Changes

*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.  

*The action of animal poison is manly in lower gastrointestinal tract, while the action of plant poison is mainly in upper gastrointestinal tract. The clinical features are well differentiated in both cases. Therefore, the animal poison is used in treatment of poisoning by vegetable-poison and vice versa.  

*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.   

*The effect of ''visha'' in humans can be assessed clinically in eight stages. The severity increases as per stage, finally leading to death.   

*The poisonous effect depends upon site of ''dosha, prakriti'' of patient and nature of poison.  

*The poisonous effect depends upon site of [[dosha]], [[Prakriti]] of patient and nature of poison.  

*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), k''itibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.

*''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), kitibha (psoriasis) and kotha (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts all ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.

*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.

*Due to power of poison, vitiated blood transudes to obstruct srotas (channels) leading to death of the patient. If the poison is taken orally, it stays in heart ( generalized affect) and if the poison is transmitted by bite or from poisoned arrow (local affect), it gets lodged in the place of bite.

*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and  suction are first measures.  

*Immediate treatment should be done to prevent spread of poison in the body through circulation. Application of tourniquet at the site of bite and  suction are first measures.  

*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.  

*The treatment shall be administered after assessment of stage of poisoning and condition of the patient.  

*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).

*The treatment of ''visha'' includes twenty four modalities that are categorized under emergency treatments and conservative treatments. viz. Recitation of mantras; ''Arishta'' (tying an amulet impregnated with ''mantra'' or tying a bandage above the place of bite); ''Utkartana'' (excision of the part afflicted with the poisonous bite); ''Nishpidana'' (squeezing out blood from the place of the bite); ''Chushana'' (sucking out the poison from the place of the bite); ''Agni'' (cauterization); ''Parisheka'' (affusion); ''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water); ''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting); ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis); ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation); ''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp); ''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart); ''Anjana'' (application of collyrium); ''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.); ''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy); ''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking); ''Aushadha'' (administration of anti-toxic drugs or wearing as an amulet); ''Prashamana'' (sedatives); ''Pratisarana'' (application of alkalies); ''Prativisha'' (administration of poisons as medicines to counteract the original poison); ''Sanjna-samsthapana'' (administration of medicines for the restoration of consciousness); ''Lepa'' (application of medicines in the form of a paste or ointment); and ''Mrita-sanjivana'' (measures for the revival of life of an apparently dead person).

*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first ''dosha'', where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.  

*''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of mantras. At first [[dosha]], where ''visha'' is lodged should be treated.  

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.  

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa) mixed with curd.  

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).  

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana then the patient should be administered with ghee (clarified butter), honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).  

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana'' (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).  

*If, ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana (chest region) then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada'' (..), ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).  

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).

*If, ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' (..) then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (5 types of elimination therapies).

*Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like  bed, seats, cloths.  

*Fumigation with herbs is useful in cleaning the atmosphere in home, things of daily use like  bed, seats, cloths.  

*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient.

*If the poison has reached the stomach, then first principle is to administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient.

*Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.

*Effect of poison gets aggravated in person who is afraid, drunken, weak and afflicted with heat, hunger and thirst and also if the body constitution and time are similar. Otherwise it has mild effect.

*Assessment of ''dosha'' dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per ''dosha'' dominance.  

*Assessment of [[dosha]] dominance shall be done first for diagnosis. Then the poisoning cases shall be treated as per ''dosha'' dominance.  

*The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.

*The case of ''vatika'' poisoning, person should be treated with local application of ''khanda'', oil massage, fomentation with tubular method or ''pulaka'' (flesh) and bulk promoting regimens.

*''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.

*''Paittika'' poisoning should be treated with very cold sprinkling and anointments.

*''Kaphaja'' poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.

*[[Kapha]]ja poisoning should be overcome with scraping, excision, fomentation and vomiting.

*In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).

*In poisoning with systemic symptoms, mostly the cold measures are adopted except in cases of ''vrishchika'' (scorpion) and ''ucchitinga'' (crab).