Changes

The rules to be followed in execution of mental actions, speech and physical activities have been prescribed. The character of an individual is assessed by his psyche, speech, activities and his overall behavior. The negative activities, which are harmful for one’s own character as well as social well-being, are explained in these verses. Regulations for maintaining psycho-spiritual balance have been enumerated. The basic emotions that express positive attitude need to be maintained, while those with negative origin are to be controlled and given up. These prescribed activities help towards a better development of one’s personality in this life as well as in the afterlife. The objective of this course is to achieve complete health in aspects of physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing in order to attain four [[purushartha]] viz. [[dharma]] (eternal virtuous duties), [[artha]] (wealth), [[kama]] (passion) and [[moksha]] (salvation). This also prescribes principles to be followed for the individual’s well-being during this life and after death. This is for the management of the individual’s psycho-spiritual ([[adhyatmika]]) diseases.

The rules to be followed in execution of mental actions, speech and physical activities have been prescribed. The character of an individual is assessed by his psyche, speech, activities and his overall behavior. The negative activities, which are harmful for one’s own character as well as social well-being, are explained in these verses. Regulations for maintaining psycho-spiritual balance have been enumerated. The basic emotions that express positive attitude need to be maintained, while those with negative origin are to be controlled and given up. These prescribed activities help towards a better development of one’s personality in this life as well as in the afterlife. The objective of this course is to achieve complete health in aspects of physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing in order to attain four [[purushartha]] viz. [[dharma]] (eternal virtuous duties), [[artha]] (wealth), [[kama]] (passion) and [[moksha]] (salvation). This also prescribes principles to be followed for the individual’s well-being during this life and after death. This is for the management of the individual’s psycho-spiritual ([[adhyatmika]]) diseases.

==== Benefits of physical exercise and harmful effects of excessive exercise ====

=== Benefits of physical exercise and harmful effects of excessive exercise ===

There are benefits of physical exercise in proper amount as well as harmful effects of excessive exercise. The measure of exercise always depends upon physiological mechanisms of body, seasonal variation and time of performing exercise. Stopping signals and subjective feelings of physical exercise are perspiration, increase in respiratory rate, feeling of lightness of body, and congestion in cardiac (heart) region and such other organs of the body are signs of reaching threshold of exercise. Emphasis has been given on proper amount of exercise to be followed. This is again a subjective prescription and not a one-size-fits-all situation, which is the uniqueness of [[Ayurveda]]. It first describes the harmful effects of excess exercise and prohibits other routine activities like excessive laughing, speaking, walking, sexual intercourse, and staying awake late at night.

There are benefits of physical exercise in proper amount as well as harmful effects of excessive exercise. The measure of exercise always depends upon physiological mechanisms of body, seasonal variation and time of performing exercise. Stopping signals and subjective feelings of physical exercise are perspiration, increase in respiratory rate, feeling of lightness of body, and congestion in cardiac (heart) region and such other organs of the body are signs of reaching threshold of exercise. Emphasis has been given on proper amount of exercise to be followed. This is again a subjective prescription and not a one-size-fits-all situation, which is the uniqueness of [[Ayurveda]]. It first describes the harmful effects of excess exercise and prohibits other routine activities like excessive laughing, speaking, walking, sexual intercourse, and staying awake late at night.

==== Sequence to develop good habits and stop bad habits ====

=== Sequence to develop good habits and stop bad habits ===

It is important to know the good things and bad things to be followed by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.  

It is important to know the good things and bad things to be followed by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.  

==== [[Dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]], susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of diseases ====

=== [[Dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]], susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of diseases ===

=====Importance=====

====Importance====

The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of [[dosha]] from time of conception. If the [[dosha]] are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]] makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of [[dosha]] can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]]. Therefore, to know the predominant [[dosha]] in one’s constitution is very important for prescribing suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention and management of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each [[dosha]] [[prakriti]] is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].  

The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of [[dosha]] from time of conception. If the [[dosha]] are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]] makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of [[dosha]] can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]]. Therefore, to know the predominant [[dosha]] in one’s constitution is very important for prescribing suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention and management of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each [[dosha]] [[prakriti]] is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].  

=====Phenotypic co-relation of [[prakriti]]=====

====Phenotypic co-relation of [[prakriti]]====

Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a separate entity.<ref> Valiathan, M. S., The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Longman, Chennai, 2003.</ref>  The three broad classes of ‘prakriti’  are based on certain physical, physiological and psychological characters.<ref> Swoboda, R. E., Prakruti: Ayurvedic Con- stitution, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Varanasi, 1996.</ref> The scientists suggest phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and its Prakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine. <ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>. Thus [[prakriti]] concept is independent of racial, ethnic or geographical considerations and may provide appropriate means of classifying phenotypes to be considered collectively for genotyping.  In a study, the researchers postulated that human phenome based on prakriti, namely [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]] have genetic connotation that could help classifying human population based on broad phenotype clusters. Accordingly HLA DR alleles among various [[prakriti]] classes and demonstrated significant associations were analysed. <ref>Patwardhan, B., Joshi, K. and Chopra, A., J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2005, 11, 349– 353. </ref>  The concept of constitutional uniqueness of human individuals and personalized prescription of diet and drugs is special feature of [[Ayurveda]]. This has similarities with the pharmacogenomics and customized medicine.<ref>Patwardhan, B., Indian Drugs, 2000, 37, 213–227.</ref>   

Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a separate entity.<ref> Valiathan, M. S., The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Longman, Chennai, 2003.</ref>  The three broad classes of ‘prakriti’  are based on certain physical, physiological and psychological characters.<ref> Swoboda, R. E., Prakruti: Ayurvedic Con- stitution, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Varanasi, 1996.</ref> The scientists suggest phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and its Prakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine. <ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>. Thus [[prakriti]] concept is independent of racial, ethnic or geographical considerations and may provide appropriate means of classifying phenotypes to be considered collectively for genotyping.  In a study, the researchers postulated that human phenome based on prakriti, namely [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]] have genetic connotation that could help classifying human population based on broad phenotype clusters. Accordingly HLA DR alleles among various [[prakriti]] classes and demonstrated significant associations were analysed. <ref>Patwardhan, B., Joshi, K. and Chopra, A., J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2005, 11, 349– 353. </ref>  The concept of constitutional uniqueness of human individuals and personalized prescription of diet and drugs is special feature of [[Ayurveda]]. This has similarities with the pharmacogenomics and customized medicine.<ref>Patwardhan, B., Indian Drugs, 2000, 37, 213–227.</ref>   

In a study on  genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to three Prakriti ([[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]]), it is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Caraka Samhita.<ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>

In a study on  genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to three Prakriti ([[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]]), it is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Caraka Samhita.<ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>

==== Signs of derangement of internal metabolism and excretion ====

=== Signs of derangement of internal metabolism and excretion ===

Proper and timely excretion of waste products of metabolism is important for maintenance of health and prevention of disease. This aspect is not well addressed by the current society and main stream medical system. The clinical examination of functions of seven external orifices in the head and two in lower part (urethra and anus) can reveal important clues related to internal tissue metabolism. Diseases can be managed through the right combination of dose, duration as well as time of administration of drugs and occurrence of diseases. Regular and seasonal purification described below are important to follow.     

Proper and timely excretion of waste products of metabolism is important for maintenance of health and prevention of disease. This aspect is not well addressed by the current society and main stream medical system. The clinical examination of functions of seven external orifices in the head and two in lower part (urethra and anus) can reveal important clues related to internal tissue metabolism. Diseases can be managed through the right combination of dose, duration as well as time of administration of drugs and occurrence of diseases. Regular and seasonal purification described below are important to follow.     

==== Principles of seasonal body purification for prevention of impending diseases and longevity ====

=== Principles of seasonal body purification for prevention of impending diseases and longevity ===

[[Ayurveda]] advises to follow the course prescribed for promotion of positive health in order to avoid diseases. Oleation and fomentation therapies are administered first to be followed by, emetics (for elimination of [[dosha]] from upper part of body) and purgatives (for elimination of [[dosha]] from lower part of body). Subsequently, the person should get medicated enema and nasal instillation/errhines therapies administered regularly. The time of purification to detoxify body from accumulated toxins is prescribed viz. [[vamana]] in the months of [[Chaitra]]  (approximately during March-April), [[basti]] in [[Shravana]] (approximately during July-August) and [[virechana]] in [[Margashirsha]] (approximately during November-December). It is important to follow [[rasayana]] (rejuvenation) and [[vrishya]] (aphrodisiac) medications after this course to prevent all endogenous diseases. This also maintains proper growth and development of body tissues and delays the ageing process.

[[Ayurveda]] advises to follow the course prescribed for promotion of positive health in order to avoid diseases. Oleation and fomentation therapies are administered first to be followed by, emetics (for elimination of [[dosha]] from upper part of body) and purgatives (for elimination of [[dosha]] from lower part of body). Subsequently, the person should get medicated enema and nasal instillation/errhines therapies administered regularly. The time of purification to detoxify body from accumulated toxins is prescribed viz. [[vamana]] in the months of [[Chaitra]]  (approximately during March-April), [[basti]] in [[Shravana]] (approximately during July-August) and [[virechana]] in [[Margashirsha]] (approximately during November-December). It is important to follow [[rasayana]] (rejuvenation) and [[vrishya]] (aphrodisiac) medications after this course to prevent all endogenous diseases. This also maintains proper growth and development of body tissues and delays the ageing process.

==== Causes and management of exogenous diseases ====

=== Causes and management of exogenous diseases ===

Unknown etiologies for psycho-spiritual disorders, toxins, polluted air, excessive heat, assault trauma, bacterial and viral infections etc. are external etio-pathological factors for exogenous diseases. The negative psychological factors and also other mental disorders are caused by defect in the intellect. Intellect discriminates between right and wrong things to be followed. When this faculty is impaired, the person is not able to take proper decisions and this leads to consumption of improper things in diet and lifestyle which are causative factors of disease. Therefore, [[Pragyaparadha]] ( intellectual error/defect) is the important cause for diseases.

Unknown etiologies for psycho-spiritual disorders, toxins, polluted air, excessive heat, assault trauma, bacterial and viral infections etc. are external etio-pathological factors for exogenous diseases. The negative psychological factors and also other mental disorders are caused by defect in the intellect. Intellect discriminates between right and wrong things to be followed. When this faculty is impaired, the person is not able to take proper decisions and this leads to consumption of improper things in diet and lifestyle which are causative factors of disease. Therefore, [[Pragyaparadha]] ( intellectual error/defect) is the important cause for diseases.

The management approach includes maintaining proper restraint over sense and locomotor organs through correcting intellectual defect, memorizing proper dietary and lifestyle regimens, proper orientation of place, time and self-consciousness about modulating as per prescribed regimens. In present era, this is important to prevent infectious diseases, their spread, and management of existing infections and their recurrence.

The management approach includes maintaining proper restraint over sense and locomotor organs through correcting intellectual defect, memorizing proper dietary and lifestyle regimens, proper orientation of place, time and self-consciousness about modulating as per prescribed regimens. In present era, this is important to prevent infectious diseases, their spread, and management of existing infections and their recurrence.

==== Importance of good companions and bad companions ====

=== Importance of good companions and bad companions ===

Social well-being can be maintained by keeping good company and avoiding bad association. This is important for preventing stress due to social factors and to maintain one’s psychological balance intact. The impact of company of good persons leads to development of good moral character. On the contrary, company of bad ones leads to degradation of one’s psychological balance and character.   

Social well-being can be maintained by keeping good company and avoiding bad association. This is important for preventing stress due to social factors and to maintain one’s psychological balance intact. The impact of company of good persons leads to development of good moral character. On the contrary, company of bad ones leads to degradation of one’s psychological balance and character.   

==== Curd and its prescriptions ====

=== Curd and its prescriptions ===

The possible reasons behind incorporating curd in this chapter might be excess consumption of curd as specific dietary factor. The properties of curd are enlisted further in 27th chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] ([[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]) [verses 225-228].  

The possible reasons behind incorporating curd in this chapter might be excess consumption of curd as specific dietary factor. The properties of curd are enlisted further in 27th chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] ([[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]) [verses 225-228].  

#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana

#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana

 

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