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|data1 = Concepts & Practices/[[Viruddha Ahara]]

|label2 = Authors

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|data2 = Dubey M.1, Deole Y.S.2

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|data2 = Dubey M.1, [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]2

|label3 = Reviewer

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|data3 = Basisht G.3,

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|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]3,

|label4 = Editor

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|data4 = Basisht G.3

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|data4 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]3

|label5 = Affiliations

|data5 = 1[[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India 2Department of Kayachikitsa, G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1

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|'''~~DeshaDesha~~ (region)]]'''

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|'''[[Desha|Desha (region)]]'''

|Intake of ruksha (dry) and tikshna (sharp acting) diet in arid region or deserts (jangala desha)

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| style="text-align:center;"|7

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|'''Samskara '''

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|'''Samskara'''

'''(Mode of preparation)'''

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|'''Virya (potency)'''

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|'''[[Veerya|Virya (potency)]]'''

|Substance of ushna (hot) virya taking along with [[Sheeta|sheeta (cold)]] virya.

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| style="text-align:center;"|9

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|'''Koshtha (bowel pattern/nature of gut/ alimentary tract)'''

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|'''[[Koshtha|Koshtha]] (bowel pattern/nature of gut/ alimentary tract)'''

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|Administrating mild purgative to krura koshtha (hard bowel) or strong purgative to mrudu koshtha (soft bowel)

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|Administrating mild purgative to krura [[Koshtha|koshtha]] (hard bowel) or strong purgative to mrudu [[Koshtha|koshtha]] (soft bowel)

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|'''Avastha '''

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|'''Avastha'''

'''(State of health)'''

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|+Table no. 2: Common examples of viruddha and the consequences

!Sr. No.

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! Different combinations of viruddha

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!Different combinations of viruddha

!Diseases/ Consequences

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2

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|Meat of gramya (domestic), anup (marshy), audakya (aquatic animals) with honey, sesamum seeds, milk, jaggery, masha (Phaseolus radiatus), radish, lotus stalk or germinated grains

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|Meat of gramya (domestic), anup (marshy), audakya (aquatic animals) with honey, sesamum seeds, milk, jaggery, [[Masha|masha]] (Phaseolus radiatus), radish, lotus stalk or germinated grains

|Deafness, blindness, tremors, loss of intelligence, loss of voice, causing nasal voice and it may cause death.

|-

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|}

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== Concept of samyoga viruddha ==

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== Concept of samyoga viruddha (combination) ==

Samyoga (combination of two or more substances) viruddha means some drugs or food items will act as unwholesome when taken together or mixed. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/82-83] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/13]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1

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|Ripe fruit of nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) with soup of masha (Vigna mungo L.), sugar and [[Ghee|ghee]]

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|Ripe fruit of nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) with soup of [[Masha|masha]] (Vigna mungo L.), sugar and [[Ghee|ghee]]

|Mutually contradictory

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2

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|Amla [[Rasa|Rasa]] food items such as amra (Mangifera indica), amrataka (Spondias pinnata), matulunga (Citrus decumana), nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), karamarda (Carissa carandas), mocha/shalmali (Salmalia malabarica), dantasatha (Citrus medica), badara (Ziziphus jujuba), koshamra (Schleichera oleosa), bhavya (Dillenia indica), jambu (Syzygium cumini), kapittha (Limonia acidissima), tintidi (Ras parviflora) with milk

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|[[Amla|Amla]] [[Rasa|Rasa]] food items such as [[Amra|amra (Mangifera indica)]], amrataka (Spondias pinnata), [[Matulunga|matulunga]] (Citrus decumana), nikucha (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), [[Karamarda|karamarda (Carissa carandas)]], mocha/shalmali (Salmalia malabarica), dantasatha (Citrus medica), badara (Ziziphus jujuba), [[koshamra|koshamra (Schleichera oleosa)]], [[Bhavya|bhavya (Dillenia indica)]], [[Jambu|jambu (Syzygium cumini)]], [[Kapittha|kapittha (Limonia acidissima)]], tintidi (Ras parviflora) with milk

|Mutually contradictory

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|3

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|Aksoda (Juglans regia Linn.), panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus), narikela (Cocos nucifera), dadima (Punica granatum), kulathi (Macrotyloma uniflorum), and amalaki (Phyllantus emblica) or meat of paravata (pigeon) with milk

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|Aksoda (Juglans regia Linn.), panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus), [[Narikela|narikela (Cocos nucifera)]], [[Dadima|dadima (Punica granatum)]], kulathi (Macrotyloma uniflorum), and [[Amalaki|amalaki (Phyllantus emblica)]] or meat of paravata (pigeon) with milk

|Mutually contradictory

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|4

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|Kangu/Kangini dhanya) (Setaria italica Beruv.), vanaka (vana kodo), makustha (Phaseolus aconitifolius), kulattha (Dolichos biflorus), masha (Phaseolus radiatus), nishpava (cowpeas) with milk

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|Kangu/Kangini dhanya) (Setaria italica Beruv.), vanaka (vana kodo), makustha (Phaseolus aconitifolius), kulattha (Dolichos biflorus), [[Masha|masha]] (Phaseolus radiatus), nishpava (cowpeas) with milk

|Mutually contradictory

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| style="text-align:center;"|6

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|Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium) with hot water

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|[[Bhallataka|Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium)]] with hot water

|All are unwholesome

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| style="text-align:center;"|7

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|Kampillaka (Mallotus phillippensis) boiled with butter milk

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|[[Kampillaka|Kampillaka (Mallotus phillippensis)]] boiled with butter milk

|All are unwholesome

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| style="text-align:center;"|9

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|Stale Kakmachi (Solanum nigrum), Kakmachi with jaggery, Kakmachi with Pippali (Piper longum) or Maricha (Piper nigrum).

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|Stale Kakmachi (Solanum nigrum), Kakmachi with jaggery, Kakmachi with [[Pippali|Pippali (Piper longum)]] or [[Maricha|Maricha (Piper nigrum)]].

|All are unwholesome

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|}

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== Concept of rasa, ~~virya~~, vipaka viruddha ==

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== Concept of [[rasa]], [[veerya]], [[vipaka]] viruddha ==

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Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], virya (potency), [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]

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Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], [[Veerya|virya (potency)]], [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no. 4: Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka:

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1

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|Rasa viruddha

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|[[Rasa]] viruddha

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|Madhura (sweet) and lavana (salty), amla (sour) and lavana, [[Katu|katu (pungent)]] and tikta (bitter), katu and kashaya (astringent), tikta and kashaya.

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2

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|[[Rasa|Rasa]] and ~~virya~~ viruddha

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|[[Rasa|Rasa]] and [[veerya]] viruddha

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|Madhura and amla.

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|[[Madhura|Madhura]] and [[Amla|amla]].

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|3

|[[Rasa|Rasa]] and [[Vipaka|vipaka]] viruddha

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|Madhura and tikta, madhura and kashaya, amla and katu, lavana and katu.

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|-

| style="text-align:center;"|4

|Sarvata viruddha

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|Madhura and katu, amla and tikta, amla and kashaya, lavana and tikta, lavana and kashaya.

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|}

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== General treatment ==

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Four main measures have been explained viz., vamana (therapeutic emesis), virechana (therapeutic purgation), virodhi dravya sevana (administration of antidotes) and samshamana (prior use of wholesome substance) for the [[Vyadhi|diseases]] caused by intake of unwholesome food combinations.

+

Four main measures have been explained viz., [[Vamana|vamana (therapeutic emesis)]], [[Virechana|virechana (therapeutic purgation)]], virodhi dravya sevana (administration of antidotes) and samshamana (prior use of wholesome substance) for the [[Vyadhi|diseases]] caused by intake of unwholesome food combinations.

== Factors deciding effect of viruddha ahara ==

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If a person is habituated to the intake of such unwholesome food combinations or if taken in very little quantity, then there will be no or less adverse effect of viruddha ahara. Deeptagni (good digestive power), taruna avastha (young age), undergone oleation therapy, having strong physique due to exercise are protective factors against viruddha ahara. In presence of these factors, adverse effect of such unwholesome food combinations is not observed. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/104] So, these practices can be promoted to prevent adverse effects of viruddha ahara.

+

If a person is habituated to the intake of such unwholesome food combinations or if taken in very little quantity, then there will be no or less adverse effect of viruddha ahara. Deeptagni (good digestive power), taruna avastha (young age), undergone [[Snehana (unction therapy)|oleation therapy]], having strong physique due to exercise are protective factors against viruddha ahara. In presence of these factors, adverse effect of such unwholesome food combinations is not observed. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/104] So, these practices can be promoted to prevent adverse effects of viruddha ahara.

== Importance of knowing viruddha in healthcare ==

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Viruddha Ahara i.e., improper dietic regimens or incompatible food habits, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The incompatible mentioned in classics are not very much in practice now a days, so attempt should be made to identify such dietary incompatibilities. The healthy and unhealthy people should be aware about such factors and must avoid them. Nidana parivarjana i.e., avoiding causative factors of disease is the first and prime treatment. For avoidance of incompatibilities the rules and regulations such as ashtavidha ahara visheshayatana (eight specific [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]]), dwadash ashan pravichara (twelve principles of diet), [[Ahara vidhi|ahara vidhi (dietary guidelines)]] are mentioned in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]. The need of the day is to increase awareness among the public about hazards of such incompatible foods.

+

Viruddha Ahara i.e., improper dietic regimens or incompatible food habits, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The incompatible mentioned in classics are not very much in practice now a days, so attempt should be made to identify such dietary incompatibilities. The healthy and unhealthy people should be aware about such factors and must avoid them. [[Nidana Parivarjana|Nidana parivarjana]] i.e., avoiding causative factors of [[Vyadhi|disease]] is the first and prime treatment. For avoidance of incompatibilities the rules and regulations such as ashtavidha ahara visheshayatana (eight specific [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]]), dwadash ashan pravichara (twelve principles of diet), [[Ahara vidhi|ahara vidhi (dietary guidelines)]] are mentioned in [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]. The need of the day is to increase awareness among the public about hazards of such incompatible foods.

== Current researches ==

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The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in classical texts is very much relevant in today’s era because of altered life style of fast food or junk food in their daily life. Many studies have found that some dietary constitutes affect transcription of genes. Association between dietary pattern and [[Vyadhi|diseases]] has always been a field of interest. Frequent intake of combination of incompatible food leads in to the production of toxins i.e., ama further leads to formation of ama [[Visha Chikitsa|visha]] (product of improper metabolism), and vitiation of [[Rasa dhatu|rasa dhatu]]. It spreads to another [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and leads to the manifestation of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The effects of such incompatibles can be understood by following aspects.

+

The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in classical texts is very much relevant in today’s era because of altered life style of fast food or junk food in their daily life. Many studies have found that some dietary constitutes affect transcription of genes. Association between dietary pattern and [[Vyadhi|diseases]] has always been a field of interest. Frequent intake of combination of incompatible food leads in to the production of toxins i.e., [[Ama|ama]] further leads to formation of [[Ama|ama]] [[Visha Chikitsa|visha]] (product of improper metabolism), and vitiation of [[Rasa dhatu|rasa dhatu]]. It spreads to another [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and leads to the manifestation of various [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. The effects of such incompatibles can be understood by following aspects.

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<ol type="A" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Effects on immune system: Incompatible food combinations impart untoward effects on immune system, cellular metabolism, and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).<ref name="ref1">Sabnis M. Viruddha Ahara: A critical view. AYU 2012; 33:332-6</ref> Viruddha ahara if taken regularly, can cause inflammation at a molecular level, by increasing proistaglandin-2 and thromboxane by disturbing the eicosanoid pathway. This inflammatory effect is important for the basic pathologies which create agnimandya (poor digestion) or ama (undigested food metabolites) which in turns leads to number of metabolic [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </li>

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<ol type="A" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Effects on immune system: Incompatible food combinations impart untoward effects on immune system, cellular metabolism, and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).<ref name="ref1">Sabnis M. Viruddha Ahara: A critical view. AYU 2012; 33:332-6</ref> Viruddha ahara if taken regularly, can cause inflammation at a molecular level, by increasing proistaglandin-2 and thromboxane by disturbing the eicosanoid pathway. This inflammatory effect is important for the basic pathologies which create agnimandya (poor digestion) or [[Ama|ama]] (undigested food metabolites) which in turns leads to number of metabolic [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. </li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Release of toxins: A recent study found that toxin called 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) forms when oil such as soyabean and sunflower oils are reheated. Consumption of foods prepared with such reheated oils increases the risks of various ailments such as stroke, cardiovascular [[Vyadhi|diseases]], Alzheimer’s disease, various liver [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and even cancer.</li></ol>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Release of toxins: A recent study found that toxin called 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) forms when oil such as soyabean and sunflower oils are reheated. Consumption of foods prepared with such reheated oils increases the risks of various ailments such as stroke, cardiovascular [[Vyadhi|diseases]], Alzheimer’s disease, various liver [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and even [[Cancer|cancer]].</li></ol>

== Some common examples of today’s widely used food combinations which act as a viruddha ==

−

Number of food incompatibilities are mentioned in old Ayurvedic literature, such as Charaka and Sushruta Samhita. We must identify new food incompatibilities of present era which are very common in today’s daily life. New research should be done on food incompatibilities and create awareness in public about its consequences. Topography deals with scientific studies of combination of foods and its consequences. It tells about the various combinations of basic categories of food. As per topographical studies, protiens should not to be taken with starch and carbohydrates together rather than they should be consumed separately. Because consumption of protein and carbohydrates together will delay the absorption of each other. Similarly, consumption of sugars and acidic fruits together should be avoided as they hinder the action of pepsin and ptyalin which reduces the secretion of saliva and further delays digestion. If sufficient amount of amylase is not present in mouth, then starch will not be digested in the stomach. This unwanted effect of such wrong combinations will affect the gastro-intestinal system and also other major systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. Such reactions may be of less importance, but on long term they can prove to be fatal with serious side effects. Let us have some examples of ahara, we are taking now-a-days unknowingly, which are more harmful.<ref name="ref2">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2)</ref>

+

Number of food incompatibilities are mentioned in old Ayurvedic literature, such as [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charaka]] and Sushruta Samhita. We must identify new food incompatibilities of present era which are very common in today’s daily life. New research should be done on food incompatibilities and create awareness in public about its consequences. Topography deals with scientific studies of combination of foods and its consequences. It tells about the various combinations of basic categories of food. As per topographical studies, protiens should not to be taken with starch and carbohydrates together rather than they should be consumed separately. Because consumption of protein and carbohydrates together will delay the absorption of each other. Similarly, consumption of sugars and acidic fruits together should be avoided as they hinder the action of pepsin and ptyalin which reduces the secretion of saliva and further delays digestion. If sufficient amount of amylase is not present in mouth, then starch will not be digested in the stomach. This unwanted effect of such wrong combinations will affect the gastro-intestinal system and also other major systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. Such reactions may be of less importance, but on long term they can prove to be fatal with serious side effects. Let us have some examples of ahara, we are taking now-a-days unknowingly, which are more harmful.<ref name="ref2">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2)</ref>

<ol type="A" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Tea prepared with milk: Tea contains flavonoids that have beneficial effects on heart. But when milk is added to tea then the milk protein i.e., caseins reduce the effect of flavonoids. Therefore, tea prepared with milk should be avoided.</li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Milk and curd combination: Dishes prepared with milk or by curd should never be taken together as curd will precipitate or curdles up the milk and hinder its digestion. This irritate the stomach and produces gastric disturbances.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over kadaliphala (banana) with milk and their incompatibility: Kadaliphala (Musa Paradisiaca Linn.) along with milk is an example of samyoga viruddha (incompatibility of combination of two or more substances). Banana is already kaphakara (one which aggravates [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]]) and milk is also kaphakara so, when both of these taken together, they together provoke [[Kapha dosha|kapha dosha]] in [[Sharira|body]] and diminishes the [[Agni|agni]] (gastric fire) and produces ama (undigested food) which produces toxins within the [[Sharira|body]] and produces gastric disturbances and other [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like cough, allergic reactions, etc. This study was planned to evaluate the toxicological implication of their combination on wistar rats. Repeated administration of the combination of cow milk with banana showed statistically significant increase in the level of SGOT and urea whereas, statistically significant decrease in the level of creatinine. Also, alterations in the sections of liver, spleen, heart indicating mild toxic effect of combination of cow’s milk with banana. Hence, continuous intake of such incompatibility proves harmful to the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">Shweta K, Sudhakar, Shobha Bhat K. Toxicological evaluation of banana and milk combination as incompatible diet- An experimental exploration of Samyoga Viruddha concept. JAIM, Elsevier. 2021 Jul-Sep; 12 (3): 427-434 </ref></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Milk and egg/ baked milk and egg bakery products: Milk and egg combination or combination of milk and egg baked bakery products such as bread, cake, muffins are examples of samyoga viruddha. It is widely used in today’s day to day life mostly at a breakfast time. Milk and egg both are rich in proteins, whereas egg is also called as a reference protein. Both this together should never be consumed as it is heavy to digest and produces ama or indigestion resulting in various allergies or incompatibility. <ref name="ref4">Leonard SA, Nowak-Węgrzyn AH. Baked milk and Eggs Diets for Milk and Egg Allergy Management. Europe PMC. 2015 Jan-Feb;3(1):13-23 </ref></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Honey with warm water: Honey with warm water is example of samyoga viruddha is also widely used nowadays assuming that it will helps in detoxification of [[Sharira|body]] and helps in weight loss which is a big misconception. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is mentioned one should never consume honey with warm water because it may prove fatal. Therefore, it is to be avoided. Honey is not collected from any particular flower, but it is made from the sap and juices of different flowers and plants which are incompatible with each other in respect to their [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], [[Guna|guna (virtue)]], virya (potency), [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect). Furthermore, honey being prepared by poisonous bees, it becomes injurious after contact with heat or fire. Accordingly, the use of hot or boiled honey is forbidden. It is also reported that during nectar and pollen forage, honey bees transform phytochemicals from floral nectars of host plants into honey. The diversity of secondary metabolites in plants attributes to the variance in phytochemical profiles in honey composition.<ref name="ref5">Amin, Hetal, Kiran S., Deshbhratar, Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal. Ayurvedic Challenges for recent use of honey with warm substances. Rasamruta. 2019; 11:15.</ref> </li>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Honey with warm water: Honey with warm water is example of samyoga viruddha is also widely used nowadays assuming that it will helps in detoxification of [[Sharira|body]] and helps in weight loss which is a big misconception. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is mentioned one should never consume honey with warm water because it may prove fatal. Therefore, it is to be avoided. Honey is not collected from any particular flower, but it is made from the sap and juices of different flowers and plants which are incompatible with each other in respect to their [[Rasa|rasa (taste)]], [[Guna|guna (virtue)]], [[Veerya|virya (potency)]], [[Vipaka|vipaka]] (post digestion effect). Furthermore, honey being prepared by poisonous bees, it becomes injurious after contact with heat or fire. Accordingly, the use of hot or boiled honey is forbidden. It is also reported that during nectar and pollen forage, honey bees transform phytochemicals from floral nectars of host plants into honey. The diversity of secondary metabolites in plants attributes to the variance in phytochemical profiles in honey composition.<ref name="ref5">Amin, Hetal, Kiran S., Deshbhratar, Vivekkumar Mangilal Chayal. Ayurvedic Challenges for recent use of honey with warm substances. Rasamruta. 2019; 11:15.</ref> </li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Study over gutkha and their incompatibility: Gutkha, a combination of kattha (Acacia catechu), slaked lime and arecanut, possesses more than 4000 chemicals combination with more than 40 carcinogenic chemicals. It causes non-healing ulcerative lesions in oral cavity, such as cheek, lips, tongue, hard palate. It induces inflammation at a molecular level, leading to prostaglandin-2 and thromboxane.<ref name="ref6">Sirdeshpande MK, Kashikar VA. Critical review on Samyoga Viruddha (combination incompatibility) with special emphasis on carcinogenic effect of combination of betel quid, areca nut and tobacco. Ayu. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):97-101. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_71_16. PMID: 30254386; PMCID: PMC6153908. </ref> </li></ol>

== Contemporary views ==

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The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] easily correlates with the concept of incompatibility, adverse reactions, food and food interactions, food and drug interactions, etc. Observations on antagonistic food is a unique contribution from [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] in order to prevent internal diseases and synergize action of drugs in the management of disorders. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is clearly mentioned that certain combinations should be avoided because they hinder the formation of bodily tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]), they vitiate the normal homeostasis of [[Dosha|dosha]] within the [[Sharira|body]] and such combinations are termed as viruddha ahara (incompatible diet). The different combinations of food which is cooked by wrong methods, consumed without following dietic regimens, combined with the food having opposite qualities can be described as viruddha ahara.<ref name="ref7">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2) </ref> In present era, modern scientists are still working on this aspect. It is important to understand the mechanism of how viruddha ahara is a cause of many metabolic disorders. It is essential to know certain food combinations, which interact with each other and create many systemic disorders. Food-drug interactions, food-food interactions are a very common phenomenon nowadays which is mostly associated with orally administered medicines. It can occur by multiple factors through change in absorption rate or extent, nature of properties of drug, post prandial physiology, route of drug administration, etc. Thus, understanding of such mechanisms is a must while recommending a specific drug with or without food.<ref name="ref8">Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, et.al. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017 Nov;77(17):1833-1855</ref> Following are some citations for the such incompatibility which is as follows:

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The concept of viruddha ahara mentioned in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]] easily correlates with the concept of incompatibility, adverse reactions, food and food interactions, food and drug interactions, etc. Observations on antagonistic food is a unique contribution from [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] in order to prevent internal [[Vyadhi|diseases]] and synergize action of drugs in the management of disorders. In [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]], it is clearly mentioned that certain combinations should be avoided because they hinder the formation of bodily tissue ([[Dhatu|dhatu]]), they vitiate the normal homeostasis of [[Dosha|dosha]] within the [[Sharira|body]] and such combinations are termed as viruddha ahara (incompatible diet). The different combinations of food which is cooked by wrong methods, consumed without following dietic regimens, combined with the food having opposite qualities can be described as viruddha ahara.<ref name="ref7">Swetha Chalamalasetty, Tatapudi Mahesh Babu, A. Vijayalakshmi, V. Narasimha. Concept of Viruddha Ahara- The Present Scenario. IAMJ 2017; 5 (2) </ref> In present era, modern scientists are still working on this aspect. It is important to understand the mechanism of how viruddha ahara is a cause of many metabolic disorders. It is essential to know certain food combinations, which interact with each other and create many systemic disorders. Food-drug interactions, food-food interactions are a very common phenomenon nowadays which is mostly associated with orally administered medicines. It can occur by multiple factors through change in absorption rate or extent, nature of properties of drug, post prandial physiology, route of drug administration, etc. Thus, understanding of such mechanisms is a must while recommending a specific drug with or without food.<ref name="ref8">Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, et.al. A Review of Food-Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs. 2017 Nov;77(17):1833-1855</ref> Following are some citations for the such incompatibility which is as follows:

<ol><li style="font-weight:bold">Food allergies/ incompatibility A study shows that food incompatibilities affect approximately 20% of the general population in western countries. The data shows that in 25% of the affected children and 10% of affected adults, the incompatibility is based on an allergy, that is, on an immunologically generated incompatibility reaction. Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in a third of these cases. Food allergies are caused by IgE-dependent or IgE-independent immunologic reactions, which leads to an inflammatory reaction, in which mast cells, eosinophilic granulocytes, and other cells are involved.<ref name="ref9">Bischoff, S.C. Food allergies. Springer Link. Current Gastroenterology Reports 8, 374–382 (2006).

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