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Asthapana basti (view source)

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Asthapana basti or niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) is a prime treatment for disorders due to vitiation of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. It can expel out the increased [[Dosha|dosha]]. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 1/27]<ref name="ref1">Charak. Charak Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) can pacify [[Vata dosha|vata]] at its root i.e. colon. Thus, it protects the whole [[Sharira|body]] from diseases due to [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. Both asthapana (therapeutic decoction enema) and virechana (therapeutic purgation) remove the [[Dosha|doshas]] from the [[Sharira|body]] through the colon. Asthapana basti (therapeutic decoction enema) has the advantage of eliminating [[Dosha|dosha]] without causing difficulties like belching, pain in the heart region and koshtha (gut). [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 10/07]<ref name="ref1"/> Niruha (therapeutic decoction enema) can be administered in weak persons, where virechana is contraindicated. (therapeutic purgation) [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/86]<ref name="ref1"/> Virechana (therapeutic purgation) is contraindicated in children and old people, whereas asthapana (therapeutic decoction enema) can be used for lifetime. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 10/07]<ref name="ref1"/> This chapter focuses on the concept and practices of asthapana basti (therapeutic decoction enema).

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Asthapana basti or niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) is a prime treatment for disorders due to vitiation of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. It can expel out the increased [[Dosha|dosha]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 1/27]<ref name="ref1">Charak. Charak Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> Niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) can pacify [[Vata dosha|vata]] at its root i.e. colon. Thus, it protects the whole [[Sharira|body]] from [[Vyadhi|diseases]] due to [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. Both asthapana (therapeutic decoction enema) and [[Virechana|virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) remove the [[Dosha|doshas]] from the [[Sharira|body]] through the colon. Asthapana basti (therapeutic decoction enema) has the advantage of eliminating [[Dosha|dosha]] without causing difficulties like belching, pain in the heart region and koshtha (gut). [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 10/07]<ref name="ref1"/> Niruha (therapeutic decoction enema) can be administered in weak persons, where [[Virechana|virechana]] is contraindicated. (therapeutic purgation) [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/86]<ref name="ref1"/> [[Virechana|Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) is contraindicated in children and old people, whereas asthapana (therapeutic decoction enema) can be used for lifetime. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 10/07]<ref name="ref1"/> This chapter focuses on the concept and practices of asthapana basti (therapeutic decoction enema).

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== Types of asthapana basti ==

<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Based on veerya (potency):</li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Mridu asthapana basti (mild potency): The basti with mild potency is indicated in diseases of short duration, easy to cure, and having minimum strength.[Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 10/15,16]<ref name="ref1" />. It is indicated in persons of inferior mental strength (avara sattva).[Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 38/90]<ref name="ref3">20Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005</ref>. It is indicated explicitly in old age and children.[Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 35/10]<ref name="ref3"/>The basti becomes mild (mridu), when milk (ksheera) etc. are added to it.[Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 7/63]<ref name="ref1" /> Prasrutika basti is an example of mridu basti (basti with mild potency), which is indicated for tender/delicate persons(sukumaras). There are chatur prasrutika, pancha prasrutika, shat prasrutika, sapta prasrutika and nava prasrutika bastis mentioned in prasruthayogika siddhi.</li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Mridu asthapana basti (mild potency): The basti with mild potency is indicated in [[Vyadhi|diseases]] of short duration, easy to cure, and having minimum strength.[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 10/15,16]<ref name="ref1" />. It is indicated in persons of inferior mental strength (avara sattva).[Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/90]<ref name="ref3">20Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005</ref>. It is indicated explicitly in old age and children.[Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/10]<ref name="ref3"/>The basti becomes mild (mridu), when milk (ksheera) etc. are added to it.[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 7/63]<ref name="ref1" /> Prasrutika basti is an example of mridu basti (basti with mild potency), which is indicated for tender/delicate persons(sukumaras). There are chatur prasrutika, pancha prasrutika, shat prasrutika, sapta prasrutika and nava prasrutika bastis mentioned in prasruthayogika siddhi.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Teekshna asthapana basti (strong potency): The basti with strong potency is indicated in diseases of prolonged duration, challenging to cure, and having maximum strength. It can be administered in persons having superior mental strength (pravara sattva). The basti will get sharpness (teekshnatvam), when it gets added with cow’s urine (gomutra), pilu (Salvadora persica Linn), Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), salt (lavana) and alkali (kshara).</li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Teekshna asthapana basti (strong potency): The basti with strong potency is indicated in [[Vyadhi|diseases]] of prolonged duration, challenging to cure, and having maximum strength. It can be administered in persons having superior mental strength (pravara sattva). The basti will get sharpness (teekshnatvam), when it gets added with cow’s urine (gomutra), pilu (Salvadora persica Linn), Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), salt (lavana) and alkali (kshara).</li></ol>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Based on effect (karma): </li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Utkleshana basti: This type of basti is intended to aggravate [[Dosha|dosha]] in dormant state (leena avastha). After initial aggravation, the basti expelles the [[Dosha|dosha]] to create equilibrium. Eranda beeja (seed of Ricinus communis), madhuka (Madhuka longifolia), pippali (Piper longum), saindhava (rock salt) and hapusha phala (Juniperus communis Linn.) as kalka are the ingredients of utkleshana basti. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/93]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Utkleshana basti: This type of basti is intended to aggravate [[Dosha|dosha]] in dormant state (leena avastha). After initial aggravation, the basti expelles the [[Dosha|dosha]] to create equilibrium. Eranda beeja (seed of Ricinus communis), madhuka (Madhuka longifolia), pippali (Piper longum), saindhava (rock salt) and hapusha phala (Juniperus communis Linn.) as kalka are the ingredients of utkleshana basti. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/93]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshahara basti : This pacifies [[Dosha|dosha]] by removing them.The ingredients of doshahara basti are satahva (Anethum sowa), madhuka (Madhuca longifolia), kutaja beeja (Holarrhena antidysenterica), madanaphala (Randia dumetorum) along with kanjika (fermented rice gruel) and gomutra (cow’s urine). [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/94]<ref name="ref3" />.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshahara basti : This pacifies [[Dosha|dosha]] by removing them.The ingredients of doshahara basti are satahva (Anethum sowa), madhuka (Madhuca longifolia), kutaja beeja (Holarrhena antidysenterica), madanaphala (Randia dumetorum) along with kanjika (fermented rice gruel) and gomutra (cow’s urine). [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/94]<ref name="ref3" />.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Dosha|Dosha]] shamana basti: This pacifies [[Dosha|dosha]] with mild potency.Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla), Madhuka (Madhuca longifolia), Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Rasanjana (semisolid extract obtained from decotion of Berberis aristata with milk) along with cow’s milk (goksheera) are the ingredients. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/95]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">[[Dosha|Dosha]] shamana basti: This pacifies [[Dosha|dosha]] with mild potency.Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla), Madhuka (Madhuca longifolia), Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Rasanjana (semisolid extract obtained from decotion of Berberis aristata with milk) along with cow’s milk (goksheera) are the ingredients. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/95]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Yapana basti (enema for sustaining life) Yapana bastis can be administered in all seasons. There are 12 types of yapana bastis mentioned and they are indicated in different stages of all diseases. They serve the action of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) and sneha basti (therapeutic unctuous enema). Mustadi yapana basti. shaliparnyadi yapana basti, sthiradi yapana basti are examples of yapana basti. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/16-17]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Yapana basti (enema for sustaining life) Yapana bastis can be administered in all seasons. There are 12 types of yapana bastis mentioned and they are indicated in different stages of all [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. They serve the action of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) and sneha basti (therapeutic unctuous enema). Mustadi yapana basti. shaliparnyadi yapana basti, sthiradi yapana basti are examples of yapana basti. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 12/16-17]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Piccha basti (enema for healing) Piccha basti is a kind of asthapana basti prepared using slimy (picchila) dravyas. It is indicated in conditions like diarrhea (atisara), where there is bleeding from rectum. [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/93]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Piccha basti (enema for healing) Piccha basti is a kind of asthapana basti prepared using slimy (picchila) dravyas. It is indicated in conditions like diarrhea (atisara), where there is bleeding from rectum. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/93]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Ksheera basti (enema with medicated milk) The type of asthapana basti where medicated milk (shrita ksheera) is used instead of decoction is known as ksheera basti. It is also a kind of mridu basti (basti with mild potency). It is indicated mainly in diseases like vatarakta (rheumatism due to vitiated [[Vata dosha|vata]] and rakta), sandhigata vata (degenerative joint disorder), visarpa (erysipelas), vatavyadhi (disorders due to [[Vata dosha|vata]]) etc.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Ksheera basti (enema with medicated milk) The type of asthapana basti where medicated milk (shrita ksheera) is used instead of decoction is known as ksheera basti. It is also a kind of mridu basti (basti with mild potency). It is indicated mainly in [[Vyadhi|diseases]] like vatarakta (rheumatism due to vitiated [[Vata dosha|vata]] and rakta), sandhigata vata (degenerative joint disorder), visarpa (erysipelas), vatavyadhi (disorders due to [[Vata dosha|vata]]) etc.</li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Rakta basti (enema with animal blood) Rakta basti contains the blood of freshly killed animals which is indicated mainly in atisara(diarrhea) where the patient is debilitated by losing blood through the rectum. It is indicated in raktatisara (ulcerative colitis with blood in stools) and jeevadana vyapat of virechana (therapeutic purgation) and basti (therapeutic enema). [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 6/82]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Rakta basti (enema with animal blood) Rakta basti contains the blood of freshly killed animals which is indicated mainly in atisara(diarrhea) where the patient is debilitated by losing blood through the rectum. It is indicated in raktatisara (ulcerative colitis with blood in stools) and jeevadana vyapat of [[Virechana|virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) and basti (therapeutic enema). [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 6/82]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Doshaghna basti</li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Vataghna basti In diseases having the aggravation [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]], the basti processed with the decoction prepared out of drugs having the property to pacify [[Vata dosha|vata]] (vataghna aushadha). Trividha sneha (combination of three snehas viz ghee, plant oil and muscle fat.), amla dravyas (drugs having sour taste) and saindhava (rock salt) is used. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/77]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Vataghna basti In [[Vyadhi|diseases]] having the aggravation [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]], the basti processed with the decoction prepared out of drugs having the property to pacify [[Vata dosha|vata]] (vataghna aushadha). Trividha sneha (combination of three snehas viz ghee, plant oil and muscle fat.), amla dravyas (drugs having sour taste) and saindhava (rock salt) is used. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/77]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Pittaghna basti In diseases associated with pitta dosha, basti (therapeutic enema) processed with the decoction of nyagrodhadi gana combined with kakolyadi gana as kalka (paste) along with ghee and sugar is advised. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/78]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Pittaghna basti In [[Vyadhi|diseases]] associated with pitta dosha, basti (therapeutic enema) processed with the decoction of nyagrodhadi gana combined with kakolyadi gana as kalka (paste) along with ghee and sugar is advised. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/78]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Kaphaghna basti In ~~diseases~~ having an association of kapha dosha, basti (therapeutic enema) processed with the decoction of aragvadhadi gana combined with pippalyadi gana as kalka (medicinal paste) along with honey, cow’s urine (gomutra) is to be used. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/79]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Kaphaghna basti In [[Vyadhi|diseases]] having an association of kapha dosha, basti (therapeutic enema) processed with the decoction of aragvadhadi gana combined with pippalyadi gana as kalka (medicinal paste) along with honey, cow’s urine (gomutra) is to be used. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/79]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Rakta shamana basti In diseases having loss of blood (shonita pravrutti), the enema processed with the decoction prepared out of ksheeri vrikshas (group of trees starting from nyagrodha) combined with sugar cane juice), milk, ghee, and sugar is used. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/80]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Rakta shamana basti In [[Vyadhi|diseases]] having loss of blood (shonita pravrutti), the enema processed with the decoction prepared out of ksheeri vrikshas (group of trees starting from nyagrodha) combined with sugar cane juice), milk, ghee, and sugar is used. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/80]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Shodhana basti The enema, which is processed with the decoction and medicinal paste of shodhana dravyas (group of drugs with purifying action), with rock salt and unctuous substance (sneha) is known as the shodhana basti. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/81]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Shodhana basti The enema, which is processed with the decoction and medicinal paste of shodhana dravyas (group of drugs with purifying action), with rock salt and unctuous substance (sneha) is known as the shodhana basti. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/81]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Lekhana basti: The enema is processed with the decoction of triphala, cow’s urine, honey, alkali (kshara) and combined with ushakadi gana as a medicinal paste (kalka), known as lekhana basti. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/82]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Lekhana basti: The enema is processed with the decoction of triphala, cow’s urine, honey, alkali (kshara) and combined with ushakadi gana as a medicinal paste (kalka), known as lekhana basti. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/82]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Brimhana basti: The basti processed with the decoction of drugs having the nourishing property(brimhana) combined with the drugs having a sweet taste (madhura rasa) as a medicinal paste (kalka) along with ghee and meat soup (mamsarasa) is known as brimhana basti. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/83]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Brimhana basti: The basti processed with the decoction of drugs having the nourishing property(brimhana) combined with the drugs having a sweet taste (madhura rasa) as a medicinal paste (kalka) along with ghee and meat soup (mamsarasa) is known as brimhana basti. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/83]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Grahi basti The enema is processed with the drugs of priyangvadi gana combined with ambashtadi gana as medicinal paste and honey and ghee known as grahi basti. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/87]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Grahi basti The enema is processed with the drugs of priyangvadi gana combined with ambashtadi gana as medicinal paste and honey and ghee known as grahi basti. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/87]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Madhutailika basti When honey (madhu) and oil (taila) are given equal importance in enema, then it is known as madhutailika basti<ref name="ref19">Damayanthie Fernando (2011): Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of ErandamuladiYapana Basti and ErandaBijaKshiraPaka in the management of Kati Graha w.s.r. to Lumbar Spondylosis. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref>. Yapana basti, yuktharadha basti and siddha basti are synonyms of madhutailika basti<ref name="ref20">Shital G Bhagiya (2015): A Comparative Clinical Study of Lekhana Basti and Shamana Sneha (Triphaladi Taila) In the Management of Sthaulya W.S.R. To Obesity.Department Of panchakarma, GAAC, Ahmedabad.</ref>. It helps remove the doshas and bring up the strength and complexion of a patient. The peculiarity of this kind of enema is that there will be no restrictions on diet, beverages, travel, and sexual intercourse. The enema shows many benefits to the patient with no complications at all. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/114]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Madhutailika basti When honey (madhu) and oil (taila) are given equal importance in enema, then it is known as madhutailika basti<ref name="ref19">Damayanthie Fernando (2011): Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of ErandamuladiYapana Basti and ErandaBijaKshiraPaka in the management of Kati Graha w.s.r. to Lumbar Spondylosis. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref>. Yapana basti, yuktharadha basti and siddha basti are synonyms of madhutailika basti<ref name="ref20">Shital G Bhagiya (2015): A Comparative Clinical Study of Lekhana Basti and Shamana Sneha (Triphaladi Taila) In the Management of Sthaulya W.S.R. To Obesity.Department Of panchakarma, GAAC, Ahmedabad.</ref>. It helps remove the doshas and bring up the strength and complexion of a patient. The peculiarity of this kind of enema is that there will be no restrictions on diet, beverages, travel, and sexual intercourse. The enema shows many benefits to the patient with no complications at all. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/114]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Yuktaratha basti The patient can travel in chariot (ratha) after taking this enema. Hence it is named as yuktaratha basti. This basti has ingredients like erandamuladi as decoction; vacha (Acorus calamus), madhuka (Madhuca longifolia) and pippali (Piper longum) as medicinal paste and taila (sesame oil) as unctuous substance (sneha). [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/8]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Yuktaratha basti The patient can travel in chariot (ratha) after taking this enema. Hence it is named as yuktaratha basti. This basti has ingredients like erandamuladi as decoction; vacha (Acorus calamus), madhuka (Madhuca longifolia) and pippali (Piper longum) as medicinal paste and taila (sesame oil) as unctuous substance (sneha). [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/8]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Siddha basti The attainment of strength, nourishment, and complexion and the cure of many diseases can be possible by this basti, and thus, it is named siddha basti.<ref name="ref23">Rani Sangeeta Ishwar Singh (2017): A randomized clinical trial on brihatyadiyapana basti and patrapinda sweda with aadityapakaguggulu in the management of cervical spondylosis w.s.r to asthigatavata. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar.</ref> Yavakoladi siddha basti is one of its examples processed with the decoction of yava ( Hordeum vulgare),kola (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk Z.jujuba Lamk), and kulattha (Dolichos biflorus ), along with the medicinal paste of magadhika (Piper longum) and yashtyahva (Glycyrrhiza glabra).[Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 38/97-99]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Siddha basti The attainment of strength, nourishment, and complexion and the cure of many [[Vyadhi|diseases]] can be possible by this basti, and thus, it is named siddha basti.<ref name="ref23">Rani Sangeeta Ishwar Singh (2017): A randomized clinical trial on brihatyadiyapana basti and patrapinda sweda with aadityapakaguggulu in the management of cervical spondylosis w.s.r to asthigatavata. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar.</ref> Yavakoladi siddha basti is one of its examples processed with the decoction of yava ( Hordeum vulgare),kola (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk Z.jujuba Lamk), and kulattha (Dolichos biflorus ), along with the medicinal paste of magadhika (Piper longum) and yashtyahva (Glycyrrhiza glabra).[Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/97-99]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Vaitarana basti</li>

<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight:bold">Gomutra vaitarana basti Fruit pulp of Tamarindus indicus as paste (amleeka kalka), jaggery, rock salt and cow’s urine along with little quantity of oil (taila) is used for the preparation of gomutra vaitarana basti. [Chakradatta Niroohadhikara 72/33]<ref name="ref4">Chakrapanidatta, Cakradatta (Chikitsasangraha) with padartha bodhini Hindi commentary of Vaidya Ravidatta sastri, Varanasi; Chaukhambha Surabharathi prakashan;2006. p.313</ref></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Ksheera vaitarana basti All the ingredients are the same as gomutra vaitarana basti except cow’s milk in place of cow’s urine here. [Vang.Sa. Basti Adhikara 86-189]<ref name="ref5">Vangasena-Vangasena Samhita, Vol.2. Second edition. By Nirmal Saxena. Varanasi: Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2001.</ref></li></ol>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Ardhamatrika basti It has a total quantity of 12 pala (1 pala equals 48g), which is half that of dvadasha prasrutha basti. Here decoction of dashamoola (group of roots of 10 drugs), honey, rock salt and shatapushpa (Anethum sowa) as medicinal paste is used. [Vang.Sa. Basti Adhikara 172-181]<ref name="ref5" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Vrishya basti The decoction of egg of chataka (hen sparrow) and uchataka along with cow’s milk, ghee, sugar and athmagupta phala (fruit of Mucuna pruriens) as admixture (avapa) is aphrodisiac (vajikarana) in nature. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/84]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Vrishya basti The decoction of egg of chataka (hen sparrow) and uchataka along with cow’s milk, ghee, sugar and athmagupta phala (fruit of Mucuna pruriens) as admixture (avapa) is aphrodisiac (vajikarana) in nature. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/84]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Chakshushya basti Erandmauladi decoction, yashtyahva (Glycyrrhiza glabra) as the medicinal paste, and honey, rock salt, and oil are the ingredients of chakshushya basti. [A. Hri.Kalpa Sthana 4/27-29]<ref name="ref6">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridaya. With Commentaries SarvangaSundari of Arunadatta and Ayurvedarasayana of Hemadri.Varanasi; Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2012.</ref></li>

−

<li style="font-weight:bold">Churna basti Churnabasti has pain relieving (shulaghna) properties with hot water as a liquid component (dravadravya) instead of decoction. The medicinal paste of rasna (Pluchea lanceolata), vacha (Acorus calamus), bilva (Aegle marmelos), shatahva (Anethum sowa), ela (Eletteria cardamomum), putika (Holoptelia integrifolia), krishna (Piper longum), daru (Cedrus deodara) and kushdha (Saussuria lappa C. B Clarke) is used. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 10/13-14]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ol>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Churna basti Churnabasti has pain relieving (shulaghna) properties with hot water as a liquid component (dravadravya) instead of decoction. The medicinal paste of rasna (Pluchea lanceolata), vacha (Acorus calamus), bilva (Aegle marmelos), shatahva (Anethum sowa), ela (Eletteria cardamomum), putika (Holoptelia integrifolia), krishna (Piper longum), daru (Cedrus deodara) and kushdha (Saussuria lappa C. B Clarke) is used. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 10/13-14]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ol>

== Importance in the preservation of health and prevention ==

−

Therapeutic enema is advised in healthy individuals during the rainy season where there is vitiation of all three doshas [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 3/42]<ref name="ref6" />, after the administration of vamana (therapeutic emesis) and virechana (therapeutic purgation). [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 3/45]<ref name="ref6" />

+

Therapeutic enema is advised in healthy individuals during the rainy season where there is vitiation of all three doshas [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 3/42]<ref name="ref6" />, after the administration of vamana (therapeutic emesis) and [[Virechana|virechana]] (therapeutic purgation). [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 3/45]<ref name="ref6" />

== Importance in the management of diseases ==

−

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Basti (therapeutic enema) therapy (asthapana and anuvasana) is the most important among the therapies for treating [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]] disorders. It enters the intestine (pakvashaya) after the administration cuts the root of aggravation of [[Vata dosha|vata]] and thereby it pacifies [[Vata dosha|vata]] all over the [[Sharira|body]]. Its effect is like cutting the root of a tree (disease) will destroy the whole tree (disease). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

+

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Basti (therapeutic enema) therapy (asthapana and anuvasana) is the most important among the therapies for treating [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]] disorders. It enters the intestine (pakvashaya) after the administration cuts the root of aggravation of [[Vata dosha|vata]] and thereby it pacifies [[Vata dosha|vata]] all over the [[Sharira|body]]. Its effect is like cutting the root of a tree ([[Vyadhi|disease]]) will destroy the whole tree ([[Vyadhi|disease]]). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

<li>Basti (therapeutic enema), in general, is helpful in the prevention of aging, and it produces health, strength, proper digestion, intelligence, voice, and complexion.</li>

−

<li>It is recommended for both children and old age as it effectively cures diseases without causing complications.</li>

+

<li>It is recommended for both children and old age as it effectively cures [[Vyadhi|diseases]] without causing complications.</li>

<li>It removes the vit (stool), shleshma, pitta and [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]] from the [[Sharira|body]].</li>

<li>It provides compactness to the [[Sharira|body]] and strength to shukra dhatu (the 6th basic structural element of the [[Sharira|body]]).</li>

−

<li>It removes [[Dosha|doshas]] from the [[Sharira|body’s]] channels and thus pacifies all diseases. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 1/27]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

+

<li>It removes [[Dosha|doshas]] from the [[Sharira|body’s]] channels and thus pacifies all [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 1/27]<ref name="ref1" /></li>

−

<li>Administration of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) before anuvasana basti (therapeutic unctuous enema) clears the channels.. It helps properly transport unctuous substance (sneha) like the pipe which carries water when the impurities causing obstruction are removed. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/84]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

+

<li>Administration of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) before anuvasana basti (therapeutic unctuous enema) clears the channels.. It helps properly transport unctuous substance (sneha) like the pipe which carries water when the impurities causing obstruction are removed. [Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/84]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

−

<li>Basti (asthapana and anuvasana) is important as it is the prime treatment for [[Vata dosha|vata]]. [[Vata dosha|Vata]] is the reason for the diseases originating in peripheral tissues (shakha), visceral organs (koshtha), vital points of the body (marma), upper part of the body (urdhva), entire body (sarvavayava) and individual parts of the body (anga). The same [[Vata dosha|vata]] is responsible for separating and combining stool, urine, pitta, etc. at their sites. As basti is supreme in managing [[Vata dosha|vata]], it is said to be half of the entire therapeutics. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 1/38-40]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

+

<li>Basti (asthapana and anuvasana) is important as it is the prime treatment for [[Vata dosha|vata]]. [[Vata dosha|Vata]] is the reason for the [[Vyadhi|diseases]] originating in peripheral tissues (shakha), visceral organs (koshtha), vital points of the body (marma), upper part of the body (urdhva), entire body (sarvavayava) and individual parts of the body (anga). The same [[Vata dosha|vata]] is responsible for separating and combining stool, urine, pitta, etc. at their sites. As basti is supreme in managing [[Vata dosha|vata]], it is said to be half of the entire therapeutics. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 1/38-40]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

== Indications of asthapana basti ==

−

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Sarvanga roga – The diseases are affecting the whole [[Sharira|body]].</li>

+

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Sarvanga roga – The [[Vyadhi|diseases]] are affecting the whole [[Sharira|body]].</li>

−

<li>Ekanga roga – The diseases are affecting the organs. </li>

+

<li>Ekanga roga – The [[Vyadhi|diseases]] are affecting the organs. </li>

−

<li>Kukshiroga – Diseases affecting the abdomen and pelvis</li>

+

<li>Kukshiroga – [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] affecting the abdomen and pelvis</li>

<li>Vata varcha mutra sanga – Obstruction to flatus, feces, urine</li>

<li>Adhmana – abdominal distension</li>

Line 109: Line 109:

<li>Jwara - Fever</li>

<li>Hrudaya parshva prushta katigraha – Pain over heart, sides of chest, lower back, and hip.</li>

−

<li>Hrudroga – Diseases affecting heart</li>

+

<li>Hrudroga – [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] affecting heart</li>

<li>Bhradhna - Inguinal hernia</li>

<li>Vepana - Tremor</li>

Line 126: Line 126:

<li>Danta nakha parvasthi shula – Pain on teeth, nails bones and joints</li>

<li>Anaha - Barborygmus with distention</li>

−

<li>Pratishyaya – A type disease affecting nose including coryza</li>

+

<li>Pratishyaya – A type [[Vyadhi|disease]] affecting nose including coryza</li>

<li>Ashmari – Renal calculi</li>

<li>Khuda – A disesase which is affecting the skin and muscle over the joints of legs and hands first and later spreads to deeper sites</li>

−

<li>Vatavyadhi – Diseases originates from vitiated [[Vata dosha|vata]]</li>

+

<li>Vatavyadhi – [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] originates from vitiated [[Vata dosha|vata]]</li>

<li>Alpalpodhana – Voidance of stool frequently in less quantity</li>

<li>Sashabdodhana – Voidance of stool with sound</li>

−

<li>Ugragandhodhana- Voidance of stool having foul smell. [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 2/16]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

+

<li>Ugragandhodhana- Voidance of stool having foul smell. [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 2/16]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

−

Niruha basti is also indicated in following diseases

+

Niruha basti is also indicated in following [[Vyadhi|diseases]]

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>Adhimantha - glaucoma</li>

<li>Ardita - facial paralysis</li>

Line 145: Line 145:

<li>Manyagraha – neck stiffness</li>

<li>Sharkara – multiple gravel like particle in urine</li>

−

<li>Mudhagarbha – abnormal fetal presentation. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/5]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ul>

+

<li>Mudhagarbha – abnormal fetal presentation. [Su. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 35/5]<ref name="ref3" /></li></ul>

== Contraindications ==

Line 152: Line 152:

<li>Fainting</li>

<li>Those who have undergone the process of purification any.</li>

−

<li>Those whose life depends on the strength of morbid matter (agantu dosha) to survive [Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana.1/37]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

+

<li>Those whose life depends on the strength of morbid matter (agantu dosha) to survive [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] .1/37]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ul>

== Ingredients of niruha basti ==

−

As the name suggests, the important and predominant content of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) is a decoction of herbs depending upon the disease condition of the patient. Its other ingredients are honey, rock salt, unctuous substances (usually oil or ghee) and medicinal paste. In some conditions, cow’s urine, fermented liquid preparation out of grains (dhanyamla), meat soup, milk etc. are used either as an alternative or as an admixture (Avapa) to the combination of basti.

+

As the name suggests, the important and predominant content of niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) is a decoction of herbs depending upon the [[Vyadhi|disease]] condition of the patient. Its other ingredients are honey, rock salt, unctuous substances (usually oil or ghee) and medicinal paste. In some conditions, cow’s urine, fermented liquid preparation out of grains (dhanyamla), meat soup, milk etc. are used either as an alternative or as an admixture (Avapa) to the combination of basti.

== Quantity of ingredients ==

Line 163: Line 163:

<li>Oil/ghee/unctuous substance (sneha): 288 ml (3 prasruta)</li>

<li>Medicinal paste (kalka): 96 gram (1 prasruta)</li>

−

<li>Decoction (kashaya): 384 ml (4 prasruta) to 480 ml (5 prasruta) *[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 38/37-39]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

+

<li>Decoction (kashaya): 384 ml (4 prasruta) to 480 ml (5 prasruta) *[Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 38/37-39]<ref name="ref3" /></li>

−

<li>Additives (avapadravya): 192 ml (2 prasruta) [Cha.Sa.Siddhi Sthana 3/30]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ol>

+

<li>Additives (avapadravya): 192 ml (2 prasruta) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/30]<ref name="ref1" /></li></ol>

The proportion of sneha (unctuous substance) and honey is based on [[Dosha|dosha]] association.

{| class="wikitable"

Line 183: Line 183:

|3 pala (144 ml)

|}

−

[Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 3/30]<ref name="ref1" />

+

[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/30]<ref name="ref1" />

== Dose of asthapana basti in different age groups ==

Line 210: Line 210:

|960 ml (10 prasruta)

|}

−

[Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 3/31-32]<ref name="ref1" />

+

[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/31-32]<ref name="ref1" />

{| class="wikitable"

Line 232: Line 232:

|8 prasruta (768 ml)

|}

−

[Su.Sa. Chikitsa sthana 35/7]<ref name="ref3" />

+

[Su.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa sthana]] 35/7]<ref name="ref3" />

== Procedure of administration of asthapana basti ==

Line 256: Line 256:

<li>The hand of the person giving enema should not be shaking during the insertion of the nozzle.</li>

<li>Repeated squeezing of the enema bag is not favorable, and the nozzle should be withdrawn slowly and carefully.

−

[Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 3/17-20]<ref name="ref1"/></li></ul>

+

[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/17-20]<ref name="ref1"/></li></ul>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Post therapeutic procedure (paschat karma)</li>

<ul><li>After the proper elimination of enema, the patient should have undergone bath with lukewarm water and take boiled rice with thin meat soup.</li>

<li>The patient should be given anuvasana basti (therapeutic unctuous enema) with the oil (taila) having 1/4th quantity of that of asthapana (therapeutic decoction enema) processed with drugs having the property to pacify [[Vata dosha|vata]] and having sour taste, for the nourishment of the [[Sharira|body]] after the digestion of the above-mentioned diet in the evening.

−

[Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 3/27-30]<ref name="ref1"/></li></ul></ol>

+

[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/27-30]<ref name="ref1"/></li></ul></ol>

== Diet after the niruha basti (therapeutic decoction enema) ==

Line 277: Line 277:

|soup of pulses of various kinds (yusha)

|}

−

[Cha.Sa. Siddhi Sthana 3/70]<ref name="ref1"/>

+

[Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana|Siddhi Sthana]] 3/70]<ref name="ref1"/>

== Number, adjuvant, and properties of niruha basti in different dosha involvement ==

Line 345: Line 345:

* Different types of sudations

* Anal suppositories

−

* Virechana (therapeutic purgation)

+

* [[Virechana|Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation)

* Bilvadi decoction enema

|-

Line 352: Line 352:

* Use of extreme sharp and hot formulation in mridukoshtha (delicate bowel nature)

|

−

* Signs and symptoms same as that of atiyoga (exceeded effect) mentioned in vamana (therapeutic emesis) and virechana (therapeutic purgation)

+

* Signs and symptoms same as that of atiyoga (exceeded effect) mentioned in vamana (therapeutic emesis) and [[Virechana|virechana]] (therapeutic purgation)

|

* Administration of decoction enema having the

Line 478: Line 478:

|Parisrava

|

−

* Administration of enema having sour taste, salt, hot and sharp potency in patients having the disease of Pitta

+

* Administration of enema having sour taste, salt, hot and sharp potency in patients having the [[Vyadhi|disease]] of Pitta

|

* Excretion of pitta (bilious humor) of different colours

Line 522: Line 522:

== Current research works ==

−

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>A comparative study on the effect of virechana (therapeutic purgation) and vaitarana basti in amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) patients concluded that vaitarana basti had given better relief in amavata than viechana.<ref name="ref16">Bhatkoti Mayank (2005): A comparative clinical study of vaitaranabasti and virechana karma in the management of amavata. Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref></li>

+

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>A comparative study on the effect of [[Virechana|virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) and vaitarana basti in amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) patients concluded that vaitarana basti had given better relief in amavata than viechana.<ref name="ref16">Bhatkoti Mayank (2005): A comparative clinical study of vaitaranabasti and [[Virechana|virechana]] karma in the management of amavata. Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref></li>

<li>Yapana basti administered through drip method and putaka method have shown definite improvement in patients of kampavata (parkinsonism). The drip method has shown better improvement in general symptoms, associated symptoms, functional assessment, and signs.<ref name="ref17">Vinay Chaudary (2007): A clinical study of standardization of Yapana basti in the management of Kampavata. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref></li>

−

<li>Kala basti has shown better improvement in amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) when compared with virechana.<ref name="ref18">Gohil Jalpa H (2009): A comparative clinical study of Virechana karma and kala basti in management of Amavata. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref></li>

+

<li>Kala basti has shown better improvement in amavata (rheumatoid arthritis) when compared with [[Virechana|virechana]].<ref name="ref18">Gohil Jalpa H (2009): A comparative clinical study of [[Virechana|Virechana]] karma and kala basti in management of Amavata. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</ref></li>

<li>Administration of Erandamuladi yapana basti in comparison with Erandabija ksheera paka in patients of katigraha have shown better improvement in signs and symptoms of basti group.<ref name="ref19"/>Damayanthie Fernando (2011): Assessment of Clinical Efficacy of ErandamuladiYapana Basti and ErandaBijaKshiraPaka in the management of Kati Graha w.s.r. to Lumbar Spondylosis. Department of Panchakarma, IPGT&RA Jamnagar</li>

<li>Clinically in patients treated with lekhana basti there was a decrease in s. cholesterol, s.low density lipoprotein and s. apolipoprotein B. There was a significant reduction in BMI, weight, [[Sharira|body]] fat storage etc. It was effective to a lesser extent on lipid profile than triphala guggulu.<ref name="ref20">Shital G Bhagiya (2015): A Comparative Clinical Study of Lekhana Basti and Shamana Sneha (Triphaladi Taila) In the Management of Sthaulya W.S.R. To Obesity.Department Of panchakarma, GAAC, Ahmedabad.</ref></li>

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