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|title=Pratyaksha pramana
|title=Pratyaksha pramana
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Pratyaksha pramana, Pratyaksha pramana in ayurveda, Pratyaksha pramana meaning, Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana, evidence, proof in ayurveda, first hand experience
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Pratyaksha pramana, Pratyaksha pramana in ayurveda, Pratyaksha pramana meaning, Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana, evidence, proof in ayurveda, first hand experience,Bhojani M. K., Jogalekar A.A., Deole Y.S., Basisht Gopal,
|description='Pratyaksha' means direct perception and 'pramana' means the tools for acquiring knowledge. Pratyaksha pramana is the most important method to acquire medical knowledge by direct perception
|description='Pratyaksha' means direct perception and 'pramana' means the tools for acquiring knowledge. Pratyaksha pramana is the most important method to acquire medical knowledge by direct perception
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshushya pratyaksha)'''
'''3) Visual inspection (darshana or chakshushya pratyaksha)'''
Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy (prakriti), abnormal characteristics (vikruti), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshana pariksha) more precise.
Through the medium of visual perception (chakshu indriya) or netra, the complexion (varna), shape, location, appearance, form (sansthana), size or measurements (pramana), altered complexion (chhaya), normalcy ([[prakriti]]), abnormal characteristics ([[vikriti]]), good nourished built (upachaya), malnourished built (apachaya) can be assessed. The advent of investigation techniques like endoscopy, proctoscopy, fundoscopy, colonoscopy, X-ray techniques ultrasonography, microscopy, electron microscopy, CT (computer tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made the visual inspection (darshana pariksha) more precise.
Visual inspection is done to assess the abnormalities like pallor, cyanosis, oedema, petechial hemorrhage, skin lesions, deformities etc.
Visual inspection is done to assess the abnormalities like pallor, cyanosis, oedema, petechial hemorrhage, skin lesions, deformities etc.
'''4) Gustation (rasanapariksha)'''
'''4) Gustation (rasanapariksha)'''
This examination is applicable for the purpose of organoleptic and taste threshold studies. In clinical practice, this can’t be done by physician himself. It is done indirectly either by interrogation or by inspection/inference. It is not subjected to direct perception by the examiner but can be ascertained by inference (anumana pramana). Following phenomena can be observed by means of this method-
This examination is applicable for the purpose of organoleptic and taste threshold studies. In clinical practice, this can’t be done by physician himself. It is done indirectly either by interrogation or by inspection/inference. It is not subjected to direct perception by the examiner but can be ascertained by inference ([[anumana pramana]]). Following phenomena can be observed by means of this method-
#Yuka sansparshena shareeravairasya: Repulsion of parasites or organisms like lice from the patient’s body indicates the impairment of body physiology resulting in the attraction or repulsion of the insects from the body.
#Yuka sansparshena shareeravairasya: Repulsion of parasites or organisms like lice from the patient’s body indicates the impairment of body physiology resulting in the attraction or repulsion of the insects from the body.
#Makshikopasarpanena shariramadhurya: Attraction of flies towards patient indicates excessive sweetness (atimadhurya) in the body
#Makshikopasarpanena shariramadhurya: Attraction of flies towards patient indicates excessive sweetness (atimadhurya) in the body
#Lohitapitta sandeha: The differentiation between the vitiated and pure blood is done by this technique. It is also indicated in the differential diagnosis of conditions like bleeding disorders (raktapitta). To determine the nature of the blood, whether pure or vitiated, it should be fed to dog or crows. Acceptance or consumption of blood indicates purity, while rejection refers to impurity.
#Lohitapitta sandeha: The differentiation between the vitiated and pure blood is done by this technique. It is also indicated in the differential diagnosis of conditions like bleeding disorders ([[raktapitta]]). To determine the nature of the blood, whether pure or vitiated, it should be fed to dog or crows. Acceptance or consumption of blood indicates purity, while rejection refers to impurity.
#Aruchi, aasyavairasya: The impairment of taste of the patient can be assessed by the method of interrogation.
#Aruchi, aasyavairasya: The impairment of taste of the patient can be assessed by the method of interrogation.
#Mutre pippilikaabhisarpana: As indicated in diabetes with obstinate urinary disorders ([[prameha]]), this refers to the excessive sweetness in urine ([[mutra]]) and body.
#Mutre pippilikaabhisarpana: As indicated in diabetes with obstinate urinary disorders ([[prameha]]), this refers to the excessive sweetness in urine ([[mutra]]) and body.