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Line 424: − ''Achara rasayana'' (Code and conduct of society): A child and his ''indriya'' start getting trained according to codes and conducts of the society soon after birth and grow in that society normally and there is continued training throughout life. ''Pragyaparadha'' (intellectual errors) leads to altered behavior by false and uncontrolled perception by ''indriya'' or senses, this can also occur because of alcohol, substance abuse or mental illness etc. If there is no known cause for the altered behavior then it can be called ''arishta'' and has been considered as a sign of fatality. + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya (view source)
Revision as of 07:20, 6 October 2020
, 07:20, 6 October 2020→Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)
Normally all senses are specific for a special purpose. One cannot be a replaced by another. Usually there is a good synchrony seen during functioning of sensory organs.
Normally all senses are specific for a special purpose. One cannot be a replaced by another. Usually there is a good synchrony seen during functioning of sensory organs.
=== Ideal code and conduct (achara rasayana) ===
This chapter deals about the various perversions of the perception of the sensory organs. All these symptoms resemble the manifestations also seen in psychiatric conditions. It is important to keep in mind that ''arishta lakshana'' should be considered after excluding known conditions causing such symptoms, then only they should be valued as a tool to gauge span of life.
A child and his senses (indriya) start getting trained according to codes and conducts of the society soon after birth and grow in that society normally and there is continued training throughout life. Intellectual errors ([[Pragyaparadha]]) leads to altered behavior by false and uncontrolled perception by senses, this can also occur because of alcohol, substance abuse or mental illness etc. If there is no known cause for the altered behavior then it can be called bad prognostic feature ([[arishta]]) and has been considered as a sign of fatality.
This chapter deals about the various perversions of the perception of the sensory organs. All these symptoms resemble the manifestations also seen in psychiatric conditions. It is important to keep in mind that the bad prognostic features ([[arishta lakshana]]) should be considered after excluding known conditions causing such symptoms, then only they should be valued as a tool to gauge span of life.
=== Assessment by sensory perceptions ===
The abnormal signs of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile sensations can be observed on the patient. These can indicate specific underlying morbidity. The probable abnormal conditions are summarized in table 1 and 2. <ref name= "Mamidi P.1">Gupta K. et.al., Indriyaaneekam of Charaka Indriya Sthana- An Explorative Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 192-202</ref> These parameters can be applied for clinical assessment of relevant factor. There is a wide scope for research on implementing these practices to predict prognosis and life span of individual.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Prognostic features of visual perceptions
|-
! Abnormal visual perception !! Relevant pathology
|-
| | Abnormal perception of sky and earth [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/7] || Visual perceptual distortions (VPDs)
|-
| | Seeing wind in atmosphere [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/8] || Visual hallucinations
|-
| | Not seeing flame in kindled fire [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/8] || Achromatopsia / Dyschromatopsia / Scieropia
|-
| | Seeing net in clean water [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/9] || Myodesopsia
|-
| | Views of dead bodies, ghosts, demons when awake [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/10]|| Visual hallucinations
|-
| | Extra sensorial or super natural views [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/10] || Complex visual hallucinations / Photopsia
|-
| | Abnormal colours and view of fire [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/11] || Monochromats / Dichromats / Achromatopsia/ Cerebral dyschromatopsia
|-
| | Seeing lightning without clouds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/12] || Visual hallucinations
|-
| | Abnormal views of the Sun and Moon [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/13-18] || Scieropia / Scierneuropsia/ Achromatopsia/ Hemeralopia/ Simple or complex visual hallucinations/ Colour agnosia/ Photopsia / Hyperchromatopsia/ Metamorphopsia / VPDs/ Micropsia / Macropsia / Pelopsia / Teleopsia / Dysmetropsia / Prosometamorphopsia / Visual illusions/ Dyschromatopsia/ Diplopia / Polyopia / Entomopia/ Apperceptive agnosia / Agnosopsia / Visual agnosia
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2: Prognostic features of auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile perceptions
|-
! Abnormal sensory perception !! Relevant pathology
|-
| | Hears inaudible sounds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/19] || Auditory hallucinations
|-
| | Don’t hear audible sounds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/19]|| Auditory agnosia
|-
| | Unable to hear stellar sound after closing ears by fingers [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/20]|| Physiological tinnitus / Phantom noises / Spontaneous autoacoustic emissions (SOAE)
|-
| | Abnormal olfactory sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/21] || Dysosmia / Parosmia / Cacosmia
|-
| | Unable to smell [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/21] || Anosmia
|-
| | Unable to recongnize taste [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/22] || Ageusia / Hypogeusia
|-
| | Altered gustaroy sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/22]|| Dysgeusia / Pargeusia / Phantogeusia
|-
| | Altered tactile sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/23] || Dysesthesia / Paresthesia / Allodynia / Lack of tactile discrimination ability
|-
| | Excessive sensations Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/24]|| Extra sensory perception (ESP), Altered states of consciousness (ASC), Hallucinations
|-
| | Supernatural sensations without ascetic practices or penance [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/25] || Mental imagery / Phantom perception / Hallucinations / Neuroplasticity / Synesthesia
|-
| | Defective intellectual functions [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/26]|| Cognitive distortions
|-
|}
</div>
'''Acknowledgement:''' The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.