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Annapanavidhi Adhyaya (view source)

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→‎Class of mamsa (meat)

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dhUmikA kuraraSceti prasahA mRugapakShiNaH|

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Listed now are the “tearer” beasts (i.e., beasts that can rend/tear with their horns/jaws/horns) that are sources of ''meat'' fit for human consumption : the cow (Bos taurus), the ass (Asinus equidae), the mule, the camel (Camelus dromedarius), the horse (Equus caballus), the panther (Felis pardus), the lion (Felis leo), the bear (Melusus labiatus), the monkey (Semnopithecus sp), the wolf (Canis lupus), the tiger (Felis tigris), the hyena (Hyaena striata), the large brown mongoose (Herpestes mungo), the cat (Felis domesticus), the mouse (Mus musculus), the fox (Vulpus bengalensis), the jackal (Canis aureus), the hawk (Accipiter gentilis), the dog (Canis familiaris), the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), the crow (Corvus splendens), the golden eagle (Aquilar chrysaetos), the honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the bearded vulure (Gypatus barbatus), the vulture (Vulture monachus), the Indian horned owl (Bubo bengalensis), the sparrow hawk (Ploceus bengalensis), the owlet (Athene brama), and the fish-eagle (Pandion heliestus).[35-36]

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श्वेतःश्यामश्चित्रपृष्ठःकालकःकाकुलीमृगः॥३७॥

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Acquatic animals fit for human consumption are:

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The tortoise (Chelonia), the crab (Brachyura), the fish (Pisces), the estuarine crocodile, the whale (Cetacea), the pearl oyster (Margaritifera), the snails (Gastropoda), the cat-fish, the gangetic ''garial'' (Crocodylus porosus), the sus or gangetic dolphin (Delphinus gangetica) and the ''magar'' (Neomeris phocaenoides), the great Indian crocodile (Sea monster) —these are the aquatic animals (in the group of edible meat) [40]

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वक्ष्यन्तेवारिचारिणः।

हंसःक्रौञ्चोबलाकाचबकःकारण्डवःप्लवः॥४१॥

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The following are the acquatic creatures that are fit for human consumption:

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The swan (Cygnus olor), the demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), crane(''balaka'', Ardea nivea), the goliath heron (ardea goliath), the goose (Anser albifrons), the pelican (Pelicanus onocrotalus), the skimmer or scissor bill (Rynchops), the lily trotter (Ardea sibirica), the curlew (''keshari'', Oedicnemus crepitans), the oyster-catcher (Haematopus ostralegus), the snake-bird (''Mrinalakantha'', Plotus anhinga), the little cormorant (''madgu'', Phalacrocorax pygmeus), greylag goose (''kadamba'', anser anser), the common river tern (''Kakatundaka'', Sterna hirundo), mallard(''utkosha'', Anas platyrhynchos), the white-eyed pochard (''Pundarikaksha'', Nyroca ferina), the trumpeter swan (''megharava'', Cygnus buccinators), the moorhen (''ambukukkuti'', Gallinula chloropus), the cobbler’s owl bird or avocet (''ara'', Recurvirostra avosetta), the flamingo (''nandimukha'', Phoenicopterus roseus), the little grebe (''vati'', Podiceps ruficellis) or the laughing gull (''Sumukha'', Anas galericulata), petrel (''Sahacharin'', Oceanitidae), common teal (''rohini'', Anas crecca),tropic bird (''Kamakali'', Phaethon rubricauda), Indian crane (sarasa, Megalornis grus), the purple heron (''raktashirshaka'', Ardea purpurea), and the ruddy shel-duck(''Chakravaka'', Anas sp.) [41-44]

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पृषतःशरभोरामःश्वदंष्ट्रोमृगमातृका।

शशोरणौकुरङ्गश्चगोकर्णःकोट्टकारकः॥४५॥

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Some of the wild antelopes (or ''jangala'' animals) that are fit for human consumption are:

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The ''chital'' or spotted deer(''prisata'', Cervus axis), the elk or wapiti (''sharabha'', Cervus canadensis), kashmir red deer (''rama'', Cervus elaphus), the mouse deer (''Shadamshtra'', Tragulus meminna), red deer (''mrigamatrika'', Cervus elaphus), the hare or rabbit (''shasha'', Leporidae), the oorial or wild sheep(''urana'', Ovis vignei), the Indian antelope (''kuranga'', Antilope cervicapra), the cow-eared deer (''gokarna'' , Antelope picta), the Indian ''muntjak'' or barking deer (''kottakaraka'', Cervus muntjae), the gazelle (''charushka'', Gazelle bennetti), the black or Indian antelope(''Harina'', Antilope cervicapra), fawn deer (''ena'', Cervus rusa), the Indian sambhar (''sambhara'', Cervus unicolor), the black-tailed deer (''kalapucchaka'', odocoilus), the musk deer and the small antelope (''varapota'', Antilope cervicapra).[45-46]

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लावोवर्तीरकश्चैववार्तीकःसकपिञ्जलः।

चकोरश्चोपचक्रश्चकुक्कुभोरक्तवर्त्मकः॥४७॥

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The following gallinaceous birds are fit for human consumption:

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The common quail (''lava'', Turnix suscitates), the rain quail (''vartiraka'', Coturnix coromandelica), the jungle bush quail (vartika, Coturnix sylvatica), the grey partridge (''kapinjala'', Francolinus vulgaris), Greek pheasant (Chakora, Perdix rufa), the sushi chukor- smaller Greek pheasant (''upachakra'', Perdix rufa), the crow pheasant (''kukubha'', Coccyzus), red jungle fowl (''raktavartamaka'', Gallus ferruginous): these beginning with the quail are the gallinaceous birds. We shall now enumerate the list of birds beginning with the male bustard or button quail (''vartaka'', Turnix indica), the female bustard or button quail (''vartika'', Coturnix sylvatica), the peacock (''barhi'', Pavo cristatus), the partridge (''tittiri'', Arborophila torquala), the red spur fowl (rooster) (''Kukkuta'', Galloperdix spadicca), heron (''kanka'', Ardeidae), the stork (''sarapada'', Ciconia boycinia), hedge sparrow (''Indrabha'', Leucocerea aureola), the hill partridge (''gonarda'', Ardea sibirica), the mountain quail (''girivartaka'', Coturnix coturnix), the snipe (''krakara'', Ardea virago) and the spoon bill (''varapada'', Platela leucorodia) [47-49]

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शतपत्रोभृङ्गराजःकोयष्टिर्जीवजीवकः।

कैरातःकोकिलोऽत्यूहोगोपापुत्रःप्रियात्मजः॥५०॥

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The following birds from the Pecker family are suitable for human consumption:

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The black woodpecker (''shatapatra'', Picus martius), the king bird of paradise–shrike (''Bhringaraja'', Lanalidae), the green-bill coucal (''kojashthi'', Centropus chlororhynchos), peacock pheasant (''jivajivaka'', Chalcurus), red-faced malkoha (''kairata'', Pheanicophaeus pyrrhocephalus), the koel (''kokila'', Eudynamys honorata), the red-vented bulbul (''Atyuha'', Molpastes haemorrhous), the cowbird (''gopaputra'', Molothrus), the Indian babbler (''priyatmaja'', Argya caudata), the pied flycatcher (''latva'', Muscicapidae atricapilla), paradise flycatcher (''lattashaka'', Muscicapidae techitrea), the Bengal tree pie (''Babhru-vataha'', Dendrocitta rufa), the toucan (''dindimantaka'', Ramphastos toco), the hoopoe (''jati'', Upupa indica), the grey hornbill (''dundubhi'', Lophoceros birostris), the green barbet (''pakkara'', Thereiceryx zeylonicus), the king fisher (''lauhaprishtha'', Alcedo ispida), the baya or weaver bird (''kulingaka'', Ploceus benghalensis), the dove (''kapota'', Chalcophaps indica), the green parakeet (''shuka'', Psittacula spengeli), the ringneck parakeet (''saranga'', Palaeonis torquatus), the babbler (''Chirati'', Timaliidae), the blossom headed parakeet (''kanku,'' Torquatus rosa),the sun bird or honey-sucker (''yastika'', Nectariniidae), mynah (''sharika'', Turdus salica), the house sparrow (''kalavinka'', Passer domesticus), the tree sparrow (''chataka'', Passer montanus), the black bulbul (''angarachudaka'', Hypsipetes leucocephalus), the pigeon (''paravata'', Columba treron) and the wood pigeon (''pandanavika'', Columba palumbus).[50-52]

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प्रसह्यभक्षयन्तीतिप्रसहास्तेनसञ्ज्ञिताः॥५३॥

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yoniraShTavidhA tveShA mAMsAnAM parikIrtitA|

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And now we define the various groups of animals listed above. The first are the “tearers”. The creatures that eat their food by rending or tearing – using their horns, claws, or talons - are known as tearers or of the tearer group of creatures. Those that dwell beneath the ground are called burrowing creatures. Those that dwell in wetlands or marshy lands are known as wetland creatures. Owing to their living in water, some creatures are known as aquatic creatures or water dwellers. Those that move about in water as well as land are known as water-roamers or amphibious creatures. Those (antelopes) that dwell and roam in the jungles are known as ''jangala'' creatures. Those that scatter food with their claws and pick them up are known as gallinaceous birds and those that peck at their food are called peckers. These are the eight varieties of sources of flesh. [53-55]

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प्रसहाभूशयानूपवारिजावारिचारिणः॥५६॥

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Next we talk of the general qualities of the flesh of these animals:

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The tearer, the burrower, the wetland, the aquatic and the amphibious— these five groups are heavy, hot, unctuous, sweet and these enhance strength and obesity. They are also aphrodisiacs and are very effective against ''vata'' while greatly aggravating ''kapha'' and ''pitta''. They are wholesome to individuals who exercise daily and whose digestive fire is strong. [56-60]

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Now the general qualities of the quail and bustard families of gallinaceous birds, the pecker class of birds, and the ''jangala'' antelopes. The flesh of the common quail family of gallinaceous birds, pecker family of birds and ''jangala'' animals is light, cold in potency, sweet, and slightly astringent in taste and is beneficial to those who suffer from vitiation of three ''doshas'' in which ''pitta'' is predominant, ''vata'' is moderate and ''kapha'' is relatively less aggravated. The flesh of the gallinaceous birds of the bustard family, however differs slightly in action from that of the flesh of the tearer group and therefore is called out separately. [59-60]

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====Qualities of meat of goat and sheep ====

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Annapanavidhi Adhyaya (view source)

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