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|title=Adhyayana

|title=Adhyayana

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|description=The word 'Adhyayana' means to study. There are specific methods of study described in Ayurveda

|description=The word 'Adhyayana' means to study. There are specific methods of study described in Ayurveda

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>

<p style='text-align:justify;'>Adhyayana means to study or to learn.

[[Ayurveda]] is a science of life that have impressions of the Vedic period in the Indian subcontinent. It follows most of the fundamental principles which were practiced in the Vedic era. [[Ayurveda]] focuses on the wholesome development of a person. A person's lifespan is divided into four stages of life (ashrama) viz. [[brahmacharya]], grihastha, vanaprastha, and sanyasa. The first stage, [[brahmacharya]], represents obtaining knowledge and practicing celibacy. In the Vedic era, the tradition of preacher and pupil (guru-shishya parampara) was followed for acquiring knowledge. In this sacred process, knowledge was passed down from the preacher (guru) to their sages by oral lore (mokhika vidya). This process magnifies the pupil’s inner development. It was focused on expanding the pupil's capability, potential, and overall persona. It was treated as a social, emotional and cognitive development process and not as a mere mechanical process based on collective drill and training. Three methods have been explained for obtaining knowledge, viz., studying and learning (adhyayana), teaching (adhyapana) and discussion (sambhashana). In this sequence, adhyayana has been placed first because the foremost duty in a lifespan is adhyayana (study). For this purpose, the pupil (shishya) was sent away from home to stay with the preacher to study. This article describes methods of learning in ancient and contemporary times.  

[[Ayurveda]] is a science of life that have impressions of the Vedic period in the Indian subcontinent. It follows most of the fundamental principles which were practiced in the Vedic era. [[Ayurveda]] focuses on the wholesome development of a person. A person's lifespan is divided into four stages of life (ashrama) viz. [[brahmacharya]], grihastha, vanaprastha, and sanyasa. The first stage, [[brahmacharya]], represents obtaining knowledge and practicing celibacy. In the Vedic era, the tradition of preacher and pupil (guru-shishya parampara) was followed for acquiring knowledge. In this sacred process, knowledge was passed down from the preacher (guru) to their sages by oral lore (mokhika vidya). This process magnifies the pupil’s inner development. It was focused on expanding the pupil's capability, potential, and overall persona. It was treated as a social, emotional and cognitive development process and not as a mere mechanical process based on collective drill and training. Three methods have been explained for obtaining knowledge, viz., studying and learning (adhyayana), teaching (adhyapana) and discussion (sambhashana). In this sequence, adhyayana has been placed first because the foremost duty in a lifespan is adhyayana (study). For this purpose, the pupil (shishya) was sent away from home to stay with the preacher to study. This article describes methods of learning in ancient and contemporary times. </p>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic

|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic

|data1 = Concepts/Educational methods / Adhyayana (Methods of study and learning)  

|data1 = Concepts/Educational methods/ Adhyayana (Methods of study and learning)  

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|label3 = Reviewer  

|label3 = Reviewer  

|data3 = Basisht G.³

|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]³

|label4 = Editors  

|label4 = Editors  

|data4 = Deole Y.S.⁴, Basisht G.³

|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]⁴, [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]³

|label5 = Affiliations

|label5 = Affiliations

²Department of Samhita Siddhant, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi

²Department of Samhita Siddhant, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi

³ [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India

³ Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.

⁴ Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

⁴ Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

carakasamhita@gmail.com

carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label7 = Date of first publication:

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = April 30, 2022

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India

|label8 = DOI

|label8 = Date of first publication:

|data8 = under process

 

|label9 = DOI

|data9 = 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.096

}}

}}

*Adhyayana means reading Vedic literature just by reciting.

*Adhyayana means reading Vedic literature just by reciting.

*Adhyayana also refers to the study of Vedas along with their meaning.<ref> MONIER-WILLIAMS, M. (1899), A Sanskrit-English dictionary , 22 , Available from:

*Adhyayana also refers to the study of Vedas along with their meaning.<ref> MONIER-WILLIAMS, M. (1899), A Sanskrit-English dictionary , 22 , Available from:

https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=22</ref>, <ref>APTE, V. S. (1890) , The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary , 0051-b , Available from :https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/cslapidev/servepdf.php?dict=AP90&page=0051-b</ref>

https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=22</ref> <ref>APTE, V. S. (1890) , The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary , 0051-b , Available from :https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/cslapidev/servepdf.php?dict=AP90&page=0051-b</ref>

==History in the Vedic Period==

==History in the Vedic Period==

a) In [[Ayurveda]], the knowledge was transferred from Brahma to Bharadwaja in the form of three main sutras (trisutra) like etiology, clinical features and therapeutics. This knowledge is documented in Samhita in the same format. This trisutra methodology shall be followed in adhyayana, too.[Cha.Su.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/24]

a) In [[Ayurveda]], the knowledge was transferred from Brahma to Bharadwaja in the form of three main sutras (trisutra) like etiology, clinical features and therapeutics. This knowledge is documented in Samhita in the same format. This trisutra methodology shall be followed in adhyayana, too.[Cha.Su.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/24]

b) The whole science (shastra) is elucidated in the nutshell of four fundamental principles (bijachatushya): person ([[purusha]]), disease ([[vyadhi]]), medicine ([[aushadhi]]), time of therapy ([[kriyakaala]]). These have been elaborated in one hundred and twenty chapters of the treatise. This methodology of adhyayana of shastra shall be followed to understand. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthan 1/38-39]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

b) The whole science (shastra) is elucidated in the nutshell of four fundamental principles (bijachatushya): person ([[purusha]]), disease ([[vyadhi]]), medicine ([[aushadhi]]), time of therapy (kriyakala). These have been elaborated in one hundred and twenty chapters of the treatise. This methodology of adhyayana of shastra shall be followed to understand. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/38-39]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

c) While reading the science, elaboration of topics should be done following the steps:

c) While reading the science, elaboration of topics should be done following the steps:

In current times, [[Ayurveda]] is studied as a professional course named as Bachelor of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.). It includes the above-mentioned methods of studying ancient texts, contemporary books and clinical practices.  

In current times, [[Ayurveda]] is studied as a professional course named as Bachelor of Ayurveda Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.). It includes the above-mentioned methods of studying ancient texts, contemporary books and clinical practices.  

'''Inappropriate times for study:'''

==Inappropriate times for study==

One shall not study during unseasonal lightning, when there is an outbreak of fire, during an earthquake, during festivals, meteorite fall, solar or lunar eclipse, during new moon day or dawn or dusk, without being instructed by a teacher. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/24] These times are not suitable for study, as the mind is distracted from objectives of study.

One shall not study during unseasonal lightning, when there is an outbreak of fire, during an earthquake, during festivals, meteorite fall, solar or lunar eclipse, during new moon day or dawn or dusk, without being instructed by a teacher. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/24] These times are not suitable for study, as the mind is distracted from objectives of study.

'''Improper methods:'''

==Improper methods==

One shall not recite words incompletely in low pitch nor high/coarse voice, with an improper accent, without morphological symmetry. One shall not recite very fast or very slow. There shall not be any delay in between recitation. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/24] These methods do not lead to grasping proper knowledge.

One shall not recite words incompletely in low pitch nor high/coarse voice, with an improper accent, without morphological symmetry. One shall not recite very fast or very slow. There shall not be any delay in between recitation. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/24] These methods do not lead to grasping proper knowledge.

In Covid 19 pandemic,  these distance learning and cyber school methods were adopted for better learning of students. Virtual classrooms are made possible through educational technology with the help of the internet.

In Covid 19 pandemic,  these distance learning and cyber school methods were adopted for better learning of students. Virtual classrooms are made possible through educational technology with the help of the internet.

'''Advantages and disadvantages of online education:'''[7]

===Advantages and disadvantages of online education===

'''Advantages:'''

====Advantages====

1. Personal circumstances or health disruptions, specifically contagious viruses such as COVID-19 and the Common cold, or injuries will not halt learning since the physical demands are much less.

1. Personal circumstances or health disruptions, specifically contagious viruses such as COVID-19 and the Common cold, or injuries will not halt learning since the physical demands are much less.

3. It is cost-effective and also increases accessibility to remote education for poor or rural areas where commuting to schools or lack of resources are a concern.<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_school</ref>

3. It is cost-effective and also increases accessibility to remote education for poor or rural areas where commuting to schools or lack of resources are a concern.<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_school</ref>

'''Disadvantages:'''

====Disadvantages====

1. It reduces engagement, and interaction, and leads to a lack of socialization, which can potentially decrease a student's social competence or skills, such as their ability to cooperate with others.

1. It reduces engagement, and interaction, and leads to a lack of socialization, which can potentially decrease a student's social competence or skills, such as their ability to cooperate with others.

As per Bloom’s taxonomy, there are three learning domains- cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. Cognitive domain deals with the knowledge and development of intellectual skills. The affective domain deals with moral values, emotions, and attitude. The psychomotor domain deals with physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor skill areas. These three domains are essential for students. The cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional education. It is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments, and activities.<ref>Pragati W, Deepak M V, Suwarna D V. Teaching-learning process in ancient ayurvedic text- CharakSamhita . J Educ Technol Health Sci 2021;8930:83-8710.Available from :  https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/</ref>

As per Bloom’s taxonomy, there are three learning domains- cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. Cognitive domain deals with the knowledge and development of intellectual skills. The affective domain deals with moral values, emotions, and attitude. The psychomotor domain deals with physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor skill areas. These three domains are essential for students. The cognitive domain list has been the primary focus of most traditional education. It is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objectives, assessments, and activities.<ref>Pragati W, Deepak M V, Suwarna D V. Teaching-learning process in ancient ayurvedic text- CharakSamhita . J Educ Technol Health Sci 2021;8930:83-8710.Available from :  https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/</ref>

The cognitive domain consists of 6 levels of objectives: Remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create.<ref>[10]</ref> These methods are practiced in ancient learning methods as explained below.

The cognitive domain consists of 6 levels of objectives: Remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create.<ref>Armstrong, P. (2010). Bloom’s Taxonomy. Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. Retrieved [todaysdate] from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/. Available from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/ cited on 24/05/2022 </ref> These methods are practiced in ancient learning methods as explained below.

1. Remember: Authoritative knowledge ([[aaptopadesha pramana]]) includes remembering and recalling facts and basic concepts that are already present in the form of tantras or samhita.

1. Remember: Authoritative knowledge ([[aaptopadesha pramana]]) includes remembering and recalling facts and basic concepts that are already present in the form of tantras or samhita.

3. Apply: It involves using acquired knowledge to solve problems in new situations. Using this knowledge for execution and implementation after interpretation is practiced. It is similar practice of inference ([[anumana pramana]]).

3. Apply: It involves using acquired knowledge to solve problems in new situations. Using this knowledge for execution and implementation after interpretation is practiced. It is similar practice of inference ([[anumana pramana]]).

4. Analyze: It draws connections among ideas, determining how the parts relate to one another, identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and finding evidence to support generalizations. Analogy ([[upmana pramana]]) is based on the similarities between two objects, their comparison and knowledge are inferred from the connection.

4. Analyze: It draws connections among ideas, determining how the parts relate to one another, identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and finding evidence to support generalizations. Analogy ([[upamana pramana]]) is based on the similarities between two objects, their comparison and knowledge are inferred from the connection.

5. Evaluate.

5. Evaluate.