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Now we shall expound the chapter "Visha chikitsa"(Management of different types of poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.   

Now we shall expound the chapter "Visha chikitsa"(Management of different types of poisoning). Thus said Lord Atreya.   

Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), ''guna'' (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]

Agnivesha, hear me carefully. Next I will explain about ''visha'' with the following aspects. ''Utpatti'' (origin), [[guna]] (properties), ''yoni'' (source), ''vegas'' (stages), ''lakshana'' (signs and symptoms) and ''chikitsa'' (therapeutic measures).[1-3]

=== History of origin of ''visha'' ===

=== History of origin of ''visha'' ===

In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:

In human beings, the effects of poisons are manifested in eight different stages as follows:

*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of ''rasa'', the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;

*In the first stage, because of the vitiation of [[rasa dhatu]], the patient suffers from morbid thirst, unconsciousness, tingling sensation in teeth, salivation, vomiting and mental fatigue;

*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of ''rakta'' the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.

*In the second stage, because of the vitiation of [[rakta dhatu]] the patient suffers from discoloration of the skin, giddiness, trembling; fainting, yawning, tingling sensation in the limbs and dyspnea.

*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of ''mamsa'', the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;

*In the third stage, because of the vitiation of [[mamsa dhatu]], the patient suffers from ''mandala'' (skin rash), pruritus, edema and urticaria;

*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of ''vayu'', etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;

*In the fourth stage, because of the vitiation of [[vayu]], etc., the patient suffers from vomiting, burning sensation, pain in the limbs, fainting, etc.;

*In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;

*In the fifth stage, the patient suffers from blue-vision, or dark- vision, etc.;

*In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;

*In the sixth stage, the patient suffers from hiccup.;

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''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of ''dhatus'')'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.

''Laghu'' (lightness for digestion), ''ruksha'' (dryness), ''ashu'' (rapid), ''vishada'' (non sliminess), ''vyavayi'' (which pervades whole body before getting digested), ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''vikashi'' (causing looseness of joints by diminution of [[dhatu]])'', sukshma'' (subtleness), ''ushna'' (hot), and ''anirdeshya rasa'' (indistinct taste)- these are the ten properties of poison according to the expert ''vaidyas''.

Because of dryness property, ''vayu'' gets aggravated; due to hot property, ''pitta'' gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of ''rakta''; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), ''kapha'' is vitiated;  due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; ''vyavayi guna'' spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. ''Tikshna guna'' (sharply acting) property causes injury to ''marmas, vikashi guna'' results in death of the patient. Due to ''laghu guna'' it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of ''vaishadya guna'', it pervades all over the body with ''doshas'' without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of ''doshas'' and ''prakriti'' of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]

Because of dryness property, [[vayu]] gets aggravated; due to hot property, [[pitta]] gets vitiated; subtleness leads to vitiation of [[rakta]]; Due to ''avyakta rasa'' (indistinct taste), [[kapha]] is vitiated;  due to rapidly acting, it quickly permeates through the nutrient fluid; vyavayi [[guna]] spreads it throughout the body instantaneously. Tikshna [[guna]] (sharply acting) property causes injury to marmas, vikashi [[guna]] results in death of the patient. Due to laghu [[guna]] it becomes difficult to manage therapeutically; because of vaishadya [[guna]], it pervades all over the body with [[dosha]] without any obstruction in circulation. Depending upon the location of [[dosha]] and [[prakriti]] of patient, ''visha'' produces several other complications. [24-27]

=== Clinical features as per site of ''dosha'' ===

=== Clinical features as per site of [[dosha]] ===

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If ''visha'' is situated at ''vata sthana'' in a person having ''vatika prakriti'', then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.

If ''visha'' is situated at [[vata]] sthana in a person having vatika [[prakriti]], then he suffers from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''moha'' (loss of consciousness), ''arati'' (dislikness for everything), ''moorchha'' (fainting), ''galagraha'' (obstruction in the throat), ''phena chhardi'' (vomitus containing froth). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''pitta''.

   

   

If the poison gets lodged in ''pitta sthana'' in a person having ''paittiika prakriti'' he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''kapha'' and ''vayu''.

If the poison gets lodged in [[pitta]] sthana in a person having paittiika [[prakriti]] he will suffer from ''trit'' (excessive thirst), ''kasa'' (cough), ''jwara'' (fever), ''vamadhu'' (vomiting sensation), ''klama'' (mental fatigue), ''daha'' (burning sensation), ''tama'' (appearance of darkness), ''atisara'' (diarrhea). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[kapha]] and [[vayu]].

If the poison gets lodged in ''kapha sthana'' in a person having ''kapha prakriri'' then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of ''vayu'' and ''pitta''.[28-30]

If the poison gets lodged in [[kapha]] sthana in a person having [[kapha]] prakriri then he will be suffering from ''shwasa'' (dyspnea), ''galagraha'' (obstruction of throat), ''kandu'' (itching), ''laala vamana'' (excessive salivation). There will be less manifestation of signs and symptoms of [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].[28-30]

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''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the ''doshas'' and causes death of the patient.[31]

''Dushi-visha'' (a type of artificial poison) vitiates blood and produces symptoms like ''aru'' (eczema in the head), ''kitibha'' (psoriasis) and ''kotha'' (urticaria). This type of poison afflicts each one of the [[dosha]] and causes death of the patient.[31]

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#''Parisheka'' (affusion);

#''Parisheka'' (affusion);

#''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);

#''Avagaha'' (bath with medicated water);

#''Rakta-Mokshana'' (blood-letting);

#[[Raktamokshana]] (blood-letting);

#''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis);

#[[Vamana]] (therapeutic emesis);

#''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation);

#[[Virechana]] (therapeutic purgation);

#''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);

#''Upadhana'' (application of medicine after making an incision over the scalp);

#''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);

#''Hridayavaram'' (giving medicines-to protect the heart);

#''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);

#''Anjana'' (application of collyrium);

#''Nasya'' (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);

#[[Nasya]] (inhalation of medicated oil, etc.);

#''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);

#''Dhuma'' (smoking therapy);

#''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);

#''Leha'' (drugs in the form of linctus given for licking);

Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).

Thereafter bloodletting should be done with ''prachhana'' (scratching with the help of rough instruments), ''shringa'' (horn), ''jalauka'' (leech), or ''siravyadhana'' (venesection).

The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other ''dhatus'' there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.

The blood vitiated by ''visha'' can cause vitiation of other [[dhatu]] there by resulting in death. Therefore blood does not come out of site of bite, then ''pragharshana'' (rubbing therapy) should be employed to cause the blood to flow out.

''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of ''vata'' (Ficus bengalensis), etc.

''Pragharshana'' done with the help of powdered ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum), ''grihadhooma, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''panchalavana'' (five varieties of salts) and ''varthaka''. Excessive bleeding can be treated with ''sheetalepa'' with the paste of [[vata]] (Ficus bengalensis), etc.

''Rakta dhatu'' is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]

[[Rakta dhatu]] is abode of ''visha'' (circulates ''visha'' all over the body) just like wind spreads the fire. With the help of ''pradeha'' (external application) and ''seka'' which are cooling in effect, blood gets coagulated thereby arresting the spread of poison. Due to the ''vega avastha'' of ''visha'' (different stages), patient suffers from ''mada'' (intoxication), ''murchha'' (fainting), ''vishada'' (depression), ''hridaya drava'' (palpitation) etc. Application of cooling therapies alleviates such complication. The patient should sufficiently ventilated till the occurrence of horripilation.[39-43]

=== Benefits of first aid treatments ===

=== Benefits of first aid treatments ===

''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.

''Agnikarma'' (cauterization) causes burning of poison located in skin and flesh. ''Sravana'' (drugs used to cause exudation of liquid) helps in flowing out of poison from the blood.

''Vamana'' (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning ''virechana'' (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]

[[Vamana]] (emesis) helps in eliminating poison which has been taken orally. The second stage of poisoning [[virechana]] (purgation) places a definite role in eliminating the ''visha'' from the body. [45]

=== Treatment of second stage ===

=== Treatment of second stage ===

During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.

During the 4th stage, patient should be administered with juice of cow dung along with ''kapita rasa'', honey and ghee.

During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and ''nasya'' with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).

During the 5th stage, patient administered with ''aschothana, anjana'' and [[nasya]] with the juice of ''kakanda'' (Diospyros Montana or Strychnos nuxvomica) and ''shireesha'' (Albizzia procera).

During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).  

During the 6th stage, patient should be administered with ''samjnasthapana'' drugs (drugs for regaining the consciousness). For that patient should be given to drink ''gopitta'' (cows bile) mixed with ''rajani'' (Curcuma longa), ''manjishta'' (Rubia cordifolia), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''pippali'' (Piper longum).  

If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]

If inhaled, applied externally as an ointment, carried in the body as an amulet, smoked or kept in the house, it annihilates the afflictions by evil spirits, poisons, germs, ''alaksmi'' (inauspiciousness), ''karmana'' (black magic), ''mantra'' (incantations recited to inflict injury to others), fire, thunder-bolt and enemies. It counteracts the evil effects of bad dreams and ''stri-dosha'' (poisons secretly given by women). It prevents untimely death, fear of water and fear of thieves. It endows a person with wealth, food-grains and success in undertakings. It promotes auspiciousness, nourishment and longevity. This excellent recipe is called ''mrtasanjivana'' (recipe that helps in the revival of a dead person). Lord Brahma propounded this recipe prior to the discovery of ''amrita''(ambrosia).[54-60]

=== Principle of treatment as per site of ''dosha'' ===

=== Principle of treatment as per site of [[dosha]] ===

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''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.  

''Dhamani bandha'' (application of tourniquet), ''avamarjana'' (eliminating the poison), and ''atmaraksha'' (protecting ourselves from the attack of evil spirits) should be done with the help of ''mantras''.  

The predominant site of ''dosha'' in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.  

The predominant site of [[dosha]] in whose place where ''visha'' lodged should be treated first.  

If the ''visha'' is located in ''vata sthana'' (site of ''vata''),then the patient should be administered with ''swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa)  mixed with curd.  

If the ''visha'' is located in [[vata]] sthana (site of [[vata]]),then the patient should be administered with [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and should be given to drink the paste of ''nata'' (Valeriana wallichii) and ''kushta'' (Saussurea lappa)  mixed with curd.  

If the ''visha'' is located in ''pitta sthana'' (site of ''pitta''),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).  

If the ''visha'' is located in [[pitta]] sthana (site of [[pitta]]),then the patient should be administered with ghee, honey, milk and water to drink. He should also be given ''avagaha'' and ''parisheka'' (types of fomentation therapies).  

If the ''visha'' is located in ''kapha sthana''(site of ''kapha''), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, swedana'' (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).  

If the ''visha'' is located in [[kapha]] sthana(site of [[kapha]]), then the patient should be administered with ''ksharagada, [[swedana]] (fomentation therapy) and ''siravydhana'' (bloodletting).  

If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of ''rakta''), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).

If the ''visha'' is located in ''rakta sthana'' (site of [[rakta dhatu]]), or if the patient is afflicted with ''dooshivisha'' then the patient should be administered with ''siravyadhana'' (bloodletting) and [[Panchakarma]] (five types of elimination therapies).

=== Treatment of obstruction by ''kapha'' and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ===

=== Treatment of obstruction by [[kapha]] and ''kakapada'' (incision in the shape of paw of crow) ===

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When the channel of circulation of ''kapha'' gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of ''vayu'' gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).

When the channel of circulation of [[kapha]] gets vitiated by poison, then this causes obstruction in the channel because of which the movement of [[vayu]] gets obstructed. As a result of this, the patient breaths as if he is going to die very soon. If he is free from signs and symptoms of incurability, then incisions should be made on his scalp resembling the paw of the crow (''kakapada''), and one bilva (nearly 40 grams) of the paste of ''charmakasha'' (''saptala'' – Acacia concinna) should be applied over it. He may also be given ''pradhamana'' (a type of inhalation therapy in which the recipe in powder form is blown into the nostrils) with ''katabhi'' (Albizzia procera), ''katu'' (''shunti'' – Zingiber officinale, ''pippali'' – Piper longum and ''maricha'' – Piper nigrum) and ''katphala'' (Luffa cylindrica).

Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]

Over the ''kakapada'' (incisions in the scalp), the meat of goat, cow, buffalo or cock should be applied which will absorb the poison from the body.[65-67]

=== ''Nasya'' and ''anjana'' administration ===

=== [[Nasya]] and ''anjana'' administration ===

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If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given ''nasya'' (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.

If there is obstruction to the nose, eyes (vision), ears, tongue and throat, then the patient should be given [[nasya]] (inhalation therapy) with the help of the paste of ''vartaku'' (Solanum melongena), ''bijapura'' (Citrus medica), ''jyotishmati'' (Celastrus paniculatus), etc.

If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]

If there is obstruction to the eyes (vision), then the collyrium prepared of ''devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shunthi'' (Zingiber officinale), ''pippali'' (Piper longum) and ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''karavira'' (Nerium indicum), ''karanja'' (Pongamia pinnata), ''nimba'' (Azadirechta indica) and ''surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum) by triturating with goat’s urine should be applied over the eyes.[68-69]

A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.

A poisoned garland loses its aroma and gets withered soon. It causes headache and horripilation. The poisoned fume causes stiffness in the channels of circulation and impairment of the functioning of the nose and eyes.

If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the ''doshas'' and the strength of the patient. [117-123]

If the water of wells and ponds are poisoned, then the water becomes foul-smelling, dirty and discolored. Intake of this poisoned water causes edema, urticaria and pimples, and even death. If the poison has reached the stomach, then the physician in the beginning should administer emetic therapy. If the poisonous material is located in the skin, then ointments and fomentation therapy etc. should be administered. These therapeutic measures should be administered, keeping in view the nature of the [[dosha]] and the strength of the patient. [117-123]

=== Description of snakes and poisoning ===

=== Description of snakes and poisoning ===

Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]

Let us now discuss on the various aspects of animal poisoning. At first, let us discuss on the various aspects of snakes and the special treatment of ailments caused by the snake-bite. [123]

=== Types of snakes and their effect on ''dosha'' ===

=== Types of snakes and their effect on [[dosha]] ===

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Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of ''vayu, pitta'' and ''kapha'' respectively.[124]

Snakes are classified into three categories- ''darvikara, mandali'' and ''rajiman'' and they cause aggravation of [[vayu]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] respectively.[124]

=== Identification of snakes ===

=== Identification of snakes ===

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The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of ''vata''.[127]

The bite by the ''darvikara sarpa'' is characterized by minute fang marks, is black, there is absence of bleeding, swelling having the shape of back of a tortoise and it produces several disorders due to aggravation of [[vata]].[127]

=== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ===

=== Characteristics of ''mandali'' snake bite ===

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The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of ''pitta''.[128]

The fang marks due to the bite by ''mandali sarpa'' is deep, the wound is spread over a large surface area, associated with edema. There is yellowish discoloration at the site of bite and the exudates at the bite site are yellowish and bloody. They cause several other disorders due to aggravation of [[pitta]].[128]

=== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===

=== Characteristics of ''rajimana'' snake bite ===

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The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of ''kapha'' are produced. [129]

The bite by the ''rajimana sarpa'' is characterized by a soft and stable edema.The bite site is unctuous and pale. The bloody exudates coming from the bite site is thick and several disorders due to aggravation of [[kapha]] are produced. [129]

=== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ===

=== Gender wise characteristics of snakes ===