Changes

|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar  

|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar  

|label5 = Correspondence email:

|label5 = Correspondence email:

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data5 = dryogeshdeole@gmail.com, carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|data6 = June 06, 2021

|data6 = June 06, 2021

|label7 = DOI

|label7 = DOI

|data7 = Awaited

|data7 = 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.058

}}

}}

</div>

</div>

The word Chetas denotes consciousness, insight, intelligence, splendor. It is applied to denote the union of mind with consciousness. An awakened state of mind, united with consciousness, can be named as  ‘chetas’.  

The word Chetas denotes consciousness, insight, intelligence, splendor. It is applied to denote the union of mind with consciousness. An awakened state of mind, united with consciousness, can be named as  ‘chetas’.  

These three words are applied to indicate various psychological functions. It also indicates the affection of mental faculty in the pathogenesis of the disease. For example, the diseases like epilepsy (apasmara) and insanity (unmada) occur in persons with weak mental strength (alpa sattva). [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 7 and 8]  

These three words are applied to indicate various psychological functions. It also indicates the affection of mental faculty in the pathogenesis of the disease. For example, the diseases like epilepsy ([[apasmara]]) and insanity ([[unmada]]) occur in persons with weak mental strength (alpa sattva). [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 7 and 8]  

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===Nature===

===Nature===

Mind is nourished from food. Chandogya Upanishada describes that the gross part of the food generates feces. The middle portion develops muscular and other body tissues, while the subtle parts nourish the mind. The quality of food, cooking method, place of eating, and dietary regulations ([[ahara vidhi]]) is crucial for proper nourishment of the body and mind.<ref>Chhandogya Upanishada 6/5/1</ref>

Mind is nourished from food. Chandogya Upanishada describes that the gross part of the food generates feces. The middle portion develops muscular and other body tissues, while the subtle parts nourish the mind. The quality of food, cooking method, place of eating, and dietary regulations ([[ahara vidhi]]) is crucial for proper nourishment of the body and mind.<ref>Chhandogya Upanishada 6/5/1</ref>

   

   

Mind plays an instrumental role in perception and knowledge. It is the mediator between senses (objects) and soul (knower). Therefore, the sensory and motor inputs handled by the mind are essential for developing and nourishing the mind. The kind of sensations like what the person see, listen, touch, taste, and smell are food for the mind. They are processed by mind and intellect together to store it as memory. Better the quality of this food, better is the development.  

Mind plays an instrumental role in perception and knowledge. It is the mediator between senses ( objects of [[Indriya]]) and soul (knower [[atma]]). Therefore, the sensory and motor inputs handled by the mind are essential for developing and nourishing the mind. The kind of sensations like what the person see, listen, touch, taste, and smell are food for the mind. They are processed by mind and intellect together to store it as memory. Better the quality of this food, better is the development.  

One should always make efforts to maintain the normal state of sense organs with mind and protect them from any trauma. This can be achieved by proper association of sense organs and their objects, the performance of beneficial duties, and following preventive measures opposite to the qualities of residing place (desha), season (kala) and one’s own constitution (prakriti)s. So, all, who are desirous of well-being, should always follow all the codes of conduct. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/17] Moral code of conduct (sadvritta) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/18-28] and behaviour therapy for rejuvenation (achara rasayana) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/4/30-35] helps to preserve a normal state of mind and prevent diseases.  

One should always make efforts to maintain the normal state of sense organs with mind and protect them from any trauma. This can be achieved by proper association of sense organs and their objects, the performance of beneficial duties, and following preventive measures opposite to the qualities of residing place (desha), season (kala) and one’s own constitution ([[prakriti]])s. So, all, who are desirous of well-being, should always follow all the codes of conduct. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/17] Moral code of conduct (sadvritta) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/18-28] and behaviour therapy for rejuvenation (achara [[rasayana]]) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/4/30-35] helps to preserve a normal state of mind and prevent diseases.  

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===Test for existence of mind===

===Test for existence of mind===

===Manovaha srotas (channels of transportation and transformation of mental factors)===

===Manovaha srotas (channels of transportation and transformation of mental factors)===

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The channels that transport and transform mental factors are described.[Chakrapani, Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3] Mind is connected with the sense and motor organs ([[indriya]]). It carries various functions in coordination with soul ([[atma]]) and intellect ([[buddhi]]). These components are included in manovaha srotasa.  It is spread all over the body through ten vessels (manovaha dhamani) originating from heart. [Chakrapani, Cha.Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 5/41] These channels connect the heart to the brain. It is affected in diseases like psychosis (unmada) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/5].  If it is vitiated by all three [[dosha]], then the person experiences terrible dreams indicating underlying diseases pathologies. [ Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 5/41]   

The channels that transport and transform mental factors are described.[Chakrapani, Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3] Mind is connected with the sense and motor organs ([[indriya]]). It carries various functions in coordination with soul ([[atma]]) and intellect ([[buddhi]]). These components are included in manovaha srotasa.  It is spread all over the body through ten vessels (manovaha dhamani) originating from heart. [Chakrapani, Cha.Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 5/41] These channels connect the heart to the brain. It is affected in diseases like psychosis ([[unmada]]) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/5].  If it is vitiated by all three [[dosha]], then the person experiences terrible dreams indicating underlying diseases pathologies. [ Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 5/41]   

   

   

The chetanavahi or chetovahi srotasa (channels of consciousness) is obstructed in diseases like intoxication (mada), syncope (murchcha) and coma (sannyasa). [Shivadasa sen commentary on Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/5] The vitiated [[dosha]] obstruct these channels and cause diseases like psychosis and epilepsy. [Bhela Samhita Nidana Sthana 7/2, 8/3, 8/8] The channels can further lead to a severe disease called ‘atattvabhinivesha’ (a disease of perversion of intellect). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/57-60] Obstruction to channels carrying psychic impulses (sanjnavahi srotasa) by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]] causes a confused state of mind. [Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 61/8] Accumulation of [[dosha]] in heart causes depletion of mental strength and leads to psychosis. [A.S. Uttara Tantra 10/2, A.Hr. Uttara Tantra 7/2] Manovaha srotas is closely connected with rasavaha srotas. The activities are conducted mainly by [[vata]] [[dosha]] and regulated by sadhaka [[pitta]] and avalambaka [[kapha]].

The chetanavahi or chetovahi srotas (channels of consciousness) is obstructed in diseases like intoxication (mada), syncope (murchcha) and coma (sannyasa). [Shivadasa sen commentary on Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/5] The vitiated [[dosha]] obstruct these channels and cause diseases like psychosis and epilepsy. [Bhela Samhita Nidana Sthana 7/2, 8/3, 8/8] The channels can further lead to a severe disease called ‘atattvabhinivesha’ (a disease of perversion of intellect). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/57-60] Obstruction to channels carrying psychic impulses (sanjnavahi srotasa) by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]] causes a confused state of mind. [Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 61/8] Accumulation of [[dosha]] in heart causes depletion of mental strength and leads to psychosis. [A.S. Uttara Tantra 10/2, A.Hr. Uttara Tantra 7/2] Manovaha srotas is closely connected with rasavaha srotas. The activities are conducted mainly by [[vata]] [[dosha]] and regulated by sadhaka [[pitta]] and avalambaka [[kapha]].

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Mind can think and analyze between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful things. The mind can justify reasons, ascertain possibilities, seek proof or evidence.  

Mind can think and analyze between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful things. The mind can justify reasons, ascertain possibilities, seek proof or evidence.  

5. Attention and meditation (Dhyeya):

5. Attention and meditation (dhyeya):

Attending various sensory objects and processing them to acquire knowledge is an essential function of mind.  

Attending various sensory objects and processing them to acquire knowledge is an essential function of mind.  

The mind can resolve a situation or take a willful decision based on its capacity. Determination towards a goal is a function of the mind.  

The mind can resolve a situation or take a willful decision based on its capacity. Determination towards a goal is a function of the mind.  

The intellect (buddhi) is superior cognitive faculty over the mind. It acts further on the raw data submitted by the mind. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/21-23]  

The intellect ([[buddhi]]) is superior cognitive faculty over the mind. It acts further on the raw data submitted by the mind. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/21-23]  

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===Qualities ([[guna]]) and impurities ([[dosha]]) of mind===

===Qualities ([[guna]]) and impurities ([[dosha]]) of mind===

===== Types of the psychic constitution and their characteristics =====

===== Types of the psychic constitution and their characteristics =====

Ayurveda presents an elaborative description of psychic traits or personalities. On the basis of the dominancy of sattva, [[rajas]], and [[tamas]], the psychic personalities are classified into three categories. The specific characteristics of each type are given below. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 4/38-45 ], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/81-87]

[[Ayurveda]] presents an elaborative description of psychic traits or personalities. On the basis of the dominancy of sattva, [[rajas]], and [[tamas]], the psychic personalities are classified into three categories. The specific characteristics of each type are given below. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 4/38-45 ], [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/81-87]

 

A person with the dominance of sattva in the psyche, is kind, benevolent, tolerant, courageous, truthful, religious, intelligent, bold and free. He has a good memory.  

A person with the dominance of sattva in the psyche, is kind, benevolent, tolerant, courageous, truthful, religious, intelligent, bold and free. He has a good memory.  

====== 2. Rajas dominant constitution ======

====== 2. [[Rajas]] dominant constitution ======

 

A person with the dominance of rajas in the psyche, is generally impatient, always dis-satisfied, truthless, egoistic, anxious, has excess anger, pride, and other emotions, hyperactive.

A person with the dominance of rajas in the psyche, is generally impatient, always dis-satisfied, truthless, egoistic, anxious, has excess anger, pride, and other emotions, hyperactive.

====== 3. Tamas dominant constitution ======

====== 3. [[Tamas]] dominant constitution ======

 

A person with the dominance of tamas in the psyche is characterized by ignorance, poor intelligence, ill-temper, not believing in God, unreligious, hypoactive, and excessive sleep.     

A person with the dominance of tamas in the psyche is characterized by ignorance, poor intelligence, ill-temper, not believing in God, unreligious, hypoactive, and excessive sleep.     

Based on specific temperamental features and behavior patterns, there are sixteen subtypes of psychic constitutions as follow:

Based on specific temperamental features and behavior patterns, there are sixteen subtypes of psychic constitutions as follow:

====== I. Sattva (purity of mind) dominant: ======

====== I. [[Sattva]] (purity of mind) dominant: ======

1. Brahma sattva (God or knowledgeable teacher like psychic constitution)

1. Brahma sattva (God or knowledgeable teacher like psychic constitution)

7. Gandharva sattva (Celestial musician or artist or entertainer like psychic constitution)

7. Gandharva sattva (Celestial musician or artist or entertainer like psychic constitution)

====== II. Rajasa dominant ======

====== II. [[Rajasa]] dominant ======

8. Asura (King of demons or terrorist like psychic constitution)

8. Asura (King of demons or terrorist like psychic constitution)

13. Shakuna (Omen or bird like unstable psychic constitution)

13. Shakuna (Omen or bird like unstable psychic constitution)

====== III. Tamas dominant ======

====== III. [[Tamas]] dominant ======

14. Pashava (Animal like psychic constitution)

14. Pashava (Animal like psychic constitution)

Such psychiatric diseases are as mentioned below:  

Such psychiatric diseases are as mentioned below:  

1. Psychosis (unmada) [ Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7, Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9, Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 62]  

1. Psychosis ([[unmada]]) [ Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7, Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9, Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 62]  

2. Epilepsy (apasmara) [Cha. Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 8, Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10, Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 61]

2. Epilepsy ([[apasmara]]) [Cha. Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 8, Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10, Su.Sa. Uttara Tantra 61]

3. Atattvabhinivesha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]10]  

3. Atattvabhinivesha [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]10]  

9. Opisthotonos (apatantraka) [Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 9, Su.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]5 & [[Nidana Sthana]] 1]

9. Opisthotonos (apatantraka) [Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 9, Su.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]5 & [[Nidana Sthana]] 1]

10. Jwara (fever) [ Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/35]

10. Jwara (fever) [ Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/35]

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====Diagnosis====

====Diagnosis====

'''3.Dhairya (courage or patience)'''

'''3.Dhairya (courage or patience)'''

'''4.Smriti (memory)'''  

'''4.[[Smriti]] (memory)'''  

'''5.Samadhi (meditation).'''

'''5.Samaadhi ([[meditation]]).'''

These are various measures for controlling and regulating mental mechanisms.  

These are various measures for controlling and regulating mental mechanisms.  

It includes therapies to controlling the mind from harmful objects. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54]  

It includes therapies to controlling the mind from harmful objects. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54]  

Following measures are followed to prevent diseases and promote mental health. These can be broadly categorized as materialistic (dravyabhuta) and immaterialistic (adravyabhuta) treatment measures.

Following measures are followed to prevent diseases and promote mental health. These can be broadly categorized as materialistic (dravyabhuta) and immaterialist (adravyabhuta) treatment measures.

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===I. Materialistic measures (dravyabhuta chikitsa)===

===I. Materialistic measures (dravyabhuta chikitsa)===

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====3. Panchakarma (purification therapies)====

====3. [[Panchakarma]] (purification therapies)====

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The purification therapies improve clarity in senses, mind and intellect. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/6] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15 /22] They are indicated in the management of all psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders based upon state of [[dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9, 10]  

The purification therapies improve clarity in senses, mind and intellect. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/6] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15 /22] They are indicated in the management of all psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders based upon state of [[dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9, 10]  

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====4. Therapeutic massage (abhyanga)====

====4. Therapeutic massage ([[abhyanga]])====

<div style="text-align:justify;">  

<div style="text-align:justify;">  

Therapeutic massage (abhyanga) is beneficial in slowing the aging process, pacifying vitiated vata and increasing relaxation of mind, stabilizing mind in order to adopt with stress. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/81,85,89] Recent study shows beneficial effects of massage on reducing stress.<ref>Moraska A. et al . Physiological Adjustments to Stress Measures Following Massage

Therapeutic massage (abhyanga) is beneficial in slowing the aging process, pacifying vitiated vata and increasing relaxation of mind, stabilizing mind in order to adopt with stress. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/81,85,89] Recent study shows beneficial effects of massage on reducing stress.<ref>Moraska A. et al . Physiological Adjustments to Stress Measures Following Massage

Therapy: A Review of the Literature,eCAM,2010;7(4)409-418) doi:10.1093/ecam/nen029 available from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2010/292069/abs/ 29/03/2011 </ref>

Therapy: A Review of the Literature,eCAM,2010;7(4)409-418) doi:10.1093/ecam/nen029 available from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2010/292069/abs/ 29/03/2011 </ref>

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====5. Oil dripping method (shirodhara)====  

====5. Oil dripping method ([[shirodhara]])====  

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Effects of pouring therapeutic oil on forehead in rhythmic pattern (shirodhara) are studied well. A standardized shirodhara leads to a state of alert calmness similar to the relaxation response observed in meditation. The clinical benefits observed with shirodhara in anxiety neurosis, hypertension, and stress aggravation due to chronic degenerative diseases could be mediated through these adaptive physiological effects.<ref>Dhuri Kalpana D, Bodhe Prashant V, Vaidya Ashok B. Shirodhara : A psycho-physiological profile in healthy volunteers. 2013.4[1]. 40-44.</ref>  Researchers at University of Toyama, Japan proved that the pharmaco-physio-psychologic action of ayurvedic oil treatment may provide a useful model for future pharmaco-physio-psychotherapy.<ref>Xu F, Uebaba K, Ogawa H, Tatsuse T, Wang BH, Hisajima T, Venkatraman S. Pharmaco-physio-psychologic effect of Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment using an essential oil from Lavendula angustifolia. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Oct;14(8):947-56.</ref>   

Effects of pouring therapeutic oil on forehead in rhythmic pattern (shirodhara) are studied well. A standardized shirodhara leads to a state of alert calmness similar to the relaxation response observed in meditation. The clinical benefits observed with shirodhara in anxiety neurosis, hypertension, and stress aggravation due to chronic degenerative diseases could be mediated through these adaptive physiological effects.<ref>Dhuri Kalpana D, Bodhe Prashant V, Vaidya Ashok B. Shirodhara : A psycho-physiological profile in healthy volunteers. 2013.4[1]. 40-44.</ref>  Researchers at University of Toyama, Japan proved that the pharmaco-physio-psychologic action of ayurvedic oil treatment may provide a useful model for future pharmaco-physio-psychotherapy.<ref>Xu F, Uebaba K, Ogawa H, Tatsuse T, Wang BH, Hisajima T, Venkatraman S. Pharmaco-physio-psychologic effect of Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment using an essential oil from Lavendula angustifolia. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Oct;14(8):947-56.</ref>   

====II. Im-materialistic measures (adravyabhuta chikitsa)====

====II. Im-materialistic measures (adravyabhuta chikitsa)====

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The im-materialistic measures focus on improving positive mental health without using any substance. The practices of ideal code of conduct (sadvritta) and achara rasayana are beneficial. Some research studies are mentioned below:

The im-materialistic measures focus on improving positive mental health without using any substance. The practices of ideal code of conduct (sadvritta) and achara [[rasayana]] are beneficial. Some research studies are mentioned below:

=====1.Meditation=====  

=====1.[[Meditation]]=====  

Meditation is the most powerful therapy for mental health. It is an exercise of consciousness to expand beyond the day-to-day experience of duality. It reduces stress, increases creativity and efficiency of the inner faculty. The process of meditation goes beyond the mind to the deepest level of the inner Self.  It connects with the soul (atman). Research has confirmed many health benefits associated with the practice of meditation. These include stress reduction, decreased anxiety, decreased depression, reduction in pain (both physical and psychological), improved memory, and increased efficiency. Meditation increases regional cerebral blood flow in the frontal and anterior cingulate regions of the brain, increases efficiency in the brain's executive attentional network, and increases electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence. A study on the effect of meditation on the executive attentional network found that meditators were faster on all tasks. With aging, the brain cortical thickness (gray matter, which contains neurons) decreases, whereas meditation experience is associated with an increase in gray matter in the brain.<ref>Sharma H. Meditation: Process and effects. AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2021 May 27];36:233-7. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/233/182756</ref>   

 

Meditation is the most powerful therapy for mental health. It is an exercise of consciousness to expand beyond the day-to-day experience of duality. It reduces stress, increases creativity and efficiency of the inner faculty. The process of meditation goes beyond the mind to the deepest level of the inner Self.  It connects with the soul ([[atman]]). Research has confirmed many health benefits associated with the practice of meditation. These include stress reduction, decreased anxiety, decreased depression, reduction in pain (both physical and psychological), improved memory, and increased efficiency. Meditation increases regional cerebral blood flow in the frontal and anterior cingulate regions of the brain, increases efficiency in the brain's executive attentional network, and increases electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence. A study on the effect of meditation on the executive attentional network found that meditators were faster on all tasks. With aging, the brain cortical thickness (gray matter, which contains neurons) decreases, whereas meditation experience is associated with an increase in gray matter in the brain.<ref>Sharma H. Meditation: Process and effects. AYU [serial online] 2015 [cited 2021 May 27];36:233-7. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2015/36/3/233/182756</ref>   

The practices of ‘dhyaana’ and ‘samaadhi’ are referred as two indistinct stages of meditation. Samaadhi means the withdrawal of mind from all its objects and its concentration and union with self.  ‘Dhyaana’ literally means to think, imagine, contemplate, recollect.<ref>Available from online dictionary  http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dhyAna&direction=SE&link=yes&choice=yes accessed on 07/11/2015 </ref>  ‘Samaadhi’ means intense abstract meditation or fixing of mind or attention. It also means putting together or joining of mind and soul. Dhyaana is referred to both the act of inward contemplation in the broadest sense and more technically to the intermediate state between mere attention to an object (dhaarana) and complete absorption in it (samaadhi).<ref>Patanjala Yoga Sutra Dhyana Ashtanga Yoga available from http://www.yogajournal.com/article/beginners/the-eight-limbs/accessed on  07/11/2015</ref> These practices  produce ample psychological benefits like control of thoughts, detachment, happiness and peace of mind, concentration, spontaneity and creativity, help in discovering the purpose of life.  The spiritual benefits include the preservation of the harmony of body, mind and soul. It helps in understanding eternity, own spirituality with own faith. Meditation is the most important technique in the prevention as well as management of psychiatric disorders.  

The practices of ‘dhyaana’ and ‘samaadhi’ are referred as two indistinct stages of meditation. Samaadhi means the withdrawal of mind from all its objects and its concentration and union with self.  ‘Dhyaana’ literally means to think, imagine, contemplate, recollect.<ref>Available from online dictionary  http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dhyAna&direction=SE&link=yes&choice=yes accessed on 07/11/2015 </ref>  ‘Samaadhi’ means intense abstract meditation or fixing of mind or attention. It also means putting together or joining of mind and soul. Dhyaana is referred to both the act of inward contemplation in the broadest sense and more technically to the intermediate state between mere attention to an object (dhaarana) and complete absorption in it (samaadhi).<ref>Patanjala Yoga Sutra Dhyana Ashtanga Yoga available from http://www.yogajournal.com/article/beginners/the-eight-limbs/accessed on  07/11/2015</ref> These practices  produce ample psychological benefits like control of thoughts, detachment, happiness and peace of mind, concentration, spontaneity and creativity, help in discovering the purpose of life.  The spiritual benefits include the preservation of the harmony of body, mind and soul. It helps in understanding eternity, own spirituality with own faith. Meditation is the most important technique in the prevention as well as management of psychiatric disorders.  

=====2. Mantra therapy / music therapy / faith therapy=====

=====2. Mantra therapy / music therapy / faith therapy=====

Mantra [chanting holy hymns] acts through sound vibrations. Sharma H. et. Al, in his research at Ohio state University proved the efficacy of the effects of 'primordial sounds' [Sama Veda] on decreasing the growth of cancer cell lines as compared to rock music.<ref>Hari Sharma, Ellen Kauffman, Ralph Stephens. Effect of Sama Veda and Hard Rock Music on Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro. AYU. 2008,  29[1], 1-8.</ref>  Pratap G. critically analyzed the effect of mantra on positive mental health.<ref>G Pratap, Prakash B Narayana, Suhas Kumar Shetty. Critical Analysis of Mantra Chikitsa. AYU. 2008:  29[2 ], 74-76</ref>  Recently researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center report that the relaxation response – a state of deep rest attained through breathing, meditation, yoga and other practices. This triggers changes in gene expression that affect the body’s immune system, energy metabolism and insulin secretion.<ref>Kuo B, Bhasin M, Jacquart J, Scult MA, Slipp L, et al. (2015) Genomic and Clinical Effects Associated with a Relaxation Response Mind-Body Intervention in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123861</ref>   

Mantra [chanting holy hymns] acts through sound vibrations. Sharma H. et. Al, in his research at Ohio state University proved the efficacy of the effects of 'primordial sounds' [Sama Veda] on decreasing the growth of cancer cell lines as compared to rock music.<ref>Hari Sharma, Ellen Kauffman, Ralph Stephens. Effect of Sama Veda and Hard Rock Music on Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro. AYU. 2008,  29[1], 1-8.</ref>  Pratap G. critically analyzed the effect of mantra on positive mental health.<ref>G Pratap, Prakash B Narayana, Suhas Kumar Shetty. Critical Analysis of Mantra Chikitsa. AYU. 2008:  29[2 ], 74-76</ref>  Recently researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center report that the relaxation response – a state of deep rest attained through breathing, meditation, yoga and other practices. This triggers changes in gene expression that affect the body’s immune system, energy metabolism and insulin secretion.<ref>Kuo B, Bhasin M, Jacquart J, Scult MA, Slipp L, et al. (2015) Genomic and Clinical Effects Associated with a Relaxation Response Mind-Body Intervention in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123861. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123861</ref>   

=====3. Contemplation or prayer=====  

=====3. Contemplation or prayer=====  

Contemplation involves stilling one’s material thoughts, focusing on material questions or issues, and listening to intuitive answers. Prayer can offer an individual to express gratitude, share hopes and fears with higher power. This helps in connecting the individual with its higher consciousness.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref>  

Contemplation involves stilling one’s material thoughts, focusing on material questions or issues, and listening to intuitive answers. Prayer can offer an individual to express gratitude, share hopes and fears with higher power. This helps in connecting the individual with its higher consciousness.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref>  

   

   

The sound vibrations created by self or musical waves unified with those of cosmos vibrations can have subtle effect on the subconscious mind, leading to healing and strengthening its power. Effect of a scientific prayer and other various techniques on subconscious mind and mental health through law of belief and faith is well studied.<ref>Murphy Joseph, The power of your subconscious mind.Bantom Books. New York,2001.</ref>

The sound vibrations created by self or musical waves unified with those of cosmos vibrations can have subtle effect on the subconscious mind, leading to healing and strengthening its power. Effect of a scientific prayer and other various techniques on subconscious mind and mental health through law of belief and faith is well studied.<ref>Murphy Joseph, The power of your subconscious mind.Bantom Books. New York,2001.</ref>

    

    

===== 4. Exercise (vyayama)=====

===== 4. Exercise ([[vyayama]])=====

 

Exercise corrects metabolism, provides physical and mental stability, lightness, strength, endurance and mitigation of [[dosha]] (especially [[kapha]]). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/32]  

Exercise corrects metabolism, provides physical and mental stability, lightness, strength, endurance and mitigation of [[dosha]] (especially [[kapha]]). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/32]  

Lack of exercise (avyayama) oppositely affects the body and mind, increase [[kapha]] [[dosha]], and [[tamas]]. In a study, over 90% of patients with depression were not following any exercise.<ref>Deole YS. 2008 MR Clinico- Experimental study on Effect of Brahmi ghrita on Depressive Illness M.D. research thesis submitted to Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar.

Lack of exercise (avyayama) oppositely affects the body and mind, increase [[kapha]] [[dosha]], and [[tamas]]. In a study, over 90% of patients with depression were not following any exercise.<ref>Deole YS. 2008 MR Clinico- Experimental study on Effect of Brahmi ghrita on Depressive Illness M.D. research thesis submitted to Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar.</ref>Recent research demonstrated that exercise generates new neurons in the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for some aspects of memory. It improves learning and memory tasks.<ref>The Indian express, Ahmedabad, December 10, 2007,pg.12 </ref>  Another study reported that regular physical exercise has a variety of benefits that may help promote physiological and psychological wellbeing in adolescent females with depressive symptoms.<ref>Chanudda Nabkasorn, Nobuyuki Miyai, Anek Sootmongkol, Suwanna Junprasert, Hiroichi Yamamoto, Mikio Arita and Kazuhisa Miyashita,; Effects of physical exercise on depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms The European Journal of Public Health Advance Access originally published online on August 26, 2005 The European Journal of Public Health 2006 16(2):179-184; doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki159 from http://www.oxfordjournals.com accessed on 15/3/2008</ref> Exercise has been shown to convey a variety of long and short-term benefits to the brain and body. Regular physical exercise increases learning capacity sharpens memory and boosts overall cognitive functions. Exercise and physical fitness, particularly aerobic fitness, not only improves short term mental processes, but also decrease the long-term risk of stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of age-related cognitive decline. Science has also associated regular exercise with improved sleep, improved self-esteem, mood and relaxation, improved bone density, decreased risk of cardio vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and certain cancers.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise accessed on 18/03/2011</ref><ref>Jason Menoutis, Ed.D. (2008). "Physical Activity and Health." (Abstract). Nasm Pro. http://www.nasm.org/nasmpro/library/showarticle.aspx?id=14220#one. 18/03/2011</ref>

</ref> Recent research demonstrated that exercise generates new neurons in the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for some aspects of memory. It improves learning and memory tasks.<ref>The Indian express, Ahmedabad, December 10, 2007,pg.12 </ref>  Another study reported that regular physical exercise has a variety of benefits that may help promote physiological and psychological wellbeing in adolescent females with depressive symptoms.<ref>Chanudda Nabkasorn, Nobuyuki Miyai, Anek Sootmongkol, Suwanna Junprasert, Hiroichi Yamamoto, Mikio Arita and Kazuhisa Miyashita,; Effects of physical exercise on depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms The European Journal of Public Health Advance Access originally published online on August 26, 2005 The European Journal of Public Health 2006 16(2):179-184; doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki159 from http://www.oxfordjournals.com accessed on 15/3/2008</ref> Exercise has been shown to convey a variety of long and short-term benefits to the brain and body. Regular physical exercise increases learning capacity sharpens memory and boosts overall cognitive functions. Exercise and physical fitness, particularly aerobic fitness, not only improves short term mental processes, but also decrease the long-term risk of stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of age-related cognitive decline. Science has also associated regular exercise with improved sleep, improved self-esteem, mood and relaxation, improved bone density, decreased risk of cardio vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and certain cancers.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise accessed on 18/03/2011</ref><ref>Jason Menoutis, Ed.D. (2008). "Physical Activity and Health." (Abstract). Nasm Pro. http://www.nasm.org/nasmpro/library/showarticle.aspx?id=14220#one. 18/03/2011</ref>

Sengupta P. reviewed the health impacts of yoga and pranayama. Regular physical exercise, pranayama [breathing exercises] showed good results on improving higher intellectual functions and delays brain ageing.<ref>Sengupta P. Health impacts of Yoga and Pranayama-A state of the art review. Int J Prev Med.2012.Jul;3(7):444-458</ref> A study showed two weeks of Yoga practice potentially reduced anxiety and depression and improved self-esteem of orphanage adolescents and young adults.<ref>Tejvani R, Metri KG, Agrawal J, Nagendra H R. Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage residents: A pilot study. AYU [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 May 27];37:22-5. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2016/37/1/22/210947</ref>

Sengupta P. reviewed the health impacts of yoga and pranayama. Regular physical exercise, pranayama [breathing exercises] showed good results on improving higher intellectual functions and delays brain ageing.<ref>Sengupta P. Health impacts of Yoga and Pranayama-A state of the art review. Int J Prev Med.2012.Jul;3(7):444-458</ref> A study showed two weeks of Yoga practice potentially reduced anxiety and depression and improved self-esteem of orphanage adolescents and young adults.<ref>Tejvani R, Metri KG, Agrawal J, Nagendra H R. Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage residents: A pilot study. AYU [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 May 27];37:22-5. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2016/37/1/22/210947</ref>

=====5. Sleep (nidra)=====

=====5. Sleep ([[nidra]])=====

 

Sleep is essential for good health and considered as one of the three pillars of life. Sleep depends upon the natural retirement of mind and sense organs owing to fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/35] Sleep is necessary for the proper functions of nervous system. Activity in parts of the brain that controls emotions, decision making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep. This suggests that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimum emotional and social functioning while they are awake. Optimizing one’s sleep has a major impact on one’s resilience, that in turn affects one’s equanimity and coherence.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref>  

Sleep is essential for good health and considered as one of the three pillars of life. Sleep depends upon the natural retirement of mind and sense organs owing to fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/35] Sleep is necessary for the proper functions of nervous system. Activity in parts of the brain that controls emotions, decision making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep. This suggests that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimum emotional and social functioning while they are awake. Optimizing one’s sleep has a major impact on one’s resilience, that in turn affects one’s equanimity and coherence.<ref>Wiebers D. Theory of reality: Evidence for Existence Beyond the Brain and Tools for Your Journey. Seattle, WA: Threshold  World Press; 2012.</ref>  

   

   

=====6. Control over impulses=====

=====6. Control over impulses=====

The person willing for eternal well-being should control the impulses of motor, mental, and vocal activities speech. Greed, grief, fear, anger, egoism, shamelessness (impudence), jealousy, excess affliction (in anything) and desire to get other’s wealth are mental activities.

The person willing for eternal well-being should control the impulses of motor, mental, and vocal activities speech. Greed, grief, fear, anger, egoism, shamelessness (impudence), jealousy, excess affliction (in anything) and desire to get other’s wealth are mental activities.

   

   

Physical actions intended to trouble others, stealing, violence (persecution) etc. shall be restrained.  This control makes a person virtuous and free from all evil deeds, and happy to enjoy life. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/27-30]  

Physical actions intended to trouble others, stealing, violence (persecution) etc. shall be restrained.  This control makes a person virtuous and free from all evil deeds, and happy to enjoy life. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/27-30]  

=====7. Rejuvenation behavior therapy [aachara rasayana]=====  

=====7. Rejuvenation behavior therapy [aachara [[rasayana]]]=====  

 

Ayurveda summarizes good code of conduct and behavior for rejuvenation of physical as well as mental health. This included following practices:  

Ayurveda summarizes good code of conduct and behavior for rejuvenation of physical as well as mental health. This included following practices:  

*Abhinav Manas Roga Vijnana by Dr. Rajendra Prakash Bhatnagar published by Soorya prakash Sansthan, Udaipur (Rajasthan)

*Abhinav Manas Roga Vijnana by Dr. Rajendra Prakash Bhatnagar published by Soorya prakash Sansthan, Udaipur (Rajasthan)

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