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==Etymology and derivation==

==Etymology and derivation==

The word ‘garbha’ is derived from Sanskrit root “gru” by adding the suffix “bhan”.It means a fetus or embryo,a child,the belly,a hole, and hollow.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application.</ref>  

The word ‘garbha’ is derived from Sanskrit root “gru” by adding the suffix “bhan”.It means a fetus or embryo,a child,the belly,a hole, and hollow.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application.</ref>  

It is synonymous to womb. Its root is also traced in ‘grabha’, which means to conceive, having in the interior, containing, filled with, inner apartment, sleeping room, interior chamber, adytum, sanctuary of a temple, and the inside, middle, or interior of anything.<ref>Available from https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/garbha cited on 21/12/2020 </ref>

It is synonymous to womb. Its root is also traced in ‘grabha’, which means to conceive, having in the interior, containing, filled with, inner apartment, sleeping room, interior chamber, adytum, sanctuary of a temple, and the inside, middle, or interior of anything.<ref>Available from https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/garbha cited on 21/12/2020 </ref>

==Definition==

==Definition==

 

Garbha (embryo) is formed by union of sperm (shukra), ovum (shonita) and soul/conscious (jeeva or atma) in the womb (kukshi).[SAT-B.376]<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/5]  

Garbha (embryo) is formed by union of sperm (shukra), ovum (shonita) and soul/conscious (jeeva or atma) in the womb (kukshi).[SAT-B.376]<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/5]  

These four factors determine and influence health of progeny. These four factors are essential for natural pregnancy. In case of female infertility, following methods are developed.  

These four factors determine and influence health of progeny. These four factors are essential for natural pregnancy. In case of female infertility, following methods are developed.  

 

===Contemporary methods of conception ===

===Contemporary methods of conception ===

 

With the advances in medical field, scientists have developed various techniques for artificial conception without sexual intercourse. It includes methods of artificial insemination like  Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and fallopian tube sperm perfusion.<ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:203</ref>

With the advances in medical field, scientists have developed various techniques for artificial conception without sexual intercourse. It includes methods of artificial insemination like  Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and fallopian tube sperm perfusion.<ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:203</ref>

'''Gestational Carrier Surrogacy:'''  In this procedure, a fertilized egg is placed into the uterus of a surrogate (gestational carrier) if the mother is not having a functional uterus. <ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:207</ref>

'''Gestational Carrier Surrogacy:'''  In this procedure, a fertilized egg is placed into the uterus of a surrogate (gestational carrier) if the mother is not having a functional uterus. <ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:207</ref>

 

==Embryogenesis and fetal development(garbhavakranti)==

==Embryogenesis and fetal development(garbhavakranti)==

 

When a healthy sperm and a healthy ovum get conceived in a healthy womb at a proper time, the soul (atma) with mind (sattva) form the embryo (garbha). This grows further with suitable nourishment by the wholesome nutrient fluid (rasa) and proper regimen (garbhini paricharya). Thereafter the fetus is formed with all sensory and motor organs (indriya) and all body parts.  This is endowed with excellence of strength (bala), complexion (varna), psyche (sattva) and compact structure (samhanana) for delivery in proper time. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/3]

When a healthy sperm and a healthy ovum get conceived in a healthy womb at a proper time, the soul (atma) with mind (sattva) form the embryo (garbha). This grows further with suitable nourishment by the wholesome nutrient fluid (rasa) and proper regimen (garbhini paricharya). Thereafter the fetus is formed with all sensory and motor organs (indriya) and all body parts.  This is endowed with excellence of strength (bala), complexion (varna), psyche (sattva) and compact structure (samhanana) for delivery in proper time. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/3]

 

==Role of [[panchamahabhuta]] in embryogenesis==

==Role of [[panchamahabhuta]] in embryogenesis==

 

The embryo is constituted of five great elements (mahabhuta) and consciousness (chetana). Hence, the holistic human being (purusha) is also known as ‘six elemental’ (shad dhatvatmaka purusha). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/6]  

The embryo is constituted of five great elements (mahabhuta) and consciousness (chetana). Hence, the holistic human being (purusha) is also known as ‘six elemental’ (shad dhatvatmaka purusha). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/6]  

The Purusha (microcosm) is developed from loka(macrocosm). The five fundamental elements are sources for various functions of holistic human being. All the five elements (mahabhuta) play respective roles during embryogenesis and foetal development. [Su Sa Sharira Sthana 5/3]  

The Purusha (microcosm) is developed from loka(macrocosm). The five fundamental elements are sources for various functions of holistic human being. All the five elements (mahabhuta) play respective roles during embryogenesis and foetal development. [Su Sa Sharira Sthana 5/3]  

*[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/12], [ A.S. Sharira Sthana 5/9-13]

*[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/12], [ A.S. Sharira Sthana 5/9-13]

[A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/3-4],[K.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3 / 4]

[A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/3-4],[K.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3 / 4]

 

== Role of shad bhava (six sources of origin) of garbha ==

== Role of shad bhava (six sources of origin) of garbha ==

The embryo develops from six major sources:

The embryo develops from six major sources:

All the physical components of foetus are derived from maternal and paternal factors. Most of the paternal organs seem to be ectodermal, and maternal organs to be endodermal and mesodermal in origin. The other factors like adaptability (satmyaja), nourishment (rasaja) and psychological (sattvaja) are influenced by diet and lifestyle regimen of mother. The food taken by the mother provides proper nutrition to herself and foetus in the womb. The quality and quantity of diet of mother have great impact on the growth and development of the foetus. The psychological status of mother and environmental factors also influences the foetal development. The epigenetic and genetic research on these connections may be useful for better understanding of health and origin of disease.  

All the physical components of foetus are derived from maternal and paternal factors. Most of the paternal organs seem to be ectodermal, and maternal organs to be endodermal and mesodermal in origin. The other factors like adaptability (satmyaja), nourishment (rasaja) and psychological (sattvaja) are influenced by diet and lifestyle regimen of mother. The food taken by the mother provides proper nutrition to herself and foetus in the womb. The quality and quantity of diet of mother have great impact on the growth and development of the foetus. The psychological status of mother and environmental factors also influences the foetal development. The epigenetic and genetic research on these connections may be useful for better understanding of health and origin of disease.  

 

===Factors influencing embryonic development ===

===Factors influencing embryonic development ===

As per contemporary views, embryonic development is the result of interactions between the genetic program in the chromosomes of each zygote and the female genital tract.<ref>Fulvio Gandolfi,Autocrine, paracrine and environmental factors influencing embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst,Theriogenology,Volume 41, Issue 1,1994,Pages 95-100,ISSN 0093-691X, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(05)80053-6.</ref>  

As per contemporary views, embryonic development is the result of interactions between the genetic program in the chromosomes of each zygote and the female genital tract.<ref>Fulvio Gandolfi,Autocrine, paracrine and environmental factors influencing embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst,Theriogenology,Volume 41, Issue 1,1994,Pages 95-100,ISSN 0093-691X, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(05)80053-6.</ref>  

[A. S. Sharira Sthana 2/13-28],[A. Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/37-63]

[A. S. Sharira Sthana 2/13-28],[A. Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/37-63]

[Ka. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/4-10], [B.P. Pur 3/289-307],[Ha. Sa. Shashtha Sthana 1/17-22]

[Ka. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/4-10], [B.P. Pur 3/289-307],[Ha. Sa. Shashtha Sthana 1/17-22]

 

===Disorders during embryonic life and their diagnosis ===

===Disorders during embryonic life and their diagnosis ===

The abnormalities occurring in the embryonic development can be attributed to the following:  

The abnormalities occurring in the embryonic development can be attributed to the following:  

Ayurveda texts describe the diseases in prenatal life under the category of congenital disorders (sahaja and garbhaja vyadhi).[A.S.Sutra Sthana 22/1] It also describes specific diseases occurring in progeny due to vitiation of channels carrying shukra and abnormalities of shukra dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19].The disorders due to improper diet and lifestyle of mother are described under garbhaja vyadhi (jananyapacharat) [A. S. Sutra Sthana 22/1]

Ayurveda texts describe the diseases in prenatal life under the category of congenital disorders (sahaja and garbhaja vyadhi).[A.S.Sutra Sthana 22/1] It also describes specific diseases occurring in progeny due to vitiation of channels carrying shukra and abnormalities of shukra dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19].The disorders due to improper diet and lifestyle of mother are described under garbhaja vyadhi (jananyapacharat) [A. S. Sutra Sthana 22/1]

 

==Current researches ==

==Current researches ==

 

*During early embryogenesis, the pro-embryo consists of two domains, the embryo proper and the suspensor. Recent studies have revealed that the suspensor plays an important role in early embryogenesis and the process of suspensor formation and degeneration may provide a unique model for studies on cell division pattern, cell fate determination, and cell death.<ref>Peng X, Sun MX. The suspensor as a model system to study the mechanism of cell fate specification during early embryogenesis. Plant Reprod. 2018;31(1):59‐65. doi:10.1007/s00497-018-0326-5</ref>  The different shapes attributed to the early embryonic development like jelly mass, knot like structure, elongated muscle like structure, irregular elevation etc. described in Ayurveda embryology may be explored on the basis of these findings.

*During early embryogenesis, the pro-embryo consists of two domains, the embryo proper and the suspensor. Recent studies have revealed that the suspensor plays an important role in early embryogenesis and the process of suspensor formation and degeneration may provide a unique model for studies on cell division pattern, cell fate determination, and cell death.<ref>Peng X, Sun MX. The suspensor as a model system to study the mechanism of cell fate specification during early embryogenesis. Plant Reprod. 2018;31(1):59‐65. doi:10.1007/s00497-018-0326-5</ref>  The different shapes attributed to the early embryonic development like jelly mass, knot like structure, elongated muscle like structure, irregular elevation etc. described in Ayurveda embryology may be explored on the basis of these findings.

*Designer babies are babies from embryos formed by in-vitro fertilization (IVF). They are either created from an embryo selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or genetically modified in order to influence the traits of the resulting children. The primary aim of creating designer babies is to avoid heritable diseases coded by mutations in DNA.<ref>Ronald T.K. Pang, P.C. Ho,Designer babies,Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine,Volume 26, Issue 2,2016,Pages 59-60,ISSN 1751-7214,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2015.11.011</ref>

*Designer babies are babies from embryos formed by in-vitro fertilization (IVF). They are either created from an embryo selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or genetically modified in order to influence the traits of the resulting children. The primary aim of creating designer babies is to avoid heritable diseases coded by mutations in DNA.<ref>Ronald T.K. Pang, P.C. Ho,Designer babies,Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine,Volume 26, Issue 2,2016,Pages 59-60,ISSN 1751-7214,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2015.11.011</ref>

 

==More information ==

==More information ==

[[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]  

[[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]