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#Swedaja: They take birth from sweat or moisture. e.g. Yuka, Likha, Krimi.
#Swedaja: They take birth from sweat or moisture. e.g. Yuka, Likha, Krimi.
#Udbhija: Creatures that come out of earth or soil. e.g. Indragopa (earthworm) & Manduka (frog).
#Udbhija: Creatures that come out of earth or soil. e.g. Indragopa (earthworm) & Manduka (frog).
'''Achetana dravya (non living):''' All non-living substances which are devoid of sense organs are categorized under achetana dravyas.
[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/48][Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/10].
They are of two kinds:
a) Khanija (minerals): All minerals come under the khanija category. E.g. gold
b) Kritrima (artificial): Kritrima is an artificially generated substance.
'''Classification according to doshakarma''' [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/67]
Dravya are categorized into three varieties based on their action ([[karma]]). They include -
a) Dosha prashamana dravya (pacifier): Dravya is a pacifier of [[dosha]]s.
b) Dhatu pradushana dravya (vitiator): Some drugs vitiate [[dhatu]]. e.g. visha
c) Swasthavrittikara dravya (maintainer): Dravya is responsible for maintaining the good health status of the body.
'''Classification according to their origin'''
#Jangama dravya: Dravyas which have an animal origin, such as milk & its products, honey, urine, skin, semen, bile, ligament, fat, marrow, blood, flesh, feces, bone, horn, nail, hoof, hairs etc. are considered as jangama dravyas.
#Audhbhida dravya: Dravyas of vegetable origin are audhbhida. They are of four types vanaspati, vanaspatya, aushadi, and virudha.
#Parthiva dravya: Dravya obtained from the earth such as metals and mineral products such as gold, five metals (lohas), silver, copper, lead, and tin, along with their excreta silica, calcites, realgar, orpiment, etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/68]
'''Classification based on utility:'''
According to the use, dravya is of two types, dietary (ahara dravya) and medicinal (aushadha dravya).[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/17] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38-39]
#Dietary articles (ahara dravya): These are predominantly taste dependent ([[rasa]] pradhana) in nature, used to nourish [[rasa]]di [[dhatu]]s. Ahara dravya protects the body and helps in the maintenance of health.
#Medicines (aushadha dravya): They are potency dependent ([[veerya]] pradhana) in nature. [[Aushadha]] or drugs are used to treat the disease. They act on the body through the potency of drugs. They are further classified into-
*Tikshnaveerya dravya: Zingiber officinale Roscoe ([[shunthi]]) etc.
*Madhyamaveerya dravya: Aegle marmelos ([[bilva]]), Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. ([[agnimantha]]).
*Mriduveerya dravya: Emblica officinalis [[amalaki]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/17]
'''Classification based on panchabhautika composition:'''
Depending upon the predominance of particular [[mahabhuta]], dravyas are of five types: parthiva, apya, [[tejas]], vayavya and akashiya dravya. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/11] [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 41/6-8]<ref name=Susruta/>
'''Classification according to different taste ([[rasa]]):'''
Depending upon the predominance of taste ([[rasa]]), dravya is classified into six groups.
#Madhura skandha: Fritillaria roylei Hook ([[kakoli]]) & Ksheerakakoli etc.
#Amla skandha: Punica granatum L. ([[dadima]]) & Emblica officinalis (amalaka) etc.
#Lavana skandha: Rock salt (saindhava) & Unaqua sodium chloride (sauvarchala) etc.
#Katu skandha: Piper longum ([[pippali]]), Scindapsus officinalis ([[gajapippali]]) etc.
#Tikta skandha: Swertia chiraita (kiratatikta), Celatrus panniculatus Willd. ([[jyotishmati]]) etc.
#Kashaya skandha: Callicarpa macrophylla (priyangu), Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. ([[agnimantha]]) etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139]
'''Classification based on potency ([[veerya]]):''' [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/267]
#Sheetavirya dravya (cold potency): Santalum album ([[chandana]]), Saccharum officinarum ([[ikshu]]).
#Ushnavirya dravya (hot potency): Aquilaria agallocha ([[agaru]]), Saussurea costus ([[kustha]]) & Valeriana wallichii ([[tagara]])
'''Classification based on post digestive effect (vipaka)'''
Based on the end product formed during the process of digestion of dravya, they are classified into three types:
#Madhura vipaka dravya: e.g. Zingiber officinalis (sunthi), Piper longum ([[pippali]]).
#Amla vipaka dravya: e.g. Rice grain (vrihi), Dolichos biflorus (kulattha).
#Katu vipaka dravya: e.g. Sesame oil (taila), Salt (lavana). [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name=Susruta/>
'''Classification based on formulation types:'''
Based on the usefulness in different types of formulations prescribed in treatment, dravya may be classified as
*Kwatha dravya (used in the form of decoction)
*Kalka dravya (used in the form of paste or powder)
*Swarasa dravya (used in the form of juices)
*Hima dravya (used in the form of cold suspension)
*Phanta dravya (used in the form of tea etc.) [Sha.Sa.M.K.1/1] <ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref>
'''Classification based on [[panchakarma]] intervention'''
Usefulness of different dravya is observed in various [[panchakarma]] interventions. Based on this the dravya are classified as:
* [[Vamana]] dravya: useful in emesis
* [[Virechana]] dravya: useful in purgation
* [[Basti]] dravya: useful in medicated enema
* [[Nasya]] dravya: useful for application on the nostril.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135-151]
'''Classification of dravya based on the changes observed after digestion'''
*Samanapratyayarabdha: Substance retains its panchabhautika composition throughout the digestion and metabolism
*Vichitrapratyayarabdha: Panchabhautika composition of the substance is changed after digestion and metabolism [Arundatta on A.Hr. 9/27]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/45]
==Methods of drug identification==
===Classical method of drug identification===
There are three broad methods of drug identification in [[Ayurveda]] as below:
#Namarupagyanam (nomenclature and organoleptic features): Nama means name of a dravya or its synonyms, while ‘rupa’ specifies morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions ([[guna]] [[karma]]). The branch of science, dravyaguna deals with the study of ‘nama’ and ‘rupa’ of dravya. Pharmacognosy deals with identifying drugs in terms of name, morphology, properties and actions.
#Panchabhautika pariksha ([[mahabhuta]] dominance): All dravya in the universe are made from [[panchamahabhuta]]. (five basic elements) – [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]], and [[prithvi]]. The characteristic features of [[mahabhuta]] present in dravya are identified to know more about dravya.
#Bheshajaavasthantar pariksha (Examination in different stages): It means examination of drugs in various stages or conditions. e.g. ripe/unripe, fresh/dry, various combination, various dosage forms.
===Current methods of drug identification===
Following are the modern methods of drug identification
'''Pharmacognosy'''
A) Macroscopy or organoleptic examination: It is done with the help of five senses and various equipment like scale, vernier caliper etc.
B) Microscopic examination: It is done with microscopes with various magnification properties. It permits to study of minute structures with enlarged views and confirms the structural details of the drug.
'''Physical examination'''
Like moisture content, specific gravity, density, viscosity, optical rotation, refractive index, melting point, ash value, etc.
'''Chemical examination'''
Chemical test & assays, identification & isolation of active constituents of drug, quantitative chemical testing like saponification, detection of adulteration, Helphen’s test for cotton seed oil etc.
'''Physical assay'''
Trimetric estimation for alkaloids, spectroscopic analysis in various wave lengths.
'''Qualitative and quantitative evaluation'''
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gas chromatography.
'''Bioassays'''
Estimating potency of crude drugs by means of living organisms like bacteria and animal tissue are the methods of standardization and confirmation of the therapeutic effect of raw material and finished product.
'''Screening'''
Screening for antibacterial and antifungal activities of bio-constituents is done by microbiological techniques.
'''Phytochemical screening'''
It is essential for qualitative and quantitative evaluation as well as physiological and therapeutic evaluation of the drug.
'''Finger printing'''
It is the most advanced and confirmative method of drug identification of drugs in finger printing which gives exact confirmatory images of the drug.
==Current researches==
The herbs and formulations described in the classics of [[Ayurveda]] are studied for their utility in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Some of the newer approaches are mentioned below.
'''[[Ayurveda]] dravya as nutraceuticals:''' A review focused on the ayurvedic nutraceutical approach gives natural physiological advantages of [[Ayurveda]] formulations and reduces illness risk.<ref>Rahul, Kumar Gupta, Rahul Soni, Pradeep Singh, Rohit Shrivastava, Jitendra Rajput, Pawan. (2018). Health benefits of natural nutrients: ayurveda dravya as nutraceuticals. WJPMR. 2018, 4(4),253-255.</ref> Formulations like Chyavanaprasha, Brahma Rasayana, Phala Ghrita, Arjuna Ksheerapaka, Shatavari Ghrita, and Rasona Ksheerapaka are studied, among other traditional nutraceuticals. All of these nutraceuticals have health benefits such as preventing respiratory diseases, improving physical and mental strength, sexual empowerment, cardio-protection, female hormonal regulation maintenance, etc. The focus of the article was on the ayurvedic perspective of nutraceuticals.
'''[[Rasayana]] dravya in oxidative stress:''' Stress levels within cells have grown due to changing diet and lifestyle, necessitating an ayurvedic strategy to compensate and rejuvenate, known as [[Rasayana]]. In a review paper, the researchers focused on raising knowledge of [[rasayana]] therapy and its effects on oxidative stress and premature aging. The review concluded that [[rasayana]] dravya is beneficial in preventing oxidative stress.<ref>Manish Choudhari and Naresh Jain. Role of different rasayanadravya in oxidative stress – a review study.IJSR. 2020, 9(3),71-72.</ref> An ayurvedic formulation rasayanaghanavati showed significant results in reducing stress and premature ageing with anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.<ref>Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok B K, Ravishankar B, Thakar A B, Chandola H M. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jun 22];32:375-9. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/3/375/93918</ref> Rasayana avaleha, an ayurvedic formulation, showed efficacy in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.<ref>Vyas P, Thakar A B, Baghel M S, Sisodia A, Deole Y. Efficacy of Rasayana Avaleha as adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in reducing adverse effects. AYU [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 22];31:417-23. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2010/31/4/417/82029</ref>
'''Applied aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka:''' Arabdhata and Pratyaarabdhata are two Ayurvedic concepts that are related to the conjugation and configuration of [[mahabhuta]] (five elements). During digestion and metabolism, every material experiences some modifications. A clinical investigation was conducted on 24 healthy adults to better grasp the concepts of arabdhata and pratyarabdhatadata using four distinct medications with the same composition but two different [[vipaka]]. The study's findings revealed that all of the drugs affected koshtha (bowel pattern) according to their [[vipaka]] in a few parameters, particularly stool and defecation habits. But most of the other parameters were statistically insignificant, implying that drugs act according to [[vipaka]] to some extent. However, [[vipaka]] is not the only factor that determines the pharmacological action of the drug.<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and VicitraPratyayarabdhaDravyaw.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013;34(4):373-378. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.127718</ref>
==Available database of herbs and formulations==
'''Currently Available database:'''
#Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India (https://dravyagunatvpm.wordpress.com/e-ayupharmacopoeia-of-india/)
#Ayurvedic formulary of India (https://dravyagunatvpm.wordpress.com/ayurvedic-formulary-of-india/)
#ENVIS (http://envis.frlht.org/)
#IMPPAT: A curated database of Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics (https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/)
#Database on Medicinal Plants (http//:www.nmpb-mpdb.nic.in)
#Medicinal plant database of India (https://bsi.gov.in/page/en/medicinal-plant-database)
#Electronic Information Resources for Herbal Medicine — Society for Medicinal Plant. (https://www.unom.ac.in/webportal/uploads/library/gcl-opac/HMedicine.htm)
#Herb society of America (https://www.herbsociety.org/)
#United States Department of Agriculture- plant database (https://plants.usda.gov/)
#Database on medicinal plants all the volumes of CCRAS
'''Books and encyclopaedia for further reading'''
*Dravya Guna Vigyan by P.V.Sharma.
*Dravyagunavigyan by Prof.D.S.Lucas
*Bhavprakashnigantu by Bhavmishra
*Abhinav butidarpan by Shri Ruplal ji vaishya
*Prayogatamaka Dravyaguna Vigyana by Dr. Maya Ram Uniyal
*Textbook of Dravyaguna by Dr.K.Nishteswar
*Himalaya ki arogyadayivanaspatiya by Ayush Dept. Govt. of India.
*Vanaushadi Chandrodya by Shri Chandrarajbhandari
*Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by Vaidya V.M.Gogte
*Chemistry and pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Vd. Mukund Sabnis
*Medicinal plants of Uttranchala state by Dr. Anil K. Dhiman
*Classical uses of medicinal plants by Prof. P.V.Sharma
*Spices and medicinal plants by PC Bansil
*Studies of medicinal plants and drugs in Dhanvantri nigantu by Dr. S.D.Kamat
*Reviews on Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by Medicinal plant unit- ICMR Delhi
*Indian medicinal plants by Kirtikar and Basu
*Quality standard of Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by ICMR.
*Handbook of the Indian flora by C. Drury
*A manual of poisonous plants by L.H. Pammel
*The flora of British India by J.D. Hooker
*Pharmacopeia indica by K.C. Bose
*Indian Medicinal plants- forgotten healers by Dr. Prakash Paranjape
*Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Bhrittrayis by Thakur Balwant Singh & Vd. Krishna Chandra Chunekar
==Future area of research==
Identifying and knowing all dravya in the universe is a continuous learning process. Changes in primary structures of dravya due to evolution, environmental changes, climatic conditions, soil, need to be researched and updated in the knowledge base. Newer herbs, high-breed grains, and their genetic structures need to be studied for their dietary and medicinal utility based on principles of [[Ayurveda]].
==Theses done==
#Nalage Dilip H (2004): A study of Samskara and its role in alteration of Pancha-Bhautika composition of Dravya. Dept of Basic principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.
#Dileep Singh Baghel (2006).: A Pharmaceutical standardization of Kwatha (Phalatrikadi Kwatha) with special reference to determination of practical size of Kwatha Dravya. Dept. of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.
#Hemant S Pol (2010): The Concept of Dravya Guna & its Role in Physiopathology W.S.R. to Amlapitta.. Dept of Basic principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.
#Anuruchi Jadoun (2012): Concept of Panchabhautika Arabdhata of Dravyas (Conjugation & Configuration of Mahabhuta and Applied Aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdhat. Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.
#Agrawal Kanhaiya (2016): Comparative Studies on three types of best virechana Dravyas. Department of Dravyaguna. BHU, Varanasi.