Changes

The advent of art of writing, invention of paper and printing technology was preceded by the verbal communication of Acharya and Rishi in the Samhita period. The knowledge was largely communicated through oral or verbal form. The Ayurveda avatarana (hierarchy of transfer of knowledge of [[Ayurveda]]) also suggests that the science of [[Ayurveda]] was passed on by Brahma through the means of verbal communication.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/4) Thus the shabda pramana was the primary source of knowledge since times immoral. This also highlights the extensive usage of question-answer based teaching and learning methodology in [[Ayurveda]] classics as suggested by ‘Na-prushtwa-guravo-vadanti nyaya'.  [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/4] It is the foundation for the trividha dnyanopaya or means of learning about any subject matter is largely based on aaptopadesha.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/6] All the three aspects study (adhyayana), teaching (adhyapana) and discussion (tadvidya sambhasha) involve the derivation of knowledge from the aapta or texts. The initial or theoretical study (paatha), understanding of the concepts (avabodha), application of the knowledge (anusthana) are also dependant on aaptopadesha. [A.Hr.Uttara Sthana 40/82]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The basics of understanding of the texts or literary matter explained in the samhita like [[tantrayukti]], tacchilya, vadamarga, [[pramana]], arthashraya, siddhant are derived from aaptopadesha and can help to testify the concepts mentioned in the samhita as well. Acharya Sushruta advises every individual to be well versed with different types of sciences and texts in order to become a proficient [[vaidya]]. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/7]<ref name=Susruta/> This underlines the importance of learning the science directly from the teachers. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/8]<ref name=Susruta/> The aaptopadesha explores and strengthens the cognitive and memory based domain of the pedagogy.

The advent of art of writing, invention of paper and printing technology was preceded by the verbal communication of Acharya and Rishi in the Samhita period. The knowledge was largely communicated through oral or verbal form. The Ayurveda avatarana (hierarchy of transfer of knowledge of [[Ayurveda]]) also suggests that the science of [[Ayurveda]] was passed on by Brahma through the means of verbal communication.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/4) Thus the shabda pramana was the primary source of knowledge since times immoral. This also highlights the extensive usage of question-answer based teaching and learning methodology in [[Ayurveda]] classics as suggested by ‘Na-prushtwa-guravo-vadanti nyaya'.  [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/4] It is the foundation for the trividha dnyanopaya or means of learning about any subject matter is largely based on aaptopadesha.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/6] All the three aspects study (adhyayana), teaching (adhyapana) and discussion (tadvidya sambhasha) involve the derivation of knowledge from the aapta or texts. The initial or theoretical study (paatha), understanding of the concepts (avabodha), application of the knowledge (anusthana) are also dependant on aaptopadesha. [A.Hr.Uttara Sthana 40/82]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The basics of understanding of the texts or literary matter explained in the samhita like [[tantrayukti]], tacchilya, vadamarga, [[pramana]], arthashraya, siddhant are derived from aaptopadesha and can help to testify the concepts mentioned in the samhita as well. Acharya Sushruta advises every individual to be well versed with different types of sciences and texts in order to become a proficient [[vaidya]]. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/7]<ref name=Susruta/> This underlines the importance of learning the science directly from the teachers. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/8]<ref name=Susruta/> The aaptopadesha explores and strengthens the cognitive and memory based domain of the pedagogy.

==Importance of aaptopadesha pramana for being a good [[vaidya]]==

===Importance of aaptopadesha pramana for being a good [[vaidya]]===

Proficiency in theoretical knowledge (shrutam paryavadatatwam) obtained from the guru or teacher as an attribute of a good [[vaidya]].  [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/6] [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/4] According to Chakrapani, it is considered as the best quality of [[vaidya]].  [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/6]  The pranabhisara vaidya (life saviour physician) should possess four qualities. One of the qualities is shashtra-artha vidnyana or indulgence and clear understanding of the science. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/18] The other attributes like learning process (vidya), scientific knowledge (vidnyana), memory (smriti), all denote the importance of aaptopadesha. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/21-22] Shastra or the scientific knowledge provides light for illumination (to remove darkness of ignorance or to know things) and one’s own intellect is like eyes. The physician who uses both (scientific knowledge and own intellect) properly, does not commit mistakes during treatment because in treatment, the other three components are dependent on the physician. Hence the physician should make all efforts to enrich his qualities.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/24]

Proficiency in theoretical knowledge (shrutam paryavadatatwam) obtained from the guru or teacher as an attribute of a good [[vaidya]].  [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/6] [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/4] According to Chakrapani, it is considered as the best quality of [[vaidya]].  [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/6]  The pranabhisara vaidya (life saviour physician) should possess four qualities. One of the qualities is shashtra-artha vidnyana or indulgence and clear understanding of the science. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/18] The other attributes like learning process (vidya), scientific knowledge (vidnyana), memory (smriti), all denote the importance of aaptopadesha. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/21-22] Shastra or the scientific knowledge provides light for illumination (to remove darkness of ignorance or to know things) and one’s own intellect is like eyes. The physician who uses both (scientific knowledge and own intellect) properly, does not commit mistakes during treatment because in treatment, the other three components are dependent on the physician. Hence the physician should make all efforts to enrich his qualities.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 9/24]