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Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces ''kapha dosha'' and regulates ''vata dosha'' at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.   

Local application by rubbing of certain herbal powders on the skin reduces ''kapha dosha'' and regulates ''vata dosha'' at that level and inhibits samprapti of ''kandu'' and ''kotha''. Regular rubbing of the powders over the skin increases peripheral circulation of the capillaries supplying the skin and also reduced inflammation at dermal level. Rubbing of dry powders over the body is called ''udvartana''. This softens the skin leaving it with a lustrous glow. The stimulating massage helps revitalize skin, removes fat deposits and improve circulation and digestion. ''Udvartana'' helps open the circulatory channels, facilitating metabolic activities, eliminating excessive perspiration and body odor and improving the complexion of the skin.   

   

   

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in vivo and in vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems.  It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants ResearchVol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013  DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352  ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals  http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR  </ref>.   

'''''Triphala''''' is one of the oldest used polyherbal preparations. It is comprised of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis. Some of the positive qualities of ''triphala'' in-vivo and in-vitro are that it is an antioxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and possesses chemo-preventive potential and anti-mutagenic activities, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective effect, immunomodulatory, improving wound healing, enteroprotective efficacies, anti-gastric ulcers and nitric oxide scavenging properties. This herbal combination can have profound healing benefits in multi-organ systems.  It is rich in Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Se and Zn, which enhance their bioavailability. Low molecular weight tannins, gallic acid and other important phytochemicals are responsible for the above effects <ref> A systematic review of the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects and safety of triphala herbal formulation Kamali Seyed Hamid et al Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 7(14), pp. 831-844, 10 April, 2013  DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.352  ISSN 1996-0875 ©2013 Academic Journals  http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR  </ref>.   

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.  

'''''Aragwadha''''' (Cassia fistula) possesses ''madhura rasa, madhura vipaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses strong antioxidant properties. Aqueous extract of ''Aragwadha'' flowers administered in diabetic rats (streptozotocin induced diabetes) showed antioxidant effect. After investigating antioxidants marker enzymes in the brain, significant increase is observed, with decrease in thiobarbituric reactive substances and hydroperoxide formation comparable with glibenclamide<ref> Latha, M. & Pari, L. Mol Cell Biochem (2003) 243: 23. doi:10.1023/A:1021697311150. </ref>.  

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref>  Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref>  <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6.  </ref>.   

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref>  Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref>  <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6.  </ref>.   

''Saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In  Ayurveda, it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

 

'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In  Ayurveda, it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in  

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in  

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and ''vata dosha'' by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by ''kapha'' and ''vata doshas''.

'''''Devadaru''''' (Cedrus deodara or Himalayan Cedar) is a herb that is very effective in improving the functions of liver and in maintaining cholesterol levels in healthy limits. ''Devadaru'' pacifies the ''kapha dosha'' by ''tikta, katu'' and ''ushna'' properties, and ''vata dosha'' by ''snigdha'' and ''ushna'' properties so it is useful in disorders induced by ''kapha'' and ''vata doshas''.

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62.  </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

Investigation demonstrate that extracts of C. deodara shows reduction in body weight in treated groups in a dose dependent manner. The major chemical constituents of C. deodara are sterols, poly-phenols, flavanoids such as taxifolin, quercetin and saponins<ref> Agarwal PK, Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP. A new neolignan and other phenolic constituents from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry. 1980;19:1260–1.</ref>. It is well established that saponins are useful in treatment of obesity<ref> George Francis, Zohar Kerem, Harinder P.S. Makkar, Becker Klaus. The biological action of saponin in animal systems: A review. Brit J Nutr. 2002;88:587–605. [PubMed] </ref>. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on hyperlipidemia<ref> David JA, Cyril WC. Plant sterols, health claims and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk.J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:559–62.  </ref> and poly-phenols and flavanoids have potential antioxidant properties. Therefore, it could be possible that presence of these compounds is responsible for observed glucose and lipid lowering properties.

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.  

'''''Shwadanshtra''''' or ''gokshura'' (Tribulus Terrestris) is ''madhura rasatmaka'' and has ''sheeta veerya'' with ''madhura vipaka''. ''Gokshura'' is widely used to relieve certain anabolic disorders. It is helpful for the treatment of angina<ref> Li M, Qu W, Chu S, et al. Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconegensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2001;24:586-588. </ref>, high cholesterol 65, diabetes 65, and muscle spasms<ref> Arcasoy HB, Erenmemisoglu A, Tekol Y, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study. Boll Chim Farm. 1998;137:473-475. </ref>, and for the prevention of kidney stones<ref> Sangeeta D, Sidhu H, Thind SK, et al. Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:61-66. </ref>.  

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

It is very interesting to note that though ''gokshura'' or Tribulus terrestris is ''madhura'' and ''sheeta veerya dravya'' it has been included to treat ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. ''Gokshura'', by the virtue of its phytochemicals and its DHEAS (Dihydro epi andesterone sulphate) stimulating property and its potent diuretic qualities may have been in the group of medicines which are used to impart ''apatarpana''. It has proved to be a very potent herb to cure erectile dysfunction and ''klaibyata'' in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.  

'''''Haridra''''' (Curcuma longa) has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya.'' It is ''laghu ruksha'' in its qualities. Ingestion of 6 gm Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on insulin secretion. The active principles in the rhizome of turmeric plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione per oxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin)<ref> Wickenberg J, Ingemansson S, Hlebowicz J (2010) Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J 9: 43 </ref>. A scientific and systemic exploration reveals antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential<ref> Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, Rai DK, Sharma B, et al. (2010) Effect of curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in stz Induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25: 175-181 </ref>.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.  

Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels<ref> Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ameeta R (2011) Evaluation of Traditional Indian Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants for Human Pancreatic Amylase Inhibitory Effect In Vitro Evidence-Based.Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10. </ref>. The antioxidants in turmeric also prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat, even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease<ref>http://www.life123.com/health/mens-health/heart-health/turmeric-for-cardiovascular-disease.html </ref>. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20 percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without the turmeric. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage.  

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of haridra is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.   

Antidermatophytic properties: Fresh juice of rhizome of ''haridra'' is used as an antiparasitic in many skin disorders. Its rhizome powder mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis. Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic properties and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the turmeric rhizome have shown to possess the ability to protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying antimutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties<ref> Binic I, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D (2013) Skin Ageing: Natural Weapons and Strategies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </ref>.   

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica):  It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.

'''''Neem''''' (Azadirachta indica):  It is a ''tikta rasa'' plant having ''sheeta veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It imparts ''ruksha'' and ''laghu'' property. Hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant showed anti-hyperglycemic properties in streptozotocin treated rats and this effect is because of increase in glucose uptake and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm<ref> Chattopadhyay R.R., Chattopadhyay R.N., Nandy A.K., Poddar G., Maitra S.K. Preliminary report on antihyperglycemic effect of fraction of fresh leaves of Azadiracta indica (Beng neem) Bull. Calcutta. Sch. Trop. Med. 1987;35:29–33. </ref>. Apart from having anti-diabetic properties, this plant also has anti-bacterial, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects<ref> Biswas K., Chattopadhyay I., Banerjee R.K., Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadiracta indica) Curr. Sci. 2002;82:1336–1345. </ref>.

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum):  It is ''katu tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.  

'''''Twak''''' (Cinnamomum Zelyanicum):  It is ''katu-tikta rasatmaka'' having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has been shown that oral administration of cinnamaldehyde produces significant antihyperglycemic effect lowers both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, at the same time, increases HDL-cholesterol in STZ induced diabetic rats<ref> Subash Babu P, Prabuseenivasan S, Ignacimuthu S. Phytomedicine, 2007;14:15–22 </ref>.  

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.  

Matan et al. have reported antimicrobial properties of Cinnamon bark. The volatile gas phase of combinations of Cinnamon oil and clove oil showed good potential to inhibit growth of spoilage fungi, yeast and bacteria normally found on IMF (Intermediate Moisture Foods) when combined with a modified atmosphere comprising a high concentration of CO2 (40%) and low concentration of O2 (<0.05%). A. flavus, which is known to produce toxins, was found to be the most resistant microorganism<ref> Matan N, Rimkeeree H, Mawson A J, Chompreeda P et al. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2006;107:180–185 </ref>.  

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.  

Barley: Barley contains greater amounts of soluble and non-soluble starches compared to other cereals, and approximately 17% of the carbohydrate in barley is not absorbed. Undigested carbohydrate produces short chain fatty acids, some which may reduce hepatic glucose production and affect postprandial glycemia. Barley also inhibits serum cholesterol and is also known to reduce blood pressure if given for long term use<ref> Thorburn, A., Muir, J., and Proietto, J. Carbohydrate fermentation decreases hepatic glucose output in healthy subjects. Metabolism1993;42(6):780-785. 8510524 </ref>.  

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.

'''''Hingu'''''(Ferula asafoetida): is a resin having ''katu rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. Ferula asafoetida exhibits anti-cholesterol anti-hypertensive<ref> Sarkisyan RG. Effect of Ferula on arterial pressure. Meditsinskii Zhurnal Uzbekistana.1969;1969:23–4.Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.   

Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref> and a potent anti-oxidant properties in experimental animals<ref> Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1989;26:254–8. [PubMed] </ref>.   

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.  

'''''Vasa''''' (Adhatoda vasica): has ''tikta rasa, sheeta veerya'' and ''sheeta vipaka'' and is strong anti diabetic and cardio protective<ref> Atal ck.Chemistry and pharmacology of vasicine.Indian drugs 1980 15(2) 15-18 </ref>.  

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charaka has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396  </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.  

'''''Shigru''''' (Moringa olifera): has properties of ''katu, kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka''. It is widely used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Charaka has also elaborated ''shigru'' to be used in obesity and heart diseases. It exhibits strong hypoglycaemic properties.<ref> Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats Dolly Jaiswal, Prashant Kumar Rai, Amit Kumar, Shikha Mehta, Geeta Watal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 392–396  </ref> The aqueous, ethanol and ether extracts of moringa oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction in heart rate and relaxation of cardiac muscle and have medical use in management of cardiac conditions like hypertension<ref> Effect of moringa oleifera leaf extracts on the isolated rabbit heart and uterus Ntulume, R. Davis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10570/308Date: 2010-11. </ref>.  

   

   

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride  </ref>.  It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.   

'''''Katukrohini''''' or ''kutaki'' (Picrorrhiza kurroa): ''Kutaki'' has ''tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya''. It possesses a strong hepatoprotective properties due to phytochemical picroliv and also have a potent antioxidant properties<ref> Phytochemical and Pharmacological Standardisation of Polyherbal Tablets For Hepatoprotective Activity Against Carbon Tetrachloride  </ref>.  It is found to be effective against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats, by reversal of increased serum level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Cholesterol, Bilirubin and decreases level of total protein which occurs during hepatotoxicit<ref> Induced HepatotoxicityVilas A. Arsul*, R. O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2010; 2(4): 265-268 </ref>.   

'''''Bruhati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Bruhati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of  solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.  

'''''Bruhati''''' (Solanum indicum): ''Bruhati'' has ''katu tikta rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. Solanum indicum Linn. fruits have laxative and cardiotonic action<ref> Evaluation of laxative and cardiotonic activity of  solanum indicum linn. Fruits Prashanta Kumar Deb Journal of Pharmacy and Phytotheraputics J Pharm Phytother 2013, 1:3, 11 – 14 </ref>.  

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.  

'''''Ativisha''''' (Aconitum hetrophyllum): has ''tikta katu rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It is ''laghu'' and ''ruksha'' and hence is used in ''santarpaniya vyadhis''. Research showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, TG, apolipoprotein B and increase HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A in serum samples and HMG CO A properties in liver samples. Properties of LCAT had increased and also there was increased fecal fat excretion. The mechanism explained for hypolipidemic properties was due to inhibition of HMG COA reductase properties and decrease fat absorption from intestine<ref> Arun Koorapally subash, Anu Augustine, Hypo lipidemic effect of methnol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum wall ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet induced obese rats. J.Adv.Pharm. Tech. Res, vol.8, (issue 4):oct-dec ,(2012). </ref>.  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview bhavesh vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908  </ref>.  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908  </ref>.  

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of Ayurveda and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652  </ref>.

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of Ayurveda and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652  </ref>.

   

   

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers  <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been  observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

'''''Sattu''''' is widely used in ''santarpaniya'' disorders. It is prepared by roasting gram flour but has now evolved to include other nutritious flours like barley, wheat etc. ''Sattu'' is a perfect blend of balanced nutrients and is prepared in one of the healthiest cooking methods – roasting. ''Sattu'' has high fibre and phytic acid content. Method of preparing ''sattu'' is such that it retains the nutrient value and increases the shelf life of the ingredients. Roasting can improve protein digestibility. <ref> Nout, M.J.R., 1993. Processed weaning foods for tropical climates. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 43: 213-221. </ref>The goal of roasting is to improve sensory qualities and achieve inactivation of destructive enzymes which improves the storage and nutritional quality of the product. <ref> Rackis, J.J., W.J. Wolf and E.C. Baker, 1986. Protease Inhibitor in Plant Foods, Content and Inactivation. In: Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Food, Friedman, M. (Ed.). Advance in Exph. Med. and Biol. Plenum, New York, pp: 299-347. </ref>Research reports reduced trypsin inhibitor properties when seed temperatures reached 90-100°C. Researchers  <ref> Chen, A.O. and J.R. Whitaker, 1986. Purification and characterization of a lipoxygenase from immature English peas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 34: 203-211. </ref>reported lipoxygenase properties was lost at temperatures of 75-80°C. Some also <ref> Shinde, G.B, R.N. Adsule and A.A. Kale, 1991. Effect of dehulling and cooking treatment on phytate phosphorus polyphenols and trypsin inhibitor activity of cowpea seed. Ind. Food Pack, 36: 63-65. </ref>reported that during roasting total phenols and tannins decrease. It has been  observed that the <ref> Malik, M., U. Singh and S. Dahiya, 2002. Nutrient composition of pearl millet as influenced by genotypes and cooking methods. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39: 463-468. </ref>reduction in mineral contents during roasting might be due to the loss of nutrients while heating at high temperature.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Elevated plasma cholesterol or elevated LDL-cholesterol concentrations have been shown to be one of the risk factors.<ref> Griffin, John D et al Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles: Randomized-Controlled Trials, 2013, 2(4):274-282 </ref>It has been suggested that dietary fibre or more specifically phytate which is a component of fibre can influence the etiology of heart disease<ref> Abdoulaye Coulibaly et al, 2011 Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains: Structure, Healthy or Harmful Ways to Reduce Phytic Acid in Cereal Grains and Their Effects on Nutritional Quality. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 1: 1-22. Doi: 10.3923/ajpnft.2011.1.22 </ref>. Researchers <ref> Jariwalla, R.J., R. Sabin, S. Lawson and Z.S. Herman, 1990. Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate. J. Applied Nutr., 42: 18-28. </ref> showed that dietary phytate supplementation resulted in the lowering of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This effect accompanied the decrease in serum Zn level and Zn-Cu ratio. This is because coronary heart disease appears to be caused by an imbalance of Zn-Cu metabolism.

Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of ''agni, smriti'' (memory) and ''buddhi'', that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.

Those individuals who consume these type of formulations can have normalization of ''agni, smriti'' (memory) and ''buddhi'', that is the power of forming and retaining concepts and general notions, intelligence, reason, intellect, discernment, judgment which gets deranged in ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' in latter stages gets normalised.

Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with apatarpana medicines.  

Those individuals who exercise regularly, who do not eat until the previous meals are completely digested, who do not indulge in overeating, who regularly consume barley and wheat in diet get relief from all the diseases due to ''santarpana'' and obesity. This is how all the ''santarpanjanya vyadhis'' are treated with ''apatarpana'' medicines.  

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.   

If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.