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== Introduction ==
The term ''vrana'' literally means destruction or rupture or discontinuation of body tissues. This chapter gives comprehensive information about endogenous and exogenous ulcers. ''Trividha pariksha'' or three different ways of examination of ulcer is done by ''darshana'' (inspection), ''prashna'' (interrogation) and ''sparshana'' (palpation). Inspection i.e. visual examination deals with general examination (whole body) and local examination (specific part or organ) to make proper diagnosis. The etiological factors, nature of pain, ability to get used to food (''satmya/asatmya''), drugs, status of digestive power etc are examined by interrogation. Palpation is the mode of direct examination done by palpating the margin, size, depth, temperature, stiffness or hardness etc. Prognosis of ulcer is determined by its location eg. skin (''tvaka''), blood vessels (''shira''), muscle tissue (''mamsa''), fatty tissue (''meda''), bone (''asthi''), ligament (''snayu''), vital organs (''marma'')<ref>Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Ist part, chikitsa sthana Chap 1, shlok no.134 , Reprint 2013, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp 16.</ref>,visceras of chest and abdomen (''antarashraya'')<ref>Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Ist part, chikitsa sthana Chap 2, shlok no.12 , Reprint 2013, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp 19.</ref>,<ref>Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita, Ist part, Sharira sthana, Chap 7, shlok no. 10 ,Reprint 2005, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, pp 913.</ref>.
The term ''vrana'' literally means destruction or rupture or discontinuation of body tissues. This chapter gives comprehensive information about endogenous and exogenous ulcers. ''Trividha pariksha'' or three different ways of examination of ulcer is done by ''darshana'' (inspection), ''prashna'' (interrogation) and ''sparshana'' (palpation). Inspection i.e. visual examination deals with general examination (whole body) and local examination (specific part or organ) to make proper diagnosis. The etiological factors, nature of pain, ability to get used to food (''satmya/asatmya''), drugs, status of digestive power etc are examined by interrogation. Palpation is the mode of direct examination done by palpating the margin, size, depth, temperature, stiffness or hardness etc. Prognosis of ulcer is determined by its location eg. skin (''tvaka''), blood vessels (''shira''), muscle tissue (''mamsa''), fatty tissue (''meda''), bone (''asthi''), ligament (''snayu''), vital organs (''marma'')<ref>Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Ist part, chikitsa sthana Chap 1, shlok no.134 , Reprint 2013, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp 16.</ref>,visceras of chest and abdomen (''antarashraya'')<ref>Kaviraja Ambikadutta Shastri, Sushruta Samhita, Ist part, chikitsa sthana Chap 2, shlok no.12 , Reprint 2013, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp 19.</ref>,<ref>Pandit Kashi Nath Shastri, Dr. Gorakhanath Chaturvedi, Charak Samhita, Ist part, Sharira sthana, Chap 7, shlok no. 10 ,Reprint 2005, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, pp 913.</ref>.