Changes

In conditions of dehydration and where ''pitta'' is dominant (''Dhaha, bhrama, madatyaya'' etc) cold water should be given as it restores water content in body as well as pacify ''pitta'' by its ''sheeta guna''. After boiling, water becomes free from various micro-organisms. Boiled water should be used in ''sannipatika'' diseases after cooling, such diseases are difficult to treat. In a study it was found that temperature range from 55 to 65 degree C is critical for effective elimination of enteric/pathogenic bacterial components.<ref>  Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, Chapter 11. Palliative and End-of-Life Care,16th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2005</ref> As all three ''dosha'' are involved we can’t use hot or cold water as they will aggravate at least one of the ''dosha'' (hot will increase ''pitta'', cold water will increase ''vata/kapha'') so normal water should be used.

In conditions of dehydration and where ''pitta'' is dominant (''Dhaha, bhrama, madatyaya'' etc) cold water should be given as it restores water content in body as well as pacify ''pitta'' by its ''sheeta guna''. After boiling, water becomes free from various micro-organisms. Boiled water should be used in ''sannipatika'' diseases after cooling, such diseases are difficult to treat. In a study it was found that temperature range from 55 to 65 degree C is critical for effective elimination of enteric/pathogenic bacterial components.<ref>  Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, Chapter 11. Palliative and End-of-Life Care,16th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2005</ref> As all three ''dosha'' are involved we can’t use hot or cold water as they will aggravate at least one of the ''dosha'' (hot will increase ''pitta'', cold water will increase ''vata/kapha'') so normal water should be used.

In conditions with ''vata/kapha/vata-kapha'' dominance like ''hikka-shwasa'' (''kapha vata tamako''), fever of recent origin (''nutana jwara'' in ''samavastha'') etc. Warm water should be given. After ''ghrita'' consumption, warm water should be used as it increases absorption of ''ghrita''. Warm water increases ''agni'' in ''nutan jwara''.( Ca. Ci. 3/144;  Ca.Vi.3/40)

In conditions with ''vata/kapha/vata-kapha'' dominance like ''hikka-shwasa'' (''kapha vata tamako''), fever of recent origin (''nutana jwara'' in ''samavastha'') etc. Warm water should be given. After ''ghrita'' consumption, warm water should be used as it increases absorption of ''ghrita''. Warm water increases ''agni'' in ''nutan jwara''.[ Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/144], [ Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 3/40]

In a study it was concluded that drinking hot fluids transiently increases nasal mucus velocity and so hot liquid is superior to cold liquids in the management of fluids in upper respiratory tract infections.<ref>Saketkhoo K, Januszkiewicz A, Sackner MA., Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance, Chest. 1978 Oct;74 (4):408-10.</ref>

In a study it was concluded that drinking hot fluids transiently increases nasal mucus velocity and so hot liquid is superior to cold liquids in the management of fluids in upper respiratory tract infections.<ref>Saketkhoo K, Januszkiewicz A, Sackner MA., Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance, Chest. 1978 Oct;74 (4):408-10.</ref>

Water is major constituent and is needed for normal physiological process of the body. Any disturbance in its homeostasis will lead to production of many diseases. Some diseases occur due to water deficit whereas in many diseases water retention in the body is their main cause. According to Ayurvedic principles in such conditions water use should be minimal. Due to same reason it is contraindicated in ''udara''. In ''jalodara'' (ascites) excessive intake of water is one of the causes.( Ca.Ci.13/45)

Water is major constituent and is needed for normal physiological process of the body. Any disturbance in its homeostasis will lead to production of many diseases. Some diseases occur due to water deficit whereas in many diseases water retention in the body is their main cause. According to Ayurvedic principles in such conditions water use should be minimal. Due to same reason it is contraindicated in ''udara''. In ''jalodara'' (ascites) excessive intake of water is one of the causes.[ Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/45]

In ''pandu'' there is presence of hemodilution and edema so water intake should be restricted to minimal. In ''gulma, mandagni'' is main causative factor. (Ca. Ci. 5/112)

In ''pandu'' there is presence of hemodilution and edema so water intake should be restricted to minimal. In ''gulma, mandagni'' is main causative factor. [Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/112]

Excessive intake of water causes ''mandagni'' and if, water is taken in ''mandagni'' stage excessively, strength of ''agni'' decreases further (Ma.Ni.6/7). So, water is contraindicated in ''mandagni'' stage. If needed, water can be given in less quantity.

Excessive intake of water causes ''mandagni'' and if, water is taken in ''mandagni'' stage excessively, strength of ''agni'' decreases further <ref>Madhavakara. Madhava Nidanam (Roga vinischaya) Chap 6 Verse 7. Translated from Sanskrit by K. R. Srikantha Murthy. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2007.pp--</ref>. So, water is contraindicated in ''mandagni'' stage. If needed, water can be given in less quantity.

Nowadays we are using bottled water frequently. So, it is necessary that we analyze properties of bottled water also. Studies have shown that chemicals called phthalates, which are known to disrupt testosterone and other hormones, can leach into bottled water over time. One study found that water that had been stored for 10 weeks in plastic and in glass bottles contained phthalates, suggesting that the chemicals could be coming from the plastic cap or liner.<ref>Available from: http://www.nrdc.org/about </ref> The bacterial count in bottled water increased dramatically, from less than 1 colony per milliliter (col/mL) to 38,000 col/mL over 48 hours of storage at 37 degrees C. Bacterial growth was markedly reduced at cold temperatures (refrigeration) compared with room temperature, with 50% fewer bacterial colonies in 24 hours and 84% fewer colonies in 48 hours. Interestingly, tap water resulted in only minimal growth, especially at cold temperatures (< 100 col/mL at 48 hours). These findings may be useful to increase public awareness and development of guidelines on storage temperature and expiration time for bottled water once it is opened and used.<ref>Raj SD., Bottled water: how safe is it? Water Environ Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;77(7):3013-8.</ref> In a study it was suggested that various types of unfinished beverages have microorganism growth and can include food borne pathogens and bacterial toxins.<ref>Watanabe M, Ohnishi T, Araki E, Kanda T, Tomita A, Ozawa K, Goto K, Sugiyama K, Konuma H, Hara-Kudo Y., Characteristics of bacterial and fungal growth in plastic bottled beverages under a consuming condition model, J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2014;49(7):819-26.</ref> This suggests that proper and judicious use of water should be done in healthy as well as diseases condition.

Nowadays we are using bottled water frequently. So, it is necessary that we analyze properties of bottled water also. Studies have shown that chemicals called phthalates, which are known to disrupt testosterone and other hormones, can leach into bottled water over time. One study found that water that had been stored for 10 weeks in plastic and in glass bottles contained phthalates, suggesting that the chemicals could be coming from the plastic cap or liner.<ref>Available from: http://www.nrdc.org/about </ref> The bacterial count in bottled water increased dramatically, from less than 1 colony per milliliter (col/mL) to 38,000 col/mL over 48 hours of storage at 37 degrees C. Bacterial growth was markedly reduced at cold temperatures (refrigeration) compared with room temperature, with 50% fewer bacterial colonies in 24 hours and 84% fewer colonies in 48 hours. Interestingly, tap water resulted in only minimal growth, especially at cold temperatures (< 100 col/mL at 48 hours). These findings may be useful to increase public awareness and development of guidelines on storage temperature and expiration time for bottled water once it is opened and used.<ref>Raj SD., Bottled water: how safe is it? Water Environ Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;77(7):3013-8.</ref> In a study it was suggested that various types of unfinished beverages have microorganism growth and can include food borne pathogens and bacterial toxins.<ref>Watanabe M, Ohnishi T, Araki E, Kanda T, Tomita A, Ozawa K, Goto K, Sugiyama K, Konuma H, Hara-Kudo Y., Characteristics of bacterial and fungal growth in plastic bottled beverages under a consuming condition model, J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2014;49(7):819-26.</ref> This suggests that proper and judicious use of water should be done in healthy as well as diseases condition.

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