Changes

It is believed that the physicians that are well versed with the art of physical examination are more likely to make correct diagnosis. Thus, the direct observation made by the examining physician plays key role in diagnosis and treatment. With the advent of advancement in the field of diagnostic technologies, patient management has been revolutionised. The invention of various radiological and imaging techniques like X-ray, MRI, CT Scan, Angiography, USG and Doppler, endoscopy, laparoscopy techniques has changed the face of modern medicine. These all help to assess and witness the internal human pathology that otherwise can escape the physical examination. These are the examples of extended application of pratyakshapramana as they help to visualize the body mechanism. The development pertaining to interactive learning and teaching techniques is also an application of pratyakshapramana. The practical or hands on sessions in different workshops are examples of the same.  

It is believed that the physicians that are well versed with the art of physical examination are more likely to make correct diagnosis. Thus, the direct observation made by the examining physician plays key role in diagnosis and treatment. With the advent of advancement in the field of diagnostic technologies, patient management has been revolutionised. The invention of various radiological and imaging techniques like X-ray, MRI, CT Scan, Angiography, USG and Doppler, endoscopy, laparoscopy techniques has changed the face of modern medicine. These all help to assess and witness the internal human pathology that otherwise can escape the physical examination. These are the examples of extended application of pratyakshapramana as they help to visualize the body mechanism. The development pertaining to interactive learning and teaching techniques is also an application of pratyakshapramana. The practical or hands on sessions in different workshops are examples of the same.  

==Limitations of pratyakshapramana==

==Limitations of pratyaksha pramana==

The scope of direct observation is very limited for an individual, as there are infinite and unknown phenomena that cannot be assessed by pratyaksha alone.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] There are hindrances to acquirement of knowledge through the medium of pratyaksha as mentioned earlier. Thus, many times it is necessary to combine the knowledge from all sources like authoritative statements (aaptopadesha), analogy (upamana), inference (anumana), logical reasoning (yukti) to acquire correct knowledge regarding any phenomena. One who might have practical experience regarding different treatment procedures and surgical interventions, but lacks theoretical and fundamental knowledge cannot succeed in endeavours and does not gain validation from peers and authority. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Susruta/> Thus, the knowledge of pratyaksha should be combined with the theoretical study to obtain precision and proficiency in treatment.

The scope of direct observation is very limited for an individual, as there are infinite and unknown phenomena that cannot be assessed by pratyaksha alone.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] There are hindrances to acquirement of knowledge through the medium of pratyaksha as mentioned earlier. Thus, many times it is necessary to combine the knowledge from all sources like authoritative statements (aaptopadesha), analogy (upamana), inference (anumana), logical reasoning (yukti) to acquire correct knowledge regarding any phenomena. One who might have practical experience regarding different treatment procedures and surgical interventions, but lacks theoretical and fundamental knowledge cannot succeed in endeavors and does not gain validation from peers and authority. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 3/49]<ref name=Susruta/> Thus, the knowledge of pratyaksha should be combined with the theoretical study to obtain precision and proficiency in treatment.

==Related chapters==

==Related chapters==