Changes

=== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ===

=== II. Impact of age on grains and grain-based food products ===

The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/309]. ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase ''kapha'' and are heavier than old grains. Charak notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.

The age of food grains helps determine the quality as well as digestibility of food. ''Shuka dhanya'' (monocotyledons) and ''shami dhanya'' (dicotyledons) that are old /aged are easy to digest and are dry in property as compared to new ones. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/309] ''Nava anna'', or fresh, non-aged rice, millet, etc. increase ''kapha'' and are heavier than old grains. Charak notes that all new and fresh grains are heavy and induce ''santarpana'', while aged grains are lighter to digest.

Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.   

Sharangdhara in Purva Khanda also talks of new and old grains and recommends six to twelve month-old grains to be used. Biochemical changes that help in digestion may be occurring after certain aging of grains. Per researchers (Seguchi, 1993), aging of flour and grains does enhance their functionality as ingredients for cakes and batter. Cereals can be stored for long periods without microbial spoilage. However, biochemical changes also occur during aging. There is great possibility that certain amino acids and phyto chemicals get stabilized in the grain which make them safe for consumption. Eventually, the grain respires, dry matter is lost and functional and nutritional aspects of the grain are altered. Age related changes have great influence on the viscosity of any batter made out of wheat-flour and the water-binding ability of the wheat flour (Shelke et al, 1992). In addition, the starch granule surface protein is found to increase up to three to four times with aging. However, prolonged aging is not recommended (Pomeranz et al, 1968). The moisture content of grains, the storage temperature and relative humidity have been shown to exert dramatic changes in the acidity, pH, free amino nitrogen, crude protein, and protein quality. Significant changes in soluble sugars and amylase contents of the grains have also been reported during storage at elevated temperature<ref> Zia-Ur Rehman, W.H. Shah. Biochemical changes in wheat during storage at three temperatures. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54: 109–117, 1999. </ref>.   

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al.  Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/155] and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al.  Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

   

   

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.  

Apart from its diuretic properties, ''pashanabheda'' exhibits good anti-diabetic properties. The 80% ethanolic extract of ''pashanabheda'' rhizome was fractionated to investigate for a-glucosidase or anti-diabetic properties. Sample solution were evaluated at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, 0.05 mg/ml to obtain dose response. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited an inhibitory effect of a-glucosidase properties<ref> Youshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiiferin with alpha- glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1231, 2001, 371-378. </ref>.  

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in (Ashtanga Hridaya [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 5).  

'''''Takra''''' (butter milk) is used to relieve ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''. It has prime importance in diet and is supposed to be improve appetite. Its properties and medicinal qualities are described in Ashtanga Hridaya Sutra Sthana chapter 5.  

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref>  and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998  , Volume : 30 ,,  Issue : 4  ,  Page : 254-256. </ref>.  

'''''Trikatu''''': is combination of equal parts of ''sunthi, maricha'' and ''pippali''. ''Trikatu'' is regarded as an anti-obesity formulation and has been widely used in anabolic disorders. It is widely used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides and is known to increase HDL levels. In one of the studies it is found that ''trikatu'', by virtue of its ability to reduce triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, increases HDL cholesterol to reduce the risk of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.<ref> Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus Valsala Sivakumar1,Phytotherapy Research Volume 18, Issue 12, pages 976–981, December 2004. </ref> ''Trikatu'' is also known to have immune modulatory properties<ref> Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-an experimental study Vachana Murunikkara, MahaboobKhan RasoolCellular ImmunologyAvailable online 18 December 2013 </ref>  and is known to be a good bioavailability enhancer<ref> Effect of trikatu (PIPERINE) on the pharmacokinetic profile of isoniazid in rabbitsRS Karan, VK Bhargava, SK Garg Year : 1998  , Volume : 30 ,,  Issue : 4  ,  Page : 254-256. </ref>.