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<li style="font-weight:bold">A critical and comparative study of Ama and Free radical theory with special reference to Amavata<span style="font-weight:normal"><br/><b>Outcome of study: </b>Free radical is an atom/molecule that contains one or more unpaired electron, which requires neutralisation by free radical scavengers. Thus it exists in an incomplete metabolic state which is also the state of ama described as incompletely digested (avipakvam). Free radicals cause damage to cell membrane and thus the cell is destroyed. This destruction may lead to putrification and foul smell generations which is similar to one of the property of ama described as unpleasant smell (durgandham). Though ama remains in the body as isolated or not mized (asamyuktam), but due to its properties like excessive sliminess (bahupicchilam) etc. it sticks to normal healthy body tissues very quickly, similar is the case with free radicals. To seek stability in their structure they quickly attack the healthy molecules of the body and thus setting a chain reaction. The cells throughout body are continously exposed to these damaging molecules, same has been described for ama as causing sluggishness of whole body (sadanam sarva gatranam). From above one can observe that properties of free radicals are similar to the properties of ama described in classics. Now the process of production of free radicals in body and production of ama would be considered. So it may be concluded that the causative factors (nidana) such as heavy to digest (guru ), unctuousness (snigdha) etc. qualities of diet (ahara) of amavata (rheumatism) as mentioned in the classics have a specific role to play in production of ama and also in the generation of free radicals. Also the line of treatment of ama advocated in the classics is effective in reducing the level of ama as well as free radicals. So it can be inferred that a positive correlation exists between ama and free radicals.<ref name="ref10">A critical and comparative study of Ama and Free radical theory with special reference to Amavata by Gaurav sharma, Department of Basic principles, IPGT& RA, Jamnagar, 2001.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">A critical and comparative study of Ama and Free radical theory with special reference to Amavata<span style="font-weight:normal"><br/><b>Outcome of study: </b>Free radical is an atom/molecule that contains one or more unpaired electron, which requires neutralisation by free radical scavengers. Thus it exists in an incomplete metabolic state which is also the state of ama described as incompletely digested (avipakvam). Free radicals cause damage to cell membrane and thus the cell is destroyed. This destruction may lead to putrification and foul smell generations which is similar to one of the property of ama described as unpleasant smell (durgandham). Though ama remains in the body as isolated or not mized (asamyuktam), but due to its properties like excessive sliminess (bahupicchilam) etc. it sticks to normal healthy body tissues very quickly, similar is the case with free radicals. To seek stability in their structure they quickly attack the healthy molecules of the body and thus setting a chain reaction. The cells throughout body are continously exposed to these damaging molecules, same has been described for ama as causing sluggishness of whole body (sadanam sarva gatranam). From above one can observe that properties of free radicals are similar to the properties of ama described in classics. Now the process of production of free radicals in body and production of ama would be considered. So it may be concluded that the causative factors (nidana) such as heavy to digest (guru ), unctuousness (snigdha) etc. qualities of diet (ahara) of amavata (rheumatism) as mentioned in the classics have a specific role to play in production of ama and also in the generation of free radicals. Also the line of treatment of ama advocated in the classics is effective in reducing the level of ama as well as free radicals. So it can be inferred that a positive correlation exists between ama and free radicals.<ref name="ref10">A critical and comparative study of Ama and Free radical theory with special reference to Amavata by Gaurav sharma, Department of Basic principles, IPGT& RA, Jamnagar, 2001.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">A critical study of Trividhakuksiyavimana w.s.r. to amotpatti and its management<span style="font-weight:normal"><br/><b>Outcome of study: </b>In this study, 2 groups are there, group I (treatment group) patients have been given chaturushna churna (powder) followed by wholesome diet (pathya) and light to digest food. Whereas, in group II (control group) patients received placebo treatment and wholesome diet (pathya) and light to digest food.. Dosha (ama dosha and tridosha (vata,pitta and kapha)) when adhere to amashaya (stomach), the desired response of the medicine may not be obtained which is observed in clinical study. Due to this the 21 days duration of therapy did not produce total cure response. So, we can say that if in disease, treatment regimens opposite to disease (vyadhi viparita ausadha) doesn’t produce good response, then it is to be inferred that here amashaya (stomach) is adhered with ama dosha. In this stage, as advised in Trividhakuksiyavimana adhyaya (2nd chapter of Charak Samhita Vimana Sthana), depleting therapy (apatarpna) should be administered. If presence of disease stage (vyadhi anubandha) remains, then the treatment regimens opposite to disease (vyadhi viparita aushadha)  is to be advised.<ref name="ref11">A critical study of Trividhakuksiyavimana w.s.r. to amotpatti and its management by Mihir vyas, Dept. of Basic principles, IPGT& RA, Jamnagar, 2005.</ref></span></li></ol>

<li style="font-weight:bold">A critical study of Trividhakuksiyavimana w.s.r. to amotpatti and its management<span style="font-weight:normal"><br/><b>Outcome of study: </b>In this study, 2 groups are there, group I (treatment group) patients have been given chaturushna churna (powder) followed by wholesome diet (pathya) and light to digest food. Whereas, in group II (control group) patients received placebo treatment and wholesome diet (pathya) and light to digest food.. Dosha (ama dosha and tridosha (vata,pitta and kapha)) when adhere to amashaya (stomach), the desired response of the medicine may not be obtained which is observed in clinical study. Due to this the 21 days duration of therapy did not produce total cure response. So, we can say that if in disease, treatment regimens opposite to disease (vyadhi viparita ausadha) doesn’t produce good response, then it is to be inferred that here amashaya (stomach) is adhered with ama dosha. In this stage, as advised in Trividhakuksiyavimana adhyaya (2nd chapter of Charak Samhita Vimana Sthana), depleting therapy (apatarpna) should be administered. If presence of disease stage (vyadhi anubandha) remains, then the treatment regimens opposite to disease (vyadhi viparita aushadha)  is to be advised.<ref name="ref11">A critical study of Trividhakuksiyavimana w.s.r. to amotpatti and its management by Mihir vyas, Dept. of Basic principles, IPGT& RA, Jamnagar, 2005.</ref></span></li></ol>

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