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Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya (view source)
Revision as of 10:07, 17 December 2019
, 10:07, 17 December 2019no edit summary
{{#seo:
|title=Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Atisthaulya, Atikarshya, Morbid obesity, Hereditary and genetic Disorders, Endocrine Disorders, Sleep(Nidra), Insomnia(Anidra)
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 21. Eight Undesirable Physical Constitutions
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 21. Eight Undesirable Physical Constitutions '''</big>
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 21. Eight Undesirable Physical Constitutions '''</big>
===Sanskrit text, transliteration and english translation===
===Sanskrit text, transliteration and english translation===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथातोऽष्टौनिन्दितीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
अथातोऽष्टौनिन्दितीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
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athātō'ṣṭauninditīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
athātō'ṣṭauninditīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
athAto~aShTauninditIyamadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||
athAto~aShTauninditIyamadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>
We shall now explain the chapter on the eight undesirable physical appearances.
We shall now explain the chapter on the eight undesirable physical appearances.
==== Eight undesirable physical appearances ====
==== Eight undesirable physical appearances ====
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इह खलु शरीरमधिकृत्याष्टौ पुरुषा निन्दिता भवन्ति; तद्यथा- अतिदीर्घश्च, अतिह्रस्वश्च, अतिलोमा च, अलोमा च, अतिकृष्णश्च, अतिगौरश्च, अतिस्थूलश्च, अतिकृशश्चेति||३||
इह खलु शरीरमधिकृत्याष्टौ पुरुषा निन्दिता भवन्ति; तद्यथा- अतिदीर्घश्च, अतिह्रस्वश्च, अतिलोमा च, अलोमा च, अतिकृष्णश्च, अतिगौरश्च, अतिस्थूलश्च, अतिकृशश्चेति||३||
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iha khalu śarīramadhikr̥tyāṣṭau puruṣā ninditā bhavanti; tadyathā- atidīrghaśca, atihrasvaśca, atilōmā ca,alōmā ca, atikr̥ṣṇaśca, atigauraśca, atisthūlaśca, atikr̥śaścēti||3||
iha khalu śarīramadhikr̥tyāṣṭau puruṣā ninditā bhavanti; tadyathā- atidīrghaśca, atihrasvaśca, atilōmā ca,alōmā ca, atikr̥ṣṇaśca, atigauraśca, atisthūlaśca, atikr̥śaścēti||3||
iha khalu sharIramadhikRutyAShTau puruShA ninditA bhavanti; tadyathA- atidIrghashca, atihrasvashca, atilomA ca, alomA ca [1] , atikRuShNashca, atigaurashca,atisthUlashca, atikRushashceti||3||
iha khalu sharIramadhikRutyAShTau puruShA ninditA bhavanti; tadyathA- atidIrghashca, atihrasvashca, atilomA ca, alomA ca [1] , atikRuShNashca, atigaurashca,atisthUlashca, atikRushashceti||3||
</div></div>
In the context of the body (structure and appearance), the following eight types of persons are considered undesirable - too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexioned), too obese and too lean [3]
In the context of the body (structure and appearance), the following eight types of persons are considered undesirable - too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexioned), too obese and too lean [3]
==== Eight inherent sequelae of obesity ====
==== Eight inherent sequelae of obesity ====
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तत्रातिस्थूलकृशयोर्भूय एवापरे निन्दितविशेषा भवन्ति |
तत्रातिस्थूलकृशयोर्भूय एवापरे निन्दितविशेषा भवन्ति |
तदतिस्थौल्यमतिसम्पूरणाद्गुरुमधुरशीतस्निग्धोपयोगादव्यायामादव्यवायाद्दिवास्वप्नाद्धर्षनित्यत्वाद-चिन्तनाद्बीजस्वभावाच्चोपजायते|
तदतिस्थौल्यमतिसम्पूरणाद्गुरुमधुरशीतस्निग्धोपयोगादव्यायामादव्यवायाद्दिवास्वप्नाद्धर्षनित्यत्वाद-चिन्तनाद्बीजस्वभावाच्चोपजायते|
तस्य ह्यतिमात्रमेदस्विनो मेद एवोपचीयते न तथेतरे धातवः, तस्मादस्यायुषो ह्रासः; शैथिल्यात् सौकुमार्याद्गुरुत्वाच्चमेदसो जवोपरोधः, शुक्राबहुत्वान्मेदसाऽऽवृतमार्गत्वाच्च कृच्छ्रव्यवायता, दौर्बल्यमसमत्वाद्धातूनां, दौर्गन्ध्यंमेदोदोषान्मेदसः स्वभावात् स्वेदनत्वाच्च, मेदसः श्लेष्मसंसर्गाद्विष्यन्दित्वाद्बहुत्वाद्गुरुत्वाद्व्यायामासहत्वाच्चस्वेदाबाधः, तीक्ष्णाग्नित्वात् प्रभूतकोष्ठवायुत्वाच्च क्षुदतिमात्रं पिपासातियोगश्चेति ||४||
तस्य ह्यतिमात्रमेदस्विनो मेद एवोपचीयते न तथेतरे धातवः, तस्मादस्यायुषो ह्रासः; शैथिल्यात् सौकुमार्याद्गुरुत्वाच्चमेदसो जवोपरोधः, शुक्राबहुत्वान्मेदसाऽऽवृतमार्गत्वाच्च कृच्छ्रव्यवायता, दौर्बल्यमसमत्वाद्धातूनां, दौर्गन्ध्यंमेदोदोषान्मेदसः स्वभावात् स्वेदनत्वाच्च, मेदसः श्लेष्मसंसर्गाद्विष्यन्दित्वाद्बहुत्वाद्गुरुत्वाद्व्यायामासहत्वाच्चस्वेदाबाधः, तीक्ष्णाग्नित्वात् प्रभूतकोष्ठवायुत्वाच्च क्षुदतिमात्रं पिपासातियोगश्चेति ||४||
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tatrātisthūlakr̥śayōrbhūya ēvāparē ninditaviśēṣā bhavanti|
tatrātisthūlakr̥śayōrbhūya ēvāparē ninditaviśēṣā bhavanti|
tadatisthaulyamatisampUraNAdgurumadhurashItasnigdhopayogAdavyAyAmAdavyavAyAddivAsvapnAddharShanityatvAda- cintanAdbIjasvabhAvAccopajAyate|
tadatisthaulyamatisampUraNAdgurumadhurashItasnigdhopayogAdavyAyAmAdavyavAyAddivAsvapnAddharShanityatvAda- cintanAdbIjasvabhAvAccopajAyate|
tasya hyatimAtramedasvino meda evopacIyate na tathetare dhAtavaH, tasmAdasyAyuSho hrAsaH; shaithilyAt saukumAryAdgurutvAcca medaso javoparodhaH ,shukrAbahutvAnmedasA~a~avRutamArgatvAcca kRucchravyavAyatA, daurbalyamasamatvAddhAtUnAM, daurgandhyaM medodoShAnmedasaH svabhAvAtsvedanatvAcca, medasaH shleShmasaMsargAdviShyanditvAdbahutvAdgurutvAdvyAyAmAsahatvAcca svedAbAdhaH, tIkShNAgnitvAt prabhUtakoShThavAyutvAccakShudatimAtraM pipAsAtiyogashceti||4||
tasya hyatimAtramedasvino meda evopacIyate na tathetare dhAtavaH, tasmAdasyAyuSho hrAsaH; shaithilyAt saukumAryAdgurutvAcca medaso javoparodhaH ,shukrAbahutvAnmedasA~a~avRutamArgatvAcca kRucchravyavAyatA, daurbalyamasamatvAddhAtUnAM, daurgandhyaM medodoShAnmedasaH svabhAvAtsvedanatvAcca, medasaH shleShmasaMsargAdviShyanditvAdbahutvAdgurutvAdvyAyAmAsahatvAcca svedAbAdhaH, tIkShNAgnitvAt prabhUtakoShThavAyutvAccakShudatimAtraM pipAsAtiyogashceti||4||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Amongst these, the too obese and too lean physical appearances are considered the most undesirable ones. The excessively obese have eight inherent defects in them: reduced lifespan, constricted or limited movement (hampered due to loose, tender and heavy fats), reduced sexual activities or impotence (due to small quantity of semen produced and obstruction of the channel of semen by ''medas''), debility (due to ''dhatu'' imbalance), emit bad smell (due to the inherent nature of fatty tissues as well as excessive sweating), profuse sweating (since ''medas'' and ''kapha'' are vitiated), and excessive hunger and thirst (due to excessive digestive ''agni'' and ''vayu'' in the body). Excessive obesity is caused due to over-nourishment as a consequence of the intake of heavy, sweet, cold and fatty diet, lack of physical exercise, abstinence from sexual intercourse, sleeping during the day, uninterrupted cheerfulness, lack of mental activities and hereditary/genetic defects. These consequences may lead to an excess of fat (with further accumulation of only fat) and consequent depletion of dhatus. [4]
Amongst these, the too obese and too lean physical appearances are considered the most undesirable ones. The excessively obese have eight inherent defects in them: reduced lifespan, constricted or limited movement (hampered due to loose, tender and heavy fats), reduced sexual activities or impotence (due to small quantity of semen produced and obstruction of the channel of semen by ''medas''), debility (due to ''dhatu'' imbalance), emit bad smell (due to the inherent nature of fatty tissues as well as excessive sweating), profuse sweating (since ''medas'' and ''kapha'' are vitiated), and excessive hunger and thirst (due to excessive digestive ''agni'' and ''vayu'' in the body). Excessive obesity is caused due to over-nourishment as a consequence of the intake of heavy, sweet, cold and fatty diet, lack of physical exercise, abstinence from sexual intercourse, sleeping during the day, uninterrupted cheerfulness, lack of mental activities and hereditary/genetic defects. These consequences may lead to an excess of fat (with further accumulation of only fat) and consequent depletion of dhatus. [4]
</div>
</div>
==== Pathophysiology of Obesity ====
==== Pathophysiology of Obesity ====
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भवन्ति चात्र-
भवन्ति चात्र-
इति मेदस्विनो दोषा हेतवो रूपमेव च|
इति मेदस्विनो दोषा हेतवो रूपमेव च|
निर्दिष्टं, ....|१०|
निर्दिष्टं, ....|१०|
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bhavanti cātra-
bhavanti cātra-
iti medasvino doShA hetavo rUpameva ca|
iti medasvino doShA hetavo rUpameva ca|
nirdiShTaM, ....|10|
nirdiShTaM, ....|10|
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Due to the obstruction of body channels by ''medas'', the movement of ''vata'' is specially confined to ''koshtha'' (abdominal viscera) resulting in the stimulation of digestive power and absorption of food. Hence,the person digests food quickly and becomes a voracious eater. By not following rules of taking meals at specific times during the day, he is afflicted by dreadful diseases. ''Agni'' (''pitta'' component responsible for digestion) and ''vata'' are the two most troublesome factors from the standpoint of obesity. These factors blight an obese person as wildfire destroys a forest. As the body gains excessive fat, vitiated ''doshas'' suddenly cause severe diseases resulting in rapid deterioration of life. The person is considered too obese when there is an excessive increase in fat and muscle tissue in the regions of buttocks, abdomen, and breasts, which become pendulous and suffer from deficient metabolism and energy. These are the causes, signs, and symptoms of an obese person [5-10]
Due to the obstruction of body channels by ''medas'', the movement of ''vata'' is specially confined to ''koshtha'' (abdominal viscera) resulting in the stimulation of digestive power and absorption of food. Hence,the person digests food quickly and becomes a voracious eater. By not following rules of taking meals at specific times during the day, he is afflicted by dreadful diseases. ''Agni'' (''pitta'' component responsible for digestion) and ''vata'' are the two most troublesome factors from the standpoint of obesity. These factors blight an obese person as wildfire destroys a forest. As the body gains excessive fat, vitiated ''doshas'' suddenly cause severe diseases resulting in rapid deterioration of life. The person is considered too obese when there is an excessive increase in fat and muscle tissue in the regions of buttocks, abdomen, and breasts, which become pendulous and suffer from deficient metabolism and energy. These are the causes, signs, and symptoms of an obese person [5-10]
</div>
</div>
==== Features of an excessively lean person ====
==== Features of an excessively lean person ====
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... वक्ष्यते वाच्यमतिकार्श्ये त्वतः परम्||१०||
... वक्ष्यते वाच्यमतिकार्श्ये त्वतः परम्||१०||
शुष्कस्फिगुदरग्रीवो धमनीजालसन्ततः|
शुष्कस्फिगुदरग्रीवो धमनीजालसन्ततः|
त्वगस्थिशेषोऽतिकृशः स्थूलपर्वा नरो मतः||१५||
त्वगस्थिशेषोऽतिकृशः स्थूलपर्वा नरो मतः||१५||
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... vakṣyatē vācyamatikārśyē tvataḥ param||10||
... vakṣyatē vācyamatikārśyē tvataḥ param||10||
shuShkasphigudaragrIvo dhamanIjAlasantataH|
shuShkasphigudaragrIvo dhamanIjAlasantataH|
tvagasthisheSho~atikRushaH sthUlaparvA naro mataH||15||
tvagasthisheSho~atikRushaH sthUlaparvA naro mataH||15||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Hereafter, the features of an excessively lean person will be explained by etiology, signs, symptoms and defects. Indulgence in the intake of dry (non-unctuous) diets and drinks, fasting, intake of food in inadequate quantity, overuse of therapeutic purificatory measures, grief, suppression of natural urges, inadequate sleep or sleep deprivation, dry powder massage, indulgence in baths, heredity, old age, continued illness and anger make a person too lean.
Hereafter, the features of an excessively lean person will be explained by etiology, signs, symptoms and defects. Indulgence in the intake of dry (non-unctuous) diets and drinks, fasting, intake of food in inadequate quantity, overuse of therapeutic purificatory measures, grief, suppression of natural urges, inadequate sleep or sleep deprivation, dry powder massage, indulgence in baths, heredity, old age, continued illness and anger make a person too lean.
The excessively lean person does not tolerate physical exercise, intake of food in large quantities, hunger, thirst, diseases, and drugs. They also cannot tolerate too much cold, heat and sexual intercourse. Such a person is often associated with splenic diseases, cough, wasting, dyspnoea, gulma (abdominal tumor), piles, abdominal disorders and disorders of grahanі. The excessively lean person has dried up buttocks, abdomen and neck, the prominent vascular network is mostly “skin and bones” with thickened nodes [10-15]
The excessively lean person does not tolerate physical exercise, intake of food in large quantities, hunger, thirst, diseases, and drugs. They also cannot tolerate too much cold, heat and sexual intercourse. Such a person is often associated with splenic diseases, cough, wasting, dyspnoea, gulma (abdominal tumor), piles, abdominal disorders and disorders of grahanі. The excessively lean person has dried up buttocks, abdomen and neck, the prominent vascular network is mostly “skin and bones” with thickened nodes [10-15]
</div>
</div>
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सततं व्याधितावेतावतिस्थूलकृशौ नरौ|
सततं व्याधितावेतावतिस्थूलकृशौ नरौ|
सततं चोपचर्यौ हि कर्शनैर्बृंहणैरपि||१६||
सततं चोपचर्यौ हि कर्शनैर्बृंहणैरपि||१६||
स्थौल्यकार्श्ये वरं कार्श्यं समोपकरणौ हि तौ|
स्थौल्यकार्श्ये वरं कार्श्यं समोपकरणौ हि तौ|
यद्युभौ व्याधिरागच्छेत् स्थूलमेवातिपीडयेत्||१७||
यद्युभौ व्याधिरागच्छेत् स्थूलमेवातिपीडयेत्||१७||
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satataṁ vyādhitāvētāvatisthūlakr̥śau narau|
satataṁ vyādhitāvētāvatisthūlakr̥śau narau|
sthaulyakArshye varaM kArshyaM samopakaraNau hi tau|
sthaulyakArshye varaM kArshyaM samopakaraNau hi tau|
yadyubhau vyAdhirAgacchet sthUlamevAtipIDayet||17||
yadyubhau vyAdhirAgacchet sthUlamevAtipIDayet||17||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Both these undesirable types of people (too obese and too lean) always suffer from some disease or the other and need to be constantly managed by bulk-reducing and bulk-promoting therapies respectively. Of the two, lean is less harmful than obese, and the physical and mental sufferings in the case of an obese person are far greater in comparison to a lean person [16-17]
Both these undesirable types of people (too obese and too lean) always suffer from some disease or the other and need to be constantly managed by bulk-reducing and bulk-promoting therapies respectively. Of the two, lean is less harmful than obese, and the physical and mental sufferings in the case of an obese person are far greater in comparison to a lean person [16-17]
</div>
</div>
==== The importance of ideal body proportion ====
==== The importance of ideal body proportion ====
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सममांसप्रमाणस्तु समसंहननो नरः|
सममांसप्रमाणस्तु समसंहननो नरः|
दृढेन्द्रियो विकाराणां न बलेनाभिभूयते||१८||
दृढेन्द्रियो विकाराणां न बलेनाभिभूयते||१८||
क्षुत्पिपासातपसहः शीतव्यायामसंसहः|
क्षुत्पिपासातपसहः शीतव्यायामसंसहः|
समपक्ता समजरः सममांसचयो मतः||१९||
समपक्ता समजरः सममांसचयो मतः||१९||
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samamāṁsapramāṇastu samasaṁhananō naraḥ|
samamāṁsapramāṇastu samasaṁhananō naraḥ|
kShutpipAsAtapasahaH shItavyAyAmasaMsahaH|
kShutpipAsAtapasahaH shItavyAyAmasaMsahaH|
samapaktA samajaraH samamAMsacayo mataH||19||
samapaktA samajaraH samamAMsacayo mataH||19||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not overcome by the onslaught of disorders. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [18-19]
A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not overcome by the onslaught of disorders. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [18-19]
</div>
</div>
==== The best diet for obese and lean persons ====
==== The best diet for obese and lean persons ====
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गुरु चातर्पणं चेष्टं स्थूलानां कर्शनं प्रति|
गुरु चातर्पणं चेष्टं स्थूलानां कर्शनं प्रति|
कृशानां बृंहणार्थं च लघु सन्तर्पणं च यत्||२०||
कृशानां बृंहणार्थं च लघु सन्तर्पणं च यत्||२०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
guru cātarpaṇaṁ cēṣṭaṁ sthūlānāṁ karśanaṁ prati|
guru cātarpaṇaṁ cēṣṭaṁ sthūlānāṁ karśanaṁ prati|
guru cAtarpaNaM ceShTaM sthUlAnAM karshanaM prati|
guru cAtarpaNaM ceShTaM sthUlAnAM karshanaM prati|
kRushAnAM bRuMhaNArthaM ca laghu santarpaNaM ca yat||20||
kRushAnAM bRuMhaNArthaM ca laghu santarpaNaM ca yat||20||
</div></div>
Heavy and non-nourishing (diet) therapy are prescribed for slimming in the case of the too obese, while for promoting the bulk of the too lean light and nourishing therapy is prescribed [20]
Heavy and non-nourishing (diet) therapy are prescribed for slimming in the case of the too obese, while for promoting the bulk of the too lean light and nourishing therapy is prescribed [20]
==== Management of obesity ====
==== Management of obesity ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वातघ्नान्यन्नपानानि श्लेष्ममेदोहराणि च|
वातघ्नान्यन्नपानानि श्लेष्ममेदोहराणि च|
प्रजागरं व्यवायं च व्यायामं चिन्तनानि च|
प्रजागरं व्यवायं च व्यायामं चिन्तनानि च|
स्थौल्यमिच्छन् परित्यक्तुं क्रमेणाभिप्रवर्धयेत्||२८||
स्थौल्यमिच्छन् परित्यक्तुं क्रमेणाभिप्रवर्धयेत्||२८||
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vātaghnānyannapānāni ślēṣmamēdōharāṇi ca|
vātaghnānyannapānāni ślēṣmamēdōharāṇi ca|
prajAgaraM [2] vyavAyaM ca vyAyAmaM cintanAni ca|
prajAgaraM [2] vyavAyaM ca vyAyAmaM cintanAni ca|
sthaulyamicchan parityaktuM krameNAbhipravardhayet||28||
sthaulyamicchan parityaktuM krameNAbhipravardhayet||28||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Food and drinks that alleviate vata and reduce ''kapha'' and ''meda'' (fat), enema with sharp, ununctuous and hot drugs, therapeutic powder massage, use of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia Miers), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn), ''triphala'' (haritaki-Terminalia chebula Linn, ''bibhitaka''(Terminalia belerica Roxb) and ''amalaka'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), ''takrarishta'' (a fermented medicinal preparation of buttermilk) and honey are recommended for the management of obesity. A formulation prepared from ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''nagara'' (Zingiber officinale Rose), ''yavakshara'' (alkali preparation of barley), ash powder of black iron along with honey, powder of ''yava'' (Hordeum vulgarae Linn) and ''amalaka'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) is also an excellent weight-loss drug. Similarly, ''Bilvadi panchamula'' (five major roots) mixed with honey and shilajatu along with the juice of ''agnimantha'' (Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.) are also very effective preparations for weight-loss.
Food and drinks that alleviate vata and reduce ''kapha'' and ''meda'' (fat), enema with sharp, ununctuous and hot drugs, therapeutic powder massage, use of ''guduchi'' (Tinospora cordifolia Miers), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus Linn), ''triphala'' (haritaki-Terminalia chebula Linn, ''bibhitaka''(Terminalia belerica Roxb) and ''amalaka'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), ''takrarishta'' (a fermented medicinal preparation of buttermilk) and honey are recommended for the management of obesity. A formulation prepared from ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''nagara'' (Zingiber officinale Rose), ''yavakshara'' (alkali preparation of barley), ash powder of black iron along with honey, powder of ''yava'' (Hordeum vulgarae Linn) and ''amalaka'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) is also an excellent weight-loss drug. Similarly, ''Bilvadi panchamula'' (five major roots) mixed with honey and shilajatu along with the juice of ''agnimantha'' (Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.) are also very effective preparations for weight-loss.
==== Management of leanness ====
==== Management of leanness ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्वप्नो हर्षः सुखा शय्या मनसो निर्वृतिः शमः|
स्वप्नो हर्षः सुखा शय्या मनसो निर्वृतिः शमः|
अचिन्तनाच्च कार्याणां ध्रुवं सन्तर्पणेन च|
अचिन्तनाच्च कार्याणां ध्रुवं सन्तर्पणेन च|
स्वप्नप्रसङ्गाच्च नरो वराह इव पुष्यति||३४||
स्वप्नप्रसङ्गाच्च नरो वराह इव पुष्यति||३४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
svapnō harṣaḥ sukhā śayyā manasō nirvr̥tiḥ śamaḥ|
svapnō harṣaḥ sukhā śayyā manasō nirvr̥tiḥ śamaḥ|
acintanAcca kAryANAM dhruvaM santarpaNena ca|
acintanAcca kAryANAM dhruvaM santarpaNena ca|
svapnaprasa~ggAcca naro varAha iva puShyati||34||
svapnaprasa~ggAcca naro varAha iva puShyati||34||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Sleep, exhilaration, comfortable bed, contentment, relaxed mind, abstinence from anxiety, sexual act and physical exercise, cheerfulness, newly harvested cereals, fresh wine, meat soup of animals residing in domestic, marshy and aquatic areas, well-cooked and prepared meat, curd, ghee, milk, sugarcane, ''shali'' rice, ''masha'' (Phaseolus radiates Linn.), wheat and its products, jaggery and its products, enema consisting of unctuous and sweet drugs, regular oil massage, unctuous bath, use of fragrance and garlands, use of white dress, elimination of ''doshas'' in due time and regular use of rejuvenating and aphrodisiac formulations to reduce excessive leanness and nourish the body.
Sleep, exhilaration, comfortable bed, contentment, relaxed mind, abstinence from anxiety, sexual act and physical exercise, cheerfulness, newly harvested cereals, fresh wine, meat soup of animals residing in domestic, marshy and aquatic areas, well-cooked and prepared meat, curd, ghee, milk, sugarcane, ''shali'' rice, ''masha'' (Phaseolus radiates Linn.), wheat and its products, jaggery and its products, enema consisting of unctuous and sweet drugs, regular oil massage, unctuous bath, use of fragrance and garlands, use of white dress, elimination of ''doshas'' in due time and regular use of rejuvenating and aphrodisiac formulations to reduce excessive leanness and nourish the body.
</div>
</div>
==== Sleep physiology ====
==== Sleep physiology ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
यदा तु मनसि क्लान्ते कर्मात्मानः क्लमान्विताः |
यदा तु मनसि क्लान्ते कर्मात्मानः क्लमान्विताः |
विषयेभ्यो निवर्तन्ते तदा स्वपिति मानवः||३५||
विषयेभ्यो निवर्तन्ते तदा स्वपिति मानवः||३५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
yadā tu manasi klāntē karmātmānaḥ klamānvitāḥ |
yadā tu manasi klāntē karmātmānaḥ klamānvitāḥ |
yadA tu manasi klAnte karmAtmAnaH klamAnvitAH |
yadA tu manasi klAnte karmAtmAnaH klamAnvitAH |
viShayebhyo nivartante tadA svapiti mAnavaH||35||
viShayebhyo nivartante tadA svapiti mAnavaH||35||
</div></div>
An individual falls asleep when his mind including the sensory and motor organs get exhausted, and they dissociate themselves from their objects. [35]
An individual falls asleep when his mind including the sensory and motor organs get exhausted, and they dissociate themselves from their objects. [35]
==== Benefits of sleep ====
==== Benefits of sleep ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
निद्रायत्तं सुखं दुःखं पुष्टिः कार्श्यं बलाबलम्|
निद्रायत्तं सुखं दुःखं पुष्टिः कार्श्यं बलाबलम्|
सैव युक्ता पुनर्युङ्क्ते निद्रा देहं सुखायुषा|
सैव युक्ता पुनर्युङ्क्ते निद्रा देहं सुखायुषा|
पुरुषं योगिनं सिद्ध्या सत्या बुद्धिरिवागता||३८||
पुरुषं योगिनं सिद्ध्या सत्या बुद्धिरिवागता||३८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
nidrāyattaṁ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ puṣṭiḥ kārśyaṁ balābalam|
nidrāyattaṁ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ puṣṭiḥ kārśyaṁ balābalam|
saiva yuktA punaryu~gkte nidrA dehaM sukhAyuShA|
saiva yuktA punaryu~gkte nidrA dehaM sukhAyuShA|
puruShaM yoginaM siddhyA satyA buddhirivAgatA||38||
puruShaM yoginaM siddhyA satyA buddhirivAgatA||38||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In human beings, happiness and misery, nourishment and emaciation, strength and weakness, fertility and infertility, knowledge and ignorance, and life and death depend upon proper (and improper sleep). Untimely, excessive sleep and sleep deprivation take away both happiness and longevity from a person. Similarly, proper sleep brings about happiness and longevity in human beings just as real knowledge brings about spiritual power in yogis [36-38]
In human beings, happiness and misery, nourishment and emaciation, strength and weakness, fertility and infertility, knowledge and ignorance, and life and death depend upon proper (and improper sleep). Untimely, excessive sleep and sleep deprivation take away both happiness and longevity from a person. Similarly, proper sleep brings about happiness and longevity in human beings just as real knowledge brings about spiritual power in yogis [36-38]
</div>
</div>
==== Indications of daytime sleep ====
==== Indications of daytime sleep ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
गीताध्ययनमद्यस्त्रीकर्मभाराध्वकर्शिताः|
गीताध्ययनमद्यस्त्रीकर्मभाराध्वकर्शिताः|
ग्रीष्मे त्वादानरूक्षाणां वर्धमाने च मारुते|
ग्रीष्मे त्वादानरूक्षाणां वर्धमाने च मारुते|
रात्रीणां चातिसङ्क्षेपाद्दिवास्वप्नः प्रशस्यते||४३||
रात्रीणां चातिसङ्क्षेपाद्दिवास्वप्नः प्रशस्यते||४३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
gītādhyayanamadyastrīkarmabhārādhvakarśitāḥ|
gītādhyayanamadyastrīkarmabhārādhvakarśitāḥ|
grIShme tvAdAnarUkShANAM vardhamAne ca mArute|
grIShme tvAdAnarUkShANAM vardhamAne ca mArute|
rAtrINAM cAtisa~gkShepAddivAsvapnaH prashasyate||43||
rAtrINAM cAtisa~gkShepAddivAsvapnaH prashasyate||43||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Sleeping during the day is advocated for those who are exhausted on account of singing, reading, alcoholic drinking, sexual intercourse, elimination therapy, carrying heavy weight, walking long distances, suffering from phthisis, wasting, thirst, diarrhea, colic pain, dyspnea, hiccup, insanity, or are too old, too young, weak and emaciated. It is also recommended for those who are injured by fall and assault or exhausted by travel-related stress, vigil, anger, grief, and fear. By this, equilibrium of ''dhatus'' and strength is maintained, and ''kapha'' nourishes the body parts and ensures longevity. In the summer season, nights become shorter, and ''vata'' gets provoked in the body in ''adanakala'' (seasons of low body strength, such as summer and rains) due to absorption of fluid. Therefore, during this period daytime sleeping is advocated for all [39-43]
Sleeping during the day is advocated for those who are exhausted on account of singing, reading, alcoholic drinking, sexual intercourse, elimination therapy, carrying heavy weight, walking long distances, suffering from phthisis, wasting, thirst, diarrhea, colic pain, dyspnea, hiccup, insanity, or are too old, too young, weak and emaciated. It is also recommended for those who are injured by fall and assault or exhausted by travel-related stress, vigil, anger, grief, and fear. By this, equilibrium of ''dhatus'' and strength is maintained, and ''kapha'' nourishes the body parts and ensures longevity. In the summer season, nights become shorter, and ''vata'' gets provoked in the body in ''adanakala'' (seasons of low body strength, such as summer and rains) due to absorption of fluid. Therefore, during this period daytime sleeping is advocated for all [39-43]
</div>
</div>
==== Consequences of improper daytime sleep ====
==== Consequences of improper daytime sleep ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
ग्रीष्मवर्ज्येषु कालेषु दिवास्वप्नात् प्रकुप्यतः|
ग्रीष्मवर्ज्येषु कालेषु दिवास्वप्नात् प्रकुप्यतः|
भवेन्नृणां दिवास्वप्नस्याहितस्य निषेवणात्|
भवेन्नृणां दिवास्वप्नस्याहितस्य निषेवणात्|
तस्माद्धिताहितं स्वप्नं बुद्ध्वा स्वप्यात् सुखं बुधः||४९||
तस्माद्धिताहितं स्वप्नं बुद्ध्वा स्वप्यात् सुखं बुधः||४९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
grīṣmavarjyēṣu kālēṣu divāsvapnāt prakupyataḥ|
grīṣmavarjyēṣu kālēṣu divāsvapnāt prakupyataḥ|
bhavennRuNAM divAsvapnasyAhitasya niShevaNAt|
bhavennRuNAM divAsvapnasyAhitasya niShevaNAt|
tasmAddhitAhitaM svapnaM buddhvA svapyAt sukhaM budhaH||49||
tasmAddhitAhitaM svapnaM buddhvA svapyAt sukhaM budhaH||49||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Sleeping during daytime is contraindicated in the seasons other than summer because it causes vitiation of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. Persons having excessive fat, those who are addicted to fatty substances, having plenty of ''kapha'', suffering from vitiated ''kapha'' related disorders, and those afflicted by latent poisons should never sleep during daytime. If one violated the given advice of sleeping during the day, he would subject himself to ''halimaka'' (advance stage of jaundice), headache, cold, heaviness of body parts, malaise, loss of digestive power, ''hridyopalepa'' (a feeling as if phlegm adhered to the heart), edema, anorexia, nausea, rhinitis, hemicranias, urticarial patches, pustules, boils, itching, drowsiness, coughing, disorders of the throat, impairment of memory and intelligence, obstruction of the body channels, fever, incapability of sensory and motor systems and enhancement of the toxic effects of poisons. So, one should keep in view the merits and demerits of sleep in various seasons and situations to stay happy and live long [44-49]
Sleeping during daytime is contraindicated in the seasons other than summer because it causes vitiation of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. Persons having excessive fat, those who are addicted to fatty substances, having plenty of ''kapha'', suffering from vitiated ''kapha'' related disorders, and those afflicted by latent poisons should never sleep during daytime. If one violated the given advice of sleeping during the day, he would subject himself to ''halimaka'' (advance stage of jaundice), headache, cold, heaviness of body parts, malaise, loss of digestive power, ''hridyopalepa'' (a feeling as if phlegm adhered to the heart), edema, anorexia, nausea, rhinitis, hemicranias, urticarial patches, pustules, boils, itching, drowsiness, coughing, disorders of the throat, impairment of memory and intelligence, obstruction of the body channels, fever, incapability of sensory and motor systems and enhancement of the toxic effects of poisons. So, one should keep in view the merits and demerits of sleep in various seasons and situations to stay happy and live long [44-49]
</div>
</div>
==== Qualities of day and night sleep ====
==== Qualities of day and night sleep ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रात्रौ जागरणं रूक्षं स्निग्धं प्रस्वपनं दिवा|
रात्रौ जागरणं रूक्षं स्निग्धं प्रस्वपनं दिवा|
अरूक्षमनभिष्यन्दि त्वासीनप्रचलायितम्||५०||
अरूक्षमनभिष्यन्दि त्वासीनप्रचलायितम्||५०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
rātrau jāgaraṇaṁ rūkṣaṁ snigdhaṁ prasvapanaṁ divā|
rātrau jāgaraṇaṁ rūkṣaṁ snigdhaṁ prasvapanaṁ divā|
rAtrau jAgaraNaM rUkShaM snigdhaM prasvapanaM divA|
rAtrau jAgaraNaM rUkShaM snigdhaM prasvapanaM divA|
arUkShamanabhiShyandi tvAsInapracalAyitam||50||
arUkShamanabhiShyandi tvAsInapracalAyitam||50||
</div></div>
Insomnia or staying up late at night causes roughness in the body and sleeping during the day causes ''snigdhata'' (unctuousness). However, napping in sitting posture does not cause either roughness nor unctuousness [50]
Insomnia or staying up late at night causes roughness in the body and sleeping during the day causes ''snigdhata'' (unctuousness). However, napping in sitting posture does not cause either roughness nor unctuousness [50]
==== The importance of diet and sleep among the obese and the (excessively) lean ====
==== The importance of diet and sleep among the obese and the (excessively) lean ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
देहवृत्तौ यथाऽऽहारस्तथा स्वप्नः सुखो मतः|
देहवृत्तौ यथाऽऽहारस्तथा स्वप्नः सुखो मतः|
स्वप्नाहारसमुत्थे च स्थौल्यकार्श्ये विशेषतः||५१||
स्वप्नाहारसमुत्थे च स्थौल्यकार्श्ये विशेषतः||५१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dēhavr̥ttau yathā''hārastathā svapnaḥ sukhō mataḥ|
dēhavr̥ttau yathā''hārastathā svapnaḥ sukhō mataḥ|
dehavRuttau yathA~a~ahArastathA svapnaH sukho mataH|
dehavRuttau yathA~a~ahArastathA svapnaH sukho mataH|
svapnAhArasamutthe ca sthaulyakArshye visheShataH||51||
svapnAhArasamutthe ca sthaulyakArshye visheShataH||51||
</div></div>
As wholesome diet is essential for the maintenance of the body, sleep is essential for happiness. Therefore, obesity and leanness are specifically caused by improper sleep and diet. [51]
As wholesome diet is essential for the maintenance of the body, sleep is essential for happiness. Therefore, obesity and leanness are specifically caused by improper sleep and diet. [51]
==== Sleep-promoting measures ====
==== Sleep-promoting measures ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अभ्यङ्गोत्सादनं स्नानं ग्राम्यानूपौदका रसाः|
अभ्यङ्गोत्सादनं स्नानं ग्राम्यानूपौदका रसाः|
स्वास्तीर्णं शयनं वेश्म सुखं कालस्तथोचितः|
स्वास्तीर्णं शयनं वेश्म सुखं कालस्तथोचितः|
आनयन्त्यचिरान्निद्रां प्रनष्टा या निमित्ततः||५४||
आनयन्त्यचिरान्निद्रां प्रनष्टा या निमित्ततः||५४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
abhyaṅgōtsādanaṁ snānaṁ grāmyānūpaudakā rasāḥ|
abhyaṅgōtsādanaṁ snānaṁ grāmyānūpaudakā rasāḥ|
svAstIrNaM shayanaM veshma sukhaM kAlastathocitaH|
svAstIrNaM shayanaM veshma sukhaM kAlastathocitaH|
AnayantyacirAnnidrAM pranaShTA yA nimittataH||54||
AnayantyacirAnnidrAM pranaShTA yA nimittataH||54||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
If for some reason one suffers from sleeplessness, he can be cured by applying measures such as- body massages, unction, bath, (intake of) soup made up of meat of domestic, marshy and/or aquatic animals, ''shali'' rice with curd, milk, fat, wine, mental pleasure, pleasant smell and sound, application of soothing ointment to eyes, head and face, comfortable bed and home, and getting habituated to sleeping at a particular time. [52-54]
If for some reason one suffers from sleeplessness, he can be cured by applying measures such as- body massages, unction, bath, (intake of) soup made up of meat of domestic, marshy and/or aquatic animals, ''shali'' rice with curd, milk, fat, wine, mental pleasure, pleasant smell and sound, application of soothing ointment to eyes, head and face, comfortable bed and home, and getting habituated to sleeping at a particular time. [52-54]
</div>
</div>
==== Causes of sleeplessness ====
==== Causes of sleeplessness ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कायस्य शिरसश्चैव विरेकश्छर्दनं भयम्|
कायस्य शिरसश्चैव विरेकश्छर्दनं भयम्|
एत एव च विज्ञेया निद्रानाशस्य हेतवः|
एत एव च विज्ञेया निद्रानाशस्य हेतवः|
कार्यं कालो विकारश्च प्रकृतिर्वायुरेव च||५७||
कार्यं कालो विकारश्च प्रकृतिर्वायुरेव च||५७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kāyasya śirasaścaiva virēkaśchardanaṁ bhayam|
kāyasya śirasaścaiva virēkaśchardanaṁ bhayam|
eta eva ca vij~jeyA nidrAnAshasya [2] hetavaH|
eta eva ca vij~jeyA nidrAnAshasya [2] hetavaH|
kAryaM kAlo vikArashca prakRutirvAyureva ca||57||
kAryaM kAlo vikArashca prakRutirvAyureva ca||57||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
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Elimination of ''doshas'' from the body and the head through purgation and emesis, predominance of ''sattva'' and suppression of ''tamas'', emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger, habits and activities such as smoking, physical exercise, bloodletting, fasting, and environmental settings such as uncomfortable bed go a long way in overcoming excessive sleepiness/hypersomnolence.
Elimination of ''doshas'' from the body and the head through purgation and emesis, predominance of ''sattva'' and suppression of ''tamas'', emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger, habits and activities such as smoking, physical exercise, bloodletting, fasting, and environmental settings such as uncomfortable bed go a long way in overcoming excessive sleepiness/hypersomnolence.
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==== Origins and types of sleep ====
==== Origins and types of sleep ====
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तमोभवा श्लेष्मसमुद्भवा च मनःशरीरश्रमसम्भवा च|
तमोभवा श्लेष्मसमुद्भवा च मनःशरीरश्रमसम्भवा च|
आगन्तुकी व्याध्यनुवर्तिनी च रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा च निद्रा||५८||
आगन्तुकी व्याध्यनुवर्तिनी च रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा च निद्रा||५८||
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tamōbhavā ślēṣmasamudbhavā ca manaḥśarīraśramasambhavā ca|
tamōbhavā ślēṣmasamudbhavā ca manaḥśarīraśramasambhavā ca|
tamobhavA shleShmasamudbhavA ca manaHsharIrashramasambhavA ca|
tamobhavA shleShmasamudbhavA ca manaHsharIrashramasambhavA ca|
AgantukI vyAdhyanuvartinI ca rAtrisvabhAvaprabhavA ca nidrA||58||
AgantukI vyAdhyanuvartinI ca rAtrisvabhAvaprabhavA ca nidrA||58||
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Sleep is of seven types, categorized by its cause: ''Tamas'', vitiated ''kapha'', mental exertion, physical exertion, exogenous factors, diseases, and normal (nighttime). [58]
Sleep is of seven types, categorized by its cause: ''Tamas'', vitiated ''kapha'', mental exertion, physical exertion, exogenous factors, diseases, and normal (nighttime). [58]
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रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा मता या तां भूतधात्रीं प्रवदन्ति तज्ज्ञाः|
रात्रिस्वभावप्रभवा मता या तां भूतधात्रीं प्रवदन्ति तज्ज्ञाः|
तमोभवामाहुरघस्य मूलं शेषाः पुनर्व्याधिषु निर्दिशन्ति||५९||
तमोभवामाहुरघस्य मूलं शेषाः पुनर्व्याधिषु निर्दिशन्ति||५९||
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rātrisvabhāvaprabhavā matā yā tāṁ bhūtadhātrīṁ pravadanti tajjñāḥ|
rātrisvabhāvaprabhavā matā yā tāṁ bhūtadhātrīṁ pravadanti tajjñāḥ|
rAtrisvabhAvaprabhavA matA yA tAM bhUtadhAtrIM pravadanti tajj~jAH|
rAtrisvabhAvaprabhavA matA yA tAM bhUtadhAtrIM pravadanti tajj~jAH|
tamobhavAmAhuraghasya mUlaM sheShAH punarvyAdhiShu nirdishanti||59||
tamobhavAmAhuraghasya mUlaM sheShAH punarvyAdhiShu nirdishanti||59||
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Natural sleep (sleeping at night) is the best form of sleep. This is also known as ''Bhutadhatri'', or “that which nurses all the living beings." The form of sleep that is caused by ''tamas'' is the cause of all sinful acts while the remaining types are observed in specific situations and ailments [59]
Natural sleep (sleeping at night) is the best form of sleep. This is also known as ''Bhutadhatri'', or “that which nurses all the living beings." The form of sleep that is caused by ''tamas'' is the cause of all sinful acts while the remaining types are observed in specific situations and ailments [59]
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==== Summary ====
==== Summary ====
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तत्र श्लोकाः-
तत्र श्लोकाः-
या या यथाप्रभावा च निद्रा तत् सर्वमत्रिजः|
या या यथाप्रभावा च निद्रा तत् सर्वमत्रिजः|
अष्टौनिन्दितसङ्ख्याते व्याजहार पुनर्वसुः||६२||
अष्टौनिन्दितसङ्ख्याते व्याजहार पुनर्वसुः||६२||
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tatra ślōkāḥ-
tatra ślōkāḥ-
yA yA yathAprabhAvA ca nidrA tat sarvamatrijaH|
yA yA yathAprabhAvA ca nidrA tat sarvamatrijaH|
aShTauninditasa~gkhyAte vyAjahAra punarvasuH||62||
aShTauninditasa~gkhyAte vyAjahAra punarvasuH||62||
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Now, the summing up verses – Acharya Punarvasu (Lord Atreya), the son of Atri, has explained the contents in the chapter on “eight types of undesirable constitutions” as given below:
Now, the summing up verses – Acharya Punarvasu (Lord Atreya), the son of Atri, has explained the contents in the chapter on “eight types of undesirable constitutions” as given below: