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Annapanavidhi Adhyaya (view source)

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→‎Annexure-I: The Herbs mentioned in this chapter with their English & Botanical name

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|title=Annapanavidhi Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Annapana, dietetics, classification of dietary articles, anupana, beverages, cereals, corns, vegetables, fruits, green herbs, sugar and sugar products, wines, meat, milk and milk products, water, cooked food

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|keywords=Annapana, dietetics, classification of dietary articles, anupana, beverages, cereals, corns, vegetables, fruits, green herbs, sugar and sugar products, wines, meat, milk and milk products, water, cooked food, Ayurveda, charak Samhita

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 27. Classification and Regimen of food and beverages

}}

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}}

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=== Introduction ===

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== Introduction ==

Food is the most important source to achieve health and disease according to [[Ayurveda]], and is even considered as a source of life as well as diseases. Wholesome diet is considered not just to be nourishing, but also to be therapeutic. It has also been given importance in other vedic texts. For instance, Maharshi Kashyapa considered food as ''mahabheshaja'' (great medicine) (Ka.S.Khil-4/5-6). However, there are some differences between ''ahara'' (food) and ''bheshaja'' (medicine) - the former is ''rasa pradhana'' (taste-centric) while the latter is ''veerya pradhana'' (potency centric).

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</div>

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

अथातोऽन्नपानविधिमध्यायंव्याख्यास्यामः॥१॥

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~~इतिहस्माहभगवानात्रेयः॥२॥~~

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इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः॥२॥

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</div></div>

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We shall ~~now~~ expound the chapter ~~entitled “Diet~~ and ~~Dietetics~~.”

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Now we shall expound the chapter "Annapanavidhi"(Classification and Regimen of food and beverages). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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~~Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]~~

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=== Effect of wholesome food ===

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==== Effect of wholesome food ====

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</div>

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==== Natural qualities ====

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=== Natural qualities ===

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</div>

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==== Classification of food articles ====

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=== Classification of food articles ===

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</div>

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==== The qualities of ''shashtika'' and ''vrihi'' ====

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===== The qualities of ''shashtika'' and ''vrihi'' =====

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</div>

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==== The qualities of ''koradusha, shyamaka'' and other grains ====

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===== The qualities of ''koradusha, shyamaka'' and other grains =====

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</div>

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==== The qualities of barley and bamboo ====

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===== The qualities of barley and bamboo =====

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The bamboo is considered to be dry, astringent (''kashaya anurasa''), sweet, and is effective in treating ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. It removes fat, worms and poison and is strengthening. [19-20]

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==== The properties of wheat ====

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===== The properties of wheat =====

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</div></div>

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~~The qualities~~ of green gram (Vigna radiata Linn. Wilczec):

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=====Qualities of green gram (Vigna radiata Linn. Wilczec)=====

Now begins the section on pulses (di-cotyledons). Green-gram (''mudga'') is considered the best of pulses. It is astringent and sweet in taste, dry, cold in potency, pungent (after digestion), and light. It alleviates the vitiated ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. [23]

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The qualities of black gram (Vigna mungo Linn. Hepper syn. Phaseolus mungo): Black gram is an excellent aphrodisiac, effective in treating ''vata'', unctuous, hot, sweet, heavy (to digest) and strength promoting. It also increases fecal volume. [24]

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~~The qualities~~ of the black eye-pea (Vigna unguiculata Linn. Walp):

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===== Qualities of the black eye-pea (Vigna unguiculata Linn. Walp)=====

Black eye-pea is a relishing variant of dicotyledon that has laxative and alleviating properties against disorders of ''kapha shukra'' and acid-dyspepsia. It is sweet in taste like black gram, ''vata''-stimulant, dry, (works as an) astringent, cleaning (action) and is heavy to digest. [25]

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~~The qualities~~ of the horse-gram (Dolichos biflorus Linn.): Horse-gram (Dolichos biflorus Linn.) is hot, astringent in taste, acidic (on digestion) and alleviates disorders of ''kapha shukra'' and ''vata''. It is beneficial in cough, hiccup, dyspepsia and piles. [26]

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=====Qualities of the horse-gram (Dolichos biflorus Linn.)=====

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Horse-gram (Dolichos biflorus Linn.) is hot, astringent in taste, acidic (on digestion) and alleviates disorders of ''kapha shukra'' and ''vata''. It is beneficial in cough, hiccup, dyspepsia and piles. [26]

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~~The qualities~~ of the moth-gram (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal):

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=====Qualities of the moth-gram (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal)=====

The moth-gram (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.)) is sweet in taste and on digestion, astringent in action, with dry property and cold in potency. It is recommended in ''raktapitta'', in fevers and in similar conditions. [27]

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General qualities of chickpea, lentil, vetchling and common pea:

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=====General qualities of chickpea, lentil, vetchling and common pea=====

Chick-pea (Cicer arietinum Linn), lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.), vetchling (Lathyrus sativus Linn.), and common pea (Pisum sativum sub sp. sativum, Co. ver speciosum Dierb. Alef) are light, cold in potency, sweet, astringent in taste and strongly dehydrating. [28]

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They are recommended in ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' conditions and in preparation of nourishing soups and ointments. Amongst these two, the lentil is an astringent in action while the vetchling excessively stimulate ''vata''. [29]

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Qualities of ''tila'' (Sesamum indicum Linn):

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=====Qualities of ''tila'' (Sesamum indicum Linn)=====

''Tila'' (Sesamum indicum Linn) is unctuous, hot, sweet, bitter and astringent. It is conducive to the growth of skin and hair, boosts strength and is effective in treating ''vata'' while causing ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. [30]

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Qualities of the legumes:

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=====Qualities of the legumes=====

All varieties of legumes are sweet, cold in potency, heavy, destructive of strength and dehydrating. They should be taken only by strong persons and in conjunction with unctuous article. [31]

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</div>

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====Qualities of meat of goat and sheep ====

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=====Qualities of meat of goat and sheep =====

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</div>

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~~'''~~Qualities of curd~~:'''~~

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=====Qualities of curd=====

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Immature or partly formed curd aggravates all the three ''doshas'' and mature curd is effective in treating ''vata''. The cream of curds is seminiferous and the whey is considered effective in treating ''kapha'' and ''vata'' and cleaning the channels. [228]

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~~'''~~Benefits of butter-milk~~:'''~~

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=====Benefits of butter-milk=====

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Butter milk should be administered in cases of edema, piles, assimilation-disorders, suppression of urine, abdominal diseases, anorexia and complications arising from oleation therapy, anemia, and gara poisoning. [229]

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~~'''~~Benefits of butter~~:'''~~

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=====Benefits of butter=====

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Fresh-made butter is considered an astringent, appetizer, and effective in treating assimilation-disorders, piles, trauma and anorexia. [230]

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~~'''~~Benefits of ghee~~:'''~~

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=====Benefits of ghee=====

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Ghee helps enhance memory, intelligence, ''agni'' (digestion and metabolism), ''shukra'' (semen), ''oja'' (vital essence), ''kapha'' and fat. It is considered effective in treating ''vata, pitta,'' toxic conditions, insanity, consumption, inauspiciousness and fever. It is considered the most unctuous of edible substances, cold in potency, ‘sweet’ (in taste as well as after digestion) and when prepared according to proper pharmaceutical methods, its potency is increased thousandfold and is efficacious in a thousand ways. Preserved ghee is effective in treating intoxication, epilepsy, fainting, consumption, insanity, toxic conditions, fever and pain in the vagina, ear and head. The ghee made of milks of goat, sheep and buffalo are considered to have qualities of the milks of the respective animals they are made of. [231-233]</div>

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~~'''~~Qualities of various milk products~~:'''~~

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=====Qualities of various milk products=====

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Thus, has been described the ninth section on cow’s milk and its product.

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====Class of sugarcane and its products:====

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====Class of sugarcane and its products====

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The honey-sugar is dry, is effective in treating vomiting and diarrhea and depletive. All sugars are beneficial in thirst, raktapitta and burning sensation. [242]</div>

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~~'''~~Qualities of honey~~:'''~~

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=====Qualities of honey=====

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Thus ends this tenth section mainly dealing with sugar-cane products.

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====Class of cooked food preparations: ====

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====Class of cooked food preparations====

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Thus ends the eleventh section on cooked foods.

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====Class on food articles:====

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====Class on food articles====

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<poem>

कषायानुरसं स्वादुसूक्ष्ममुष्णंव्यवायिच।

पित्तलंबद्धविण्मूत्रंनचश्लेष्माभिवर्धनम्॥२८६॥

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विदाहिचविशेषेणसर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्॥२९३॥

फलानांयानिचान्यानितैलान्याहारसंविधौ

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युज्यन्तेगुणकर्मभ्यांतानिब्रूयाद्यथाफलम्॥२९४॥

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युज्यन्तेगुणकर्मभ्यांतानिब्रूयाद्यथाफलम्॥२९४॥</poem>

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<poem>

kaṣāyānurasaṁ [1] svādu sūkṣmamuṣṇaṁ vyavāyi ca|

pittalaṁ baddhaviṇmūtraṁ na ca ślēṣmābhivardhanam||286||

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kusumBatailamuShNaM ca vipAke kaTukaM guru|

vidAhi ca viSeSheNa sarvadoShaprakopaNam||293||

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PalAnAM yAni cAnyAni tailAnyAhArasaMvidhau yujyante guNakarmaByAM tAni brUyAdyathAPalam||294||

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PalAnAM yAni cAnyAni tailAnyAhArasaMvidhau yujyante guNakarmaByAM tAni brUyAdyathAPalam||294||</poem>

</div></div>

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</div>

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<poem>

मधुरोबृंहणोवृष्योबल्योमज्जातथावसा।

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यथासत्त्वंतुशैत्योष्णेवसामज्ज्ञोर्विनिर्दिशेत्॥२९५॥

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यथासत्त्वंतुशैत्योष्णेवसामज्ज्ञोर्विनिर्दिशेत्॥२९५॥</poem>

−

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<poem>

madhurō br̥ṁhaṇō vr̥ṣyō balyō majjā tathā vasā|

yathāsattvaṁ tu śaityōṣṇē vasāmajjñōrvinirdiśēt||295||

madhuro bRuMhaNo vRuShyo balyo majjA tathA vasA|

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yathAsattvaM tu SaityoShNe vasAmajj~jorvinirdiSet||295||

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yathAsattvaM tu SaityoShNe vasAmajj~jorvinirdiSet||295||</poem>

</div></div>

Animal marrow and fat are sweet, nourishing, aphrodisiac, strengthening, and hot or cool depending upon the nature or type of the animal. [295]

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<poem>

सस्नेहंदीपनंवृष्यमुष्णंवातकफापहम्।

विपाकेमधुरंहृद्यंरोचनंविश्वभेषजम्॥२९६॥

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नकाललवणेगन्धःसौवर्चलगुणाश्चते॥३०३॥

सामुद्रकंसमधुरं, सतिक्तंकटुपांशुजम्।

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रोचनंलवणंसर्वंपाकिस्रंस्यनिलापहम्॥३०४॥

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रोचनंलवणंसर्वंपाकिस्रंस्यनिलापहम्॥३०४॥</poem>

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<poem>

sasnēhaṁ dīpanaṁ vr̥ṣyamuṣṇaṁ vātakaphāpaham|

vipākē madhuraṁ hr̥dyaṁ rōcanaṁ viśvabhēṣajam||296||

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na kAlalavaNe gandhaH sauvarcalaguNASca te||303||

sAmudrakaM samadhuraM, satiktaM kaTu pAMSujam|

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rocanaM lavaNaM sarvaM pAki sraMsyanilApaham||304||

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rocanaM lavaNaM sarvaM pAki sraMsyanilApaham||304||</poem>

</div></div>

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</div>

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<poem>

हृत्पाण्डुग्रहणीरोगप्लीहानाहगलग्रहान्।

कासंकफजमर्शांसियावशूकोव्यपोहति॥३०५॥

तीक्ष्णोष्णोलघुरूक्षश्चक्लेदीपक्ता विदारणः।

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दाहनोदीपनश्छेत्तासर्वःक्षारोऽग्निसन्निभः ॥३०६॥

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दाहनोदीपनश्छेत्तासर्वःक्षारोऽग्निसन्निभः ॥३०६॥</poem>

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<poem>

hr̥tpāṇḍugrahaṇīrōgaplīhānāhagalagrahān|

kāsaṁ kaphajamarśāṁsi yāvaśūkō vyapōhati||305||

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kAsaM kaPajamarSAMsi yAvaSUko vyapohati||305||

tIkShNoShNo laGurUkShaSca kledI paktA vidAraNaH|

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dAhano dIpanaSCettA sarvaH kShAro&gnisanniBaH ||306||

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dAhano dIpanaSCettA sarvaH kShAro&gnisanniBaH ||306||</poem>

</div></div>

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All alkalis are like fiery, sharp, hot, light, dry, liquefacient, digestive, corrosive, caustic, stimulates digestion and destructive of tissues. [306]

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<poem>

कारवीकुञ्चिकाऽजाजीयवानीधान्यतुम्बुरु।

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रोचनंदीपनंवातकफदौर्गन्ध्यनाशनम्॥३०७॥

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रोचनंदीपनंवातकफदौर्गन्ध्यनाशनम्॥३०७॥</poem>

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<poem>

kāravī kuñcikā'jājī yavānī dhānyatumburu|

rōcanaṁ dīpanaṁ vātakaphadaurgandhyanāśanam||307||

kAravI ku~jcikA&jAjI yavAnI dhAnyatumburu|

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rocanaM dIpanaM vAtakaPadaurgandhyanASanam||307||

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rocanaM dIpanaM vAtakaPadaurgandhyanASanam||307||</poem>

</div></div>

Celery seeds (''karavi'', Carum bulbocastanum W.Koch.), black cumin (''kunchika'', Nigella sativa Linn.), cumin (''ajaji'', Cuminum cyminum Linn.), bishops weed (''yavani'', Trachyspermum ammi Linn.), coriander (''dhanyaka'', Coriandrum sativum) and Indian tooth-ache (''tumburu'', Zanthoxylum armatum DC) are appetizing, stimulate digestion, alleviate ''vata'' and ''kapha'', and remove foul odour.[307]

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<poem>

आहारयोगिनांभक्तिनिश्चयोनतुविद्यते।

−

समाप्तो द्वादशश्चायंवर्गआहारयोगिनाम्॥३०८॥

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समाप्तो द्वादशश्चायंवर्गआहारयोगिनाम्॥३०८॥</poem>

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<poem>

āhārayōgināṁ bhaktiniścayō na tu vidyatē|

samāptō [1] dvādaśaścāyaṁ varga āhārayōginām||308||

AhArayoginAM BaktiniScayo na tu vidyate|

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samApto dvAdaSaScAyaM varga AhArayoginAm||308||

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samApto dvAdaSaScAyaM varga AhArayoginAm||308||</poem>

</div></div>

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Thus ends the twelfth section on the articles used in cooked foods.

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==== General considerations in qualities ====

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=== General considerations in qualities ===

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<poem>

शूकधान्यंशमीधान्यंसमातीतंप्रशस्यते।

पुराणंप्रायशोरूक्षंप्रायेणाभिनवंगुरु ॥३०९॥

यद्यदागच्छति क्षिप्रंतत्तल्लघुतरंस्मृतम्।

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निस्तुषंयुक्तिभृष्टंचसूप्यंलघुविपच्यते॥३१०॥

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निस्तुषंयुक्तिभृष्टंचसूप्यंलघुविपच्यते॥३१०॥</poem>

−

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<poem>

śūkadhānyaṁ śamīdhānyaṁ samātītaṁ praśasyatē|

purāṇaṁ prāyaśō rūkṣaṁ prāyēṇābhinavaṁ guru [1] ||309||

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yadyadAgacCati kShipraM tattallaGutaraM smRutam|

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nistuShaM yuktiBRuShTaM ca sUpyaM laGu vipacyate||310||

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nistuShaM yuktiBRuShTaM ca sUpyaM laGu vipacyate||310||</poem>

</div></div>

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That grain which grows quicker is considered lighter than the others. The decorticated and slightly roasted pulse is digested easily. [310]

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<poem>

मृतंकृशंचातिमेद्यंवृद्धंबालंविषैर्हतम्।

अगोचरभृतंव्यालसूदितंमांसमुत्सृजेत्॥३११॥

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अतोऽन्यथाहितंमांसंबृंहणंबलवर्धनम्।

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अतोऽन्यथाहितंमांसंबृंहणंबलवर्धनम्।</poem>

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<poem>

mr̥taṁ kr̥śaṁ cātimēdyaṁ vr̥ddhaṁ bālaṁ viṣairhatam|

agōcarabhr̥taṁ vyālasūditaṁ māṁsamutsr̥jēt||311||

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agocaraBRutaM vyAlasUditaM mAMsamutsRujet||311||

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ato&nyathA hitaM mAMsaM bRuMhaNaM balavardhanam|

+

ato&nyathA hitaM mAMsaM bRuMhaNaM balavardhanam|</poem>

</div></div>

The flesh of the animal which is dead, emaciated, very fat, old, too young, killed by poisoning, reared in unnatural habitat or killed by a tiger or snake should be avoided. Except for the above scenarios, flesh of animals described in this and prior chapters is wholesome, nourishing and promotes strength. [311]

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<poem>

प्रीणनःसर्वभूतानांहृद्योमांसरसःपरम्॥३१२॥

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व्यायामनित्याःस्त्रीनित्यामद्यनित्याश्चयेनराः।

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नित्यंमांसरसाहारानातुराःस्युर्नदुर्बलाः॥३१५॥

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नित्यंमांसरसाहारानातुराःस्युर्नदुर्बलाः॥३१५॥</poem>

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<poem>

prīṇanaḥ sarvabhūtānāṁ hr̥dyō māṁsarasaḥ param||312||

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vyAyAmanityAH strInityA madyanityASca ye narAH|

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nityaM mAMsarasAhArA nAturAH syurna durbalAH||315||

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nityaM mAMsarasAhArA nAturAH syurna durbalAH||315||</poem>

</div></div>

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If those given to constant exercise and indulgence in women and wine take meat juice daily, they will never fall ill or become weak. [315]

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==== Signs of bad quality (avoidable) vegetables, fruits and greens ====

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=== Signs of bad quality (avoidable) vegetables, fruits and greens ===

−

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<poem>

क्रिमिवातातपहतंशुष्कंजीर्णमनार्तवम्।

शाकंनिःस्नेहसिद्धंचवर्ज्यंयच्चापरिस्रुतम्॥३१६॥

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हरितानां यथाशाकंनिर्देशःसाधनादृते।

−

मद्याम्बुगोरसादीनांस्वेस्वेवर्गेविनिश्चयः॥३१८॥

+

मद्याम्बुगोरसादीनांस्वेस्वेवर्गेविनिश्चयः॥३१८॥</poem>

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<poem>

krimivātātapahataṁ śuṣkaṁ jīrṇamanārtavam|

śākaṁ niḥsnēhasiddhaṁ ca varjyaṁ yaccāparisrutam||316||

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haritAnAM yathASAkaM nirdeSaH sAdhanAdRute|

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madyAmbugorasAdInAM sve sve varge viniScayaH||318||

+

madyAmbugorasAdInAM sve sve varge viniScayaH||318||</poem>

</div></div>

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The rules regarding greens are the same as vegetables, except in the mode of preparation. As regards wine, water and milk etc. these have been described in their respective actions. [318]

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==== ~~Beverages~~ after food ====

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=== Anupana (beverages after food) ====

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==== General guidelines for beverages after food ====

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<poem>

यदाहारगुणैः पानंविपरीतंतदिष्यते।

अन्नानुपानंधातूनांदृष्टंयन्नविरोधिच॥३१९॥

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अल्पाग्नीनामनिद्राणांतन्द्राशोकभयक्लमैः।

−

मद्यमांसोचितानांचमद्यमेवानुशस्यते॥३२४॥

+

मद्यमांसोचितानांचमद्यमेवानुशस्यते॥३२४॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

yadāhāraguṇaiḥ [1] pānaṁ viparītaṁ tadiṣyatē|

annānupānaṁ dhātūnāṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ yanna virōdhi ca||319||

Line 4,586: Line 4,588:

alpAgnInAmanidrANAM tandrASokaBayaklamaiH|

−

madyamAMsocitAnAM ca madyamevAnuSasyate||324||

+

madyamAMsocitAnAM ca madyamevAnuSasyate||324||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,603: Line 4,605:

==== Benefits of ''anupana'' (vehicle) ====

−

+

<poem>

अथानुपानकर्मगुणान्प्रवक्ष्यामः- अनुपानंतर्पयति, प्रीणयति, ऊर्जयति, बृंहयति, पर्याप्तिमभिनिर्वर्तयति, भुक्तमवसादयति, अन्नसङ्घातंभिनत्ति, मार्दवमापादयति, क्लेदयति, जरयति, सुखपरिणामितामाशुव्यवायितांचाहारस्योपजनयतीति॥३२५॥

भवतिचात्र-

अनुपानंहितंयुक्तंतर्पयत्याशुमानवम्।

−

सुखंपचतिचाहारमायुषेचबलायच॥३२६॥

+

सुखंपचतिचाहारमायुषेचबलायच॥३२६॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

athānupānakarmaguṇān [1] pravakṣyāmaḥ- anupānaṁ tarpayati, prīṇayati, ūrjayati, br̥ṁhayati, paryāptimabhinirvartayati, bhuktamavasādayati, annasaṅghātaṁbhinatti, mārdavamāpādayati, klēdayati, jarayati, sukhapariṇāmitāmāśuvyavāyitāṁ cāhārasyōpajanayatīti||325||

Line 4,621: Line 4,623:

Bavati cAtra-

anupAnaM hitaM yuktaM tarpayatyASu mAnavam|

−

suKaM pacati cAhAramAyuShe ca balAya ca||326||

+

suKaM pacati cAhAramAyuShe ca balAya ca||326||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,630: Line 4,632:

==== Contra-inidcations of drinking water after meals ====

−

+

<poem>

नोर्ध्वाङ्गमारुताविष्टानहिक्काश्वासकासिनः।

नगीतभाष्याध्ययनप्रसक्तानोरसिक्षताः॥३२७॥

पिबेयुरुदकंभुक्त्वातद्धिकण्ठोरसिस्थितम्।

−

स्नेहमाहारजंहत्वा भूयोदोषायकल्पते॥३२८॥

+

स्नेहमाहारजंहत्वा भूयोदोषायकल्पते॥३२८॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

nōrdhvāṅgamārutāviṣṭā na hikkāśvāsakāsinaḥ|

na gītabhāṣyādhyayanaprasaktā nōrasi kṣatāḥ||327||

Line 4,648: Line 4,650:

pibeyurudakaM BuktvA taddhi kaNThorasi sthitam|

−

snehamAhArajaM hatvA BUyo doShAya kalpate||328||

+

snehamAhArajaM hatvA BUyo doShAya kalpate||328||</poem>

</div></div>

Neither those in whom ''vata'' is provoked in the upper parts of the body nor those that suffer from hiccups, dyspnea or cough, nor those that are engaged in singing, lecturing or studying, nor those that are suffering from the pectoral lesions should drink water after eating, for it takes away from the throat and chest the unctuous quality of the meal eaten and leads to great morbidity. [327-328]

−

+

<poem>

अन्नपानैकदेशोऽयमुक्तःप्रायोपयोगिकः।

द्रव्याणिनहिनिर्देष्टुंशक्यंकार्त्स्न्येननामभिः॥३२९॥

यथानानौषधंकिञ्चिद्देशजानांवचोयथा।

−

द्रव्यंतत्तत्तथावाच्यमनुक्तमिहयद्भवेत्॥३३०॥

+

द्रव्यंतत्तत्तथावाच्यमनुक्तमिहयद्भवेत्॥३३०॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

annapānaikadēśō'yamuktaḥ prāyōpayōgikaḥ|

dravyāṇi na hi nirdēṣṭuṁ śakyaṁ kārtsnyēna nāmabhiḥ||329||

Line 4,671: Line 4,673:

yathA nAnauShadhaM ki~jciddeSajAnAM vaco yathA|

−

dravyaM tattattathA vAcyamanuktamiha yadBavet||330||

+

dravyaM tattattathA vAcyamanuktamiha yadBavet||330||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,678: Line 4,680:

Since there is no substance that may not be used as a medicine, the substances not spoken of here (''anukta dravya'') should be assessed with reference to their qualities observed by people native to the region where they can be found naturally. [330]

−

==== Qualities of creatures according to their habitat and food ====

+

=== Qualities of creatures according to their habitat and food ===

−

+

<poem>

चरःशरीरावयवाःस्वभावोधातवःक्रिया।

−

लिङ्गंप्रमाणंसंस्कारोमात्राचास्मिन्परीक्ष्यते॥३३१॥

+

लिङ्गंप्रमाणंसंस्कारोमात्राचास्मिन्परीक्ष्यते॥३३१॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

caraḥ śarīrāvayavāḥ svabhāvō dhātavaḥ kriyā|

liṅgaṁ pramāṇaṁ saṁskārō mātrā cāsmin parīkṣyatē||331||

caraH SarIrAvayavAH svaBAvo dhAtavaH kriyA|

−

li~ggaM pramANaM saMskAro mAtrA cAsmin parIkShyate||331||

+

li~ggaM pramANaM saMskAro mAtrA cAsmin parIkShyate||331||</poem>

</div></div>

An animal's food and habitat, body-parts, constitution, body-elements, activity, sex, size, mode of preparation and measure are herein explained. [331]

−

+

<poem>

चरोऽनूपजलाकाशधन्वाद्योभक्ष्यसंविधिः।

जलजानूपजाश्चैवजलानूपचराश्चये॥३३२॥

गुरुभक्ष्याश्चयेसत्त्वाःसर्वेतेगुरवःस्मृताः।

−

लघुभक्ष्यास्तुलघवोधन्वजाधन्वचारिणः॥३३३॥

+

लघुभक्ष्यास्तुलघवोधन्वजाधन्वचारिणः॥३३३॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

carō'nūpajalākāśadhanvādyō bhakṣyasaṁvidhiḥ|

jalajānūpajāścaiva jalānūpacarāśca yē||332||

Line 4,712: Line 4,714:

guruBakShyASca ye sattvAH sarve te guravaH smRutAH|

−

laGuBakShyAstu laGavo dhanvajA dhanvacAriNaH||333||

+

laGuBakShyAstu laGavo dhanvajA dhanvacAriNaH||333||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,719: Line 4,721:

</div>

−

+

<poem>

शरीरावयवाःसक्थिशिरःस्कन्धादयस्तथा।

सक्थिमांसाद्गुरुः स्कन्धस्ततःक्रोडस्ततःशिरः॥३३४॥

वृषणौचर्ममेढ्रंचश्रोणीवृक्कौयकृद्गुदम्।

−

मांसाद्गुरुतरंविद्याद्यथास्वंमध्यमस्थिच॥३३५॥

+

मांसाद्गुरुतरंविद्याद्यथास्वंमध्यमस्थिच॥३३५॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

śarīrāvayavāḥ sakthiśiraḥskandhādayastathā|

sakthimāṁsādguruḥ [1] skandhastataḥ krōḍastataḥ śiraḥ||334||

Line 4,737: Line 4,739:

vRuShaNau carma meDhraM ca SroNI vRukkau yakRudgudam|

−

mAMsAdgurutaraM vidyAdyathAsvaM madhyamasthi ca||335||

+

mAMsAdgurutaraM vidyAdyathAsvaM madhyamasthi ca||335||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,744: Line 4,746:

</div>

−

+

<poem>

स्वभावाल्लघवोमुद्गास्तथालावकपिञ्जलाः।

स्वभावाद्गुरवोमाषावराहमहिषास्तथा॥३३६॥

धातूनांशोणितादीनांगुरुंविद्याद्यथोत्तरम्।

−

अलसेभ्योविशिष्यन्तेप्राणिनोयेबहुक्रियाः॥३३७॥

+

अलसेभ्योविशिष्यन्तेप्राणिनोयेबहुक्रियाः॥३३७॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

svabhāvāllaghavō mudgāstathā lāvakapiñjalāḥ|

svabhāvādguravō māṣā varāhamahiṣāstathā||336||

Line 4,762: Line 4,764:

dhAtUnAM SoNitAdInAM guruM vidyAdyathottaram|

−

alaseByo viSiShyante prANino ye bahukriyAH||337||

+

alaseByo viSiShyante prANino ye bahukriyAH||337||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,771: Line 4,773:

</div>

−

+

<poem>

गौरवंलिङ्गसामान्येपुंसांस्त्रीणांतुलाघवम्।

−

महाप्रमाणागुरवःस्वजातौलघवोऽन्यथा॥३३८॥

+

महाप्रमाणागुरवःस्वजातौलघवोऽन्यथा॥३३८॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

gauravaṁ liṅgasāmānyē puṁsāṁ strīṇāṁ tu lāghavam|

mahāpramāṇā guravaḥ svajātau laghavō'nyathā||338||

gauravaM li~ggasAmAnye puMsAM strINAM tu lAGavam|

−

mahApramANA guravaH svajAtau laGavo&nyathA||338||

+

mahApramANA guravaH svajAtau laGavo&nyathA||338||</poem>

</div></div>

In general, heaviness is the characteristic of males while lightness is the characteristic of females. Those that are massive in size in each class are heavy and those that are otherwise are light. [338]

−

+

<poem>

गुरूणांलाघवंविद्यात्संस्कारात्सविपर्ययम्।

−

व्रीहेर्लाजायथाचस्युःसक्तूनांसिद्धपिण्डिकाः॥३३९॥

+

व्रीहेर्लाजायथाचस्युःसक्तूनांसिद्धपिण्डिकाः॥३३९॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

gurūṇāṁ lāghavaṁ vidyāt saṁskārāt saviparyayam|

vrīhērlājā yathā ca syuḥ saktūnāṁ siddhapiṇḍikāḥ||339||

gurUNAM lAGavaM vidyAt saMskArAt saviparyayam|

−

vrIherlAjA yathA ca syuH saktUnAM siddhapiNDikAH||339||

+

vrIherlAjA yathA ca syuH saktUnAM siddhapiNDikAH||339||</poem>

</div></div>

Heavy articles, it should be known, become lighter on preparation (or cooking) and the light ones become heavier just as rice becomes light when roasted and roasted corn flour becomes heavy when cooked and prepared into balls. [339]

−

+

<poem>

अल्पादानेगुरूणांचलघूनांचातिसेवने।

मात्राकारणमुद्दिष्टंद्रव्याणांगुरुलाघवे॥३४०॥

गुरूणामल्पमादेयंलघूनांतृप्तिरिष्यते।

−

मात्रांद्रव्याण्यपेक्षन्ते मात्राचाग्निमपेक्षते॥३४१॥

+

मात्रांद्रव्याण्यपेक्षन्ते मात्राचाग्निमपेक्षते॥३४१॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

alpādānē gurūṇāṁ ca laghūnāṁ cātisēvanē|

mātrā kāraṇamuddiṣṭaṁ dravyāṇāṁ gurulāghavē||340||

Line 4,817: Line 4,819:

gurUNAmalpamAdeyaM laGUnAM tRuptiriShyate|

−

mAtrAM dravyANyapekShante mAtrA cAgnimapekShate||341||

+

mAtrAM dravyANyapekShante mAtrA cAgnimapekShate||341||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,824: Line 4,826:

Food articles should thus be consumed in proper measure and the proper measure should be in accordance with the strength of the individual’s ''agni''. [341]

−

+

<poem>

बलमारोग्यमायुश्चप्राणाश्चाग्नौप्रतिष्ठिताः।

−

अन्नपानेन्धनैश्चाग्निर्ज्वलतिव्येतिचान्यथा ॥३४२॥

+

अन्नपानेन्धनैश्चाग्निर्ज्वलतिव्येतिचान्यथा ॥३४२॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

balamārōgyamāyuśca prāṇāścāgnau pratiṣṭhitāḥ|

annapānēndhanaiścāgnirjvalati vyēti cānyathā [1] ||342||

balamArogyamAyuSca prANAScAgnau pratiShThitAH|

−

annapAnendhanaiScAgnirjvalati vyeti cAnyathA ||342||

+

annapAnendhanaiScAgnirjvalati vyeti cAnyathA ||342||</poem>

</div></div>

Strength, health, longevity and vital breath are dependent on the state of ''agni'' that burns when fed by the fuel of food and drink or dwindles when deprived of them. [342]

−

+

<poem>

गुरुलाघवचिन्तेयंप्रायेणाल्पबलान्प्रति।

−

मन्दक्रियाननारोग्यान्सुकुमारान्सुखोचितान्॥३४३॥

+

मन्दक्रियाननारोग्यान्सुकुमारान्सुखोचितान्॥३४३॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

gurulāghavacintēyaṁ prāyēṇālpabalān prati|

mandakriyānanārōgyān sukumārānsukhōcitān||343||

gurulAGavacinteyaM prAyeNAlpabalAn prati|

−

mandakriyAnanArogyAn sukumArAnsuKocitAn||343||

+

mandakriyAnanArogyAn sukumArAnsuKocitAn||343||</poem>

</div></div>

The consideration of heaviness and lightness of food articles is particularly important for those who are generally weak, indolent, unhealthy, fragile or in a delicate condition of health, and those given to luxury. [343]

−

+

<poem>

दीप्ताग्नयःखराहाराःकर्मनित्यामहोदराः।

−

येनराःप्रतितांश्चिन्त्यंनावश्यंगुरुलाघवम्॥३४४॥

+

येनराःप्रतितांश्चिन्त्यंनावश्यंगुरुलाघवम्॥३४४॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

dīptāgnayaḥ kharāhārāḥ karmanityā mahōdarāḥ|

yē narāḥ prati tāṁścintyaṁ nāvaśyaṁ gurulāghavam||344||

dIptAgnayaH KarAhArAH karmanityA mahodarAH|

−

ye narAH prati tAMScintyaM nAvaSyaM gurulAGavam||344||

+

ye narAH prati tAMScintyaM nAvaSyaM gurulAGavam||344||</poem>

</div></div>

For those whose ''agni'' is strong, are accustomed to tough-to-digest food articles, are accustomed to hard labor and have a large capacity for consumption and digestion of food, the consideration of heavy and light food is not necessary. [344]

−

+

<poem>

हिताभिर्जुहुयान्नित्यमन्तरग्निंसमाहितः।

अन्नपानसमिद्भिर्नामात्राकालौविचारयन्॥३४५॥

Line 4,874: Line 4,876:

नरंनिःश्रेयसेयुक्तंसात्म्यज्ञंपानभोजने।

−

भजन्तेनामयाःकेचिद्भाविनोऽप्यन्तरादृते॥३४७॥

+

भजन्तेनामयाःकेचिद्भाविनोऽप्यन्तरादृते॥३४७॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

hitābhirjuhuyānnityamantaragniṁ samāhitaḥ|

annapānasamidbhirnā mātrākālau vicārayan||345||

Line 4,893: Line 4,895:

naraM niHSreyase yuktaM sAtmyaj~jaM pAnaBojane|

−

Bajante nAmayAH kecidBAvino&pyantarAdRute||347||

+

Bajante nAmayAH kecidBAvino&pyantarAdRute||347||</poem>

</div></div>

Line 4,900: Line 4,902:

The man whose ''agni'' is well tended, who feeds it duly with wholesome diet, who does daily meditation, charity and the pursuit of spiritual salvation, and who takes food and drinks that are wholesome to him, will not fall to approaching diseases except for special reasons. [346-347]

−

+

<poem>

षड्त्रिंशतंसहस्राणिरात्रीणांहितभोजनः।

−

जीवत्यनातुरोजन्तुर्जितात्मासम्मतःसताम्॥३४८॥

+

जीवत्यनातुरोजन्तुर्जितात्मासम्मतःसताम्॥३४८॥</poem>

−

+

<poem>

ṣaḍtriṁśataṁ sahasrāṇi rātrīṇāṁ hitabhōjanaḥ|

jīvatyanāturō janturjitātmā sammataḥ satām||348||

ShaDtriMSataM sahasrANi rAtrINAM hitaBojanaH|

−

jIvatyanAturo janturjitAtmA sammataH satAm||348||

+

jIvatyanAturo janturjitAtmA sammataH satAm||348||</poem>

</div></div>

The disciplined man who practices wholesome diet lives for a period of 36000 nights i.e. hundred years, is blessed by good people and is free from disease. [348]

−

+

<poem>

प्राणाःप्राणभृतामन्नमन्नंलोकोऽभिधावति।

वर्णःप्रसादःसौस्वर्यंजीवितंप्रतिभासुखम्॥३४९॥

Line 4,920: Line 4,922:

तुष्टिःपुष्टिर्बलंमेधासर्वमन्नेप्रतिष्ठितम्।

लौकिकंकर्मयद्वृत्तौस्वर्गतौयच्चवैदिकम्॥३५०॥

−

कर्मापवर्गेयच्चोक्तंतच्चाप्यन्नेप्रतिष्ठितम्।

+

कर्मापवर्गेयच्चोक्तंतच्चाप्यन्नेप्रतिष्ठितम्।</poem>

−

+

<poem>

prāṇāḥ prāṇabhr̥tāmannamannaṁ lōkō'bhidhāvati|

varṇaḥ prasādaḥ sausvaryaṁ jīvitaṁ pratibhā sukham||349||

Line 4,936: Line 4,938:

tuShTiH puShTirbalaM medhA sarvamanne pratiShThitam|

laukikaM karma yadvRuttau svargatau yacca vaidikam||350||

−

karmApavarge yaccoktaM taccApyanne pratiShThitam|

+

karmApavarge yaccoktaM taccApyanne pratiShThitam|</poem>

</div></div>

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</div>

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==== Summary ====

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=== Summary ===

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<poem>

तत्रश्लोकः-

अन्नपानगुणाःसाग्र्यावर्गाद्वादशनिश्चिताः॥३५१॥

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अन्नपानविधावुक्तंतत्परीक्ष्यं विशेषतः॥३५२॥

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इत्यग्निवेशकृतेतन्त्रेचरकप्रतिसंस्कृतेश्लोकस्थानेऽन्नपानविधिर्नामसप्तविंशोऽध्यायः॥२७॥

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इत्यग्निवेशकृतेतन्त्रेचरकप्रतिसंस्कृतेश्लोकस्थानेऽन्नपानविधिर्नामसप्तविंशोऽध्यायः॥२७॥</poem>

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<poem>

tatra ślōkaḥ-

annapānaguṇāḥ sāgryā vargā dvādaśa niścitāḥ||351||

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saguNAnyanupAnAni gurulAGavasa~ggrahaH

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annapAnavidhAvuktaM tat parIkShyaM viSeShataH||352||

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annapAnavidhAvuktaM tat parIkShyaM viSeShataH||352||</poem>

</div></div>

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Thus, in the Section on General Principles in the treatise compiled by Agnivesha and revised by Charak, the twenty-seventh chapter entitled ‘The Regimen of food and beverages” stands completed.

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==~~=''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' /~~Fundamental Principles ===

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== Tattva Vimarsha(Fundamental Principles) ==

#Extrinsic characteristics, intrinsic qualities, modes of preparation, texture, and taste of a food article are important attributes for it to be suitable for human consumption

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#Qualities and effects of food are altered after processing, its vehicle and interaction with body.

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==~~=''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Applied Inferences ===

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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

For over 4000 years, the [[Charak Samhita]] and its predecessor, the Agnivesha Tantra have provided a wealth of knowledge on managing life, not just health and disease management. Sages and practitioners passed on this distilled knowledge by word-to-mouth for centuries. Over the course of this period, the environment around us has changed significantly – affecting us and the living beings around us. Habitats have changed rendering some creatures extinct or endangered, while others have adapted themselves or evolved. Further, social traditions have dictated changes to our dietary habits. However, the fundamental principles governing food, in general, remain the same, e.g., the role of ''agni'' (digestive fire), ''Prakriti'' (body constitution), ''rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka'' and ''prabhava'' (characteristics) of various foods. These fundamental principles can be applied today for healthy living. Newer articles of food like dhanya (paddy), shaka (vegetables), harita (greens), mamsa (meat), phala (fruits) and kritanna (cooked food or drinks) can be characterized and used by an experienced Ayurvedic physician. It is a herculean job to describe all the foods available all over the world and describe their ''rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka'' and ''prabhava'' (characteristics) but we have made a humble attempt to take the skeleton of the Chapter [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]] as it is and try to enter the newer articles as per Ayurvedic perspective.

Agnivesha

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