decoction is mixed with 2 ''palas'' of jaggery. (verse 30)

+

The fermented formulation is prepared after 1/4 th decoction is mixed with 2 ''palas'' of jaggery. (verse 30)

−

The method of preparation of these four yogas are mentioned in [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]. ~~Souvira Charaka Samhita~~ Kalpa. 9/7. ~~Sura- Charaka Samhita~~ Kalpa. 9/8-9. Kampillaka yoga ~~Charaka Samhita~~ Kalpa. 9/10-11. (verse 35)

+

The method of preparation of these four yogas are mentioned in [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]], Souvira [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7], Sura [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/8-9], Kampillaka yoga [Cha. Sa.[[ Kalpa Sthana]] 9/10-11]. (verse 35)

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==== Numbers of formulations described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] ====

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=== Numbers of formulations described in [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

{|class = "wikitable" style="text-align: center; "

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It is always recommended to use the ''tulya virya'' (drugs with similar qualities/ actions) drugs in the formulations. The ''viruddha virya'' drugs used will help for easy administration, can cure & manage the disease in specific and wide acceptance by the person. (verse 46)

−

When the ''vamana'' and ''virechana dravyas'' are obstructed, then ''swedana'' is performed in chest and abdomen respectively. (verse 70-72)

+

When the [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] dravyas are obstructed, then [[swedana]] is performed in chest and abdomen respectively. (verse 70-72)

In the process of preparing the medicated ''sneha'' depending upon the degree of frying of the paste added to ''sneha'' is identified as three types –

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In ''mridu paka'', the ''niryasa'' is commented specifically for the ''aragwadha phala majja'' (pulp of Cassia fistula fruit). (verse 102-103)

−

The same as in verse 105 is opined by ''Sharangadhara Samhita Purva Khanda'' 1/33-34 ( verse 105)

+

The same as in verse 105 is opined by Sharangadhara.<ref>Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita Purva Khanda 1/33-34, Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.pp--</ref> (verse 105)

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