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|title=Prajnaparadha
|title=Prajnaparadha
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Pragyaparadha in ayurveda, Pragyaparadha dosha meaning, Pragyaparadha
|keywords=Pragyaparadha in ayurveda, Pragyaparadha dosha meaning, Pragyaparadha,intellectual error,Charak Samhita, Indian System of medicine, Ayurveda
|description='Pragya' means intellect and 'aparadha' means error or defect or crime
|description='Pragya' means intellect and 'aparadha' means error or defect or crime
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Prajnaparadha is one of the three crucial fundamental causes of diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]. It means an intellectual error or defective judgment. The intellect (buddhi) is the commanding factor over all habits. It differentiates between good and bad, suitable and unsuitable things for the individual, and is a major cause of distress. The errors in taking diet, opting for wrong lifestyle, which is not suitable for one’s constitution and health are mainly caused by intellectual error or defective judgements.
Prajnaparadha is one of the three crucial fundamental causes of diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]. It means an intellectual error or defective judgment. The intellect (buddhi) is the commanding factor over all habits. It differentiates between good and bad, suitable and unsuitable things for the individual, and is a major cause of distress. The errors in taking diet, opting for wrong lifestyle, which is not suitable for one’s constitution and health are mainly caused by intellectual error or defective judgements.
This leads to indulgence in a variety of causative factors resulting in occurrence as well as recurrence of the disease.
This leads to indulgence in a variety of causative factors resulting in occurrence as well as recurrence of the disease.
{{Infobox
|title = Contributors
|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic
|data1 = [[Health]] / [[Prajnaparadha]]
|label2 = Authors
|data2 = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
|label3 = Reviewer and Editor
|data3 = Basisht G.
|label4 = Affiliations
|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar
|label5 = Correspondence email
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Date of first publication:
|data6 = March 27, 2021
|label7 = DOI
|data7 =
}}
</div>
==Literal meaning==
==Literal meaning==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In Sanskrit, ‘prajnaparadha ’ is formed by the combination of two words, ‘prajna’ (intellect) and ‘aparadha’ (offense/fault/error). The Sanskrit word prajna is derived from the word root “jna” by adding the prefix-“pra” which denotes superior knowledge or intelligence. It means judgment, distinguishing capacity, discrimination etc.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
In Sanskrit, ‘prajnaparadha ’ is formed by the combination of two words, ‘prajna’ (intellect) and ‘aparadha’ (offense/fault/error). The Sanskrit word prajna is derived from the word root “jna” by adding the prefix-“pra” which denotes superior knowledge or intelligence. It means judgment, distinguishing capacity, discrimination etc.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
Thus, the term 'prajnaparadha ' means intellectual error. (SAT-J.49) This leads to indulgence in harmful activities and diseases. (SAT-C.76)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
Thus, the term 'prajnaparadha ' means intellectual error. (SAT-J.49) This leads to indulgence in harmful activities and diseases. (SAT-C.76)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
</div>
==Definition and importance==
==Definition and importance==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*Wrong deeds done on account of the impairment of intellect, wisdom, and memory, leading to the aggravation of all [[dosha]] is collectively known as ‘intellectual error (prajnaparadha )’. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/102]
*Wrong deeds done on account of the impairment of intellect, wisdom, and memory, leading to the aggravation of all [[dosha]] is collectively known as ‘intellectual error (prajnaparadha )’. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/102]
*Any kind of the wrong action (karma) executed by body, mind or speech comes under the category of an intellectual error.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/41]
*Any kind of the wrong action (karma) executed by body, mind or speech comes under the category of an intellectual error.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/41]
</div>
=== Fundamental cause of disease ===
=== Fundamental cause of disease ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
It is considered as one of the three major causative factors for any kind of disease. The other two causes are the unwholesome union of the sense organs with their objects (asatmya indriyaartha samyoga), and seasonal effects (parinama).[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/5], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7], [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/3]
It is considered as one of the three major causative factors for any kind of disease. The other two causes are the unwholesome union of the sense organs with their objects (asatmya indriyaartha samyoga), and seasonal effects (parinama).[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/5], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/7], [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/3]
The root cause of all kinds of epidemics is mentioned as “unrighteousness” (adharma) which is born out of intellectual error. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana ]] 3/20]
The root cause of all kinds of epidemics is mentioned as “unrighteousness” (adharma) which is born out of intellectual error. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana ]] 3/20]
</div>
==Sub-domains of intellectual defect==
==Sub-domains of intellectual defect==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The three domains involved in normal functioning of intellect are dhi (intelligence), dhriti (restraint) and smriti (memory).Any error in these three faculties can lead to intellectual defect or error. The error is termed as ‘vibhramsha’ or a specific defect.
The three domains involved in normal functioning of intellect are dhi (intelligence), dhriti (restraint) and smriti (memory).Any error in these three faculties can lead to intellectual defect or error. The error is termed as ‘vibhramsha’ or a specific defect.
Cognitive errors may occur with different frequencies across social and achievement domains, particularly depending on the content of an individual’s core beliefs.<ref>Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.</ref>
Cognitive errors may occur with different frequencies across social and achievement domains, particularly depending on the content of an individual’s core beliefs.<ref>Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.</ref>
</div>
=== Three types of indulgence===
=== Three types of indulgence===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
There are three types of indulgence in all activities due to intellectual defect.
There are three types of indulgence in all activities due to intellectual defect.
c) Improper functioning (mithyayoga): Any activity that is done in a way other than the wholesome/ recommended manner.
c) Improper functioning (mithyayoga): Any activity that is done in a way other than the wholesome/ recommended manner.
</div>
===Three types of actions===
===Three types of actions===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The three types of activities are assessed for intellectual defect as follows:
The three types of activities are assessed for intellectual defect as follows:
c) Mental (manasika): related to thoughts
c) Mental (manasika): related to thoughts
</div>
==Importance in diagnosis ==
==Importance in diagnosis ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Intellectual error (prajnaparadha) is mentioned as the main causative factor for psychosis (unmada).[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 7/10]
Intellectual error (prajnaparadha) is mentioned as the main causative factor for psychosis (unmada).[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 7/10]
Among the three treatment modalities, psychotherapy (sattwavajaya) is mentioned as the withdrawal of the mind from harmful objects. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54].
Among the three treatment modalities, psychotherapy (sattwavajaya) is mentioned as the withdrawal of the mind from harmful objects. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54].
</div>
==Importance in the preservation of health and prevention==
==Importance in the preservation of health and prevention==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
All the mental disorders and emotions like jealousy, grief, fear, anger, egoism, hatred, etc. are born out of error in intellect. So, avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, improving the memory power, maintain the specific orientation of place, time, and one’s own self, and following the regimen of good conduct are guidelines to prevent exogenous as well as psychological disorders. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/ 53]
All the mental disorders and emotions like jealousy, grief, fear, anger, egoism, hatred, etc. are born out of error in intellect. So, avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, improving the memory power, maintain the specific orientation of place, time, and one’s own self, and following the regimen of good conduct are guidelines to prevent exogenous as well as psychological disorders. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/ 53]
The practice of Yoga and meditation is helpful for maintaining the different domains of intellect in their proper functioning.
The practice of Yoga and meditation is helpful for maintaining the different domains of intellect in their proper functioning.
</div>
==Current researches==
==Current researches==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*In an observational study on 108 patients, it was found that the variety of external, occupational, social and familial factors play significant role in the pathology of premature ageing by disturbing the overall psychological status. The factors are influenced by intellectual errors (prajnaparadha). The link of mind-body relation with reference to contemporary concept of psycho-neuro endocrinology is established. <ref>Deole YS, Thakar AB, Chandola H, Ravishankar B. Observational study on external social and lifestyle related factors and their role in pathogenesis of premature ageing and stress. AYU [serial online] 2012 [cited 2021 Mar 24];33:378-86. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2012/33/3/378/108828</ref>
*In an observational study on 108 patients, it was found that the variety of external, occupational, social and familial factors play significant role in the pathology of premature ageing by disturbing the overall psychological status. The factors are influenced by intellectual errors (prajnaparadha). The link of mind-body relation with reference to contemporary concept of psycho-neuro endocrinology is established. <ref>Deole YS, Thakar AB, Chandola H, Ravishankar B. Observational study on external social and lifestyle related factors and their role in pathogenesis of premature ageing and stress. AYU [serial online] 2012 [cited 2021 Mar 24];33:378-86. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2012/33/3/378/108828</ref>
*A randomised clinical trial conducted in 30 patients of major depression showed additional improvement in cognitive functions in patients who practiced yoga and meditation in combination with conventional antidepressant medication. Additional improvement was observed in manipulation of information in the verbal working memory, attention span as well as visuo-motor speed of the depressives.<ref>Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Oct-Dec;50(4):375-83. PMID: 17402267.</ref>
*A randomised clinical trial conducted in 30 patients of major depression showed additional improvement in cognitive functions in patients who practiced yoga and meditation in combination with conventional antidepressant medication. Additional improvement was observed in manipulation of information in the verbal working memory, attention span as well as visuo-motor speed of the depressives.<ref>Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Oct-Dec;50(4):375-83. PMID: 17402267.</ref>
</div>
==Related Chapters==
==Related Chapters==
[[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]]
[[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]]