Changes

''Kapha'' is vitiated due to excessive use of heavy to digest, sweet, cold and unctuous food, excessive sleep, sedentary life, etc. Vitiated ''kapha'' inhabits the skin, muscle tissues, and blood, causing swelling. A ''kapha''-induced swelling grows slowly and subsides with difficulty. Affected part becomes pale, whitish, heavy, unctuous, smooth, stable, thick, with white hair, tolerant of touch and heat  This is the swelling caused due to ''kapha''.

''Kapha'' is vitiated due to excessive use of heavy to digest, sweet, cold and unctuous food, excessive sleep, sedentary life, etc. Vitiated ''kapha'' inhabits the skin, muscle tissues, and blood, causing swelling. A ''kapha''-induced swelling grows slowly and subsides with difficulty. Affected part becomes pale, whitish, heavy, unctuous, smooth, stable, thick, with white hair, tolerant of touch and heat  This is the swelling caused due to ''kapha''.

Different types due to involvement of more than one dosha:

===== Different types due to involvement of more than one ''dosha'' =====

 

यथास्वकारणाकृतिसंसर्गाद्द्विदोषजास्त्रयः शोथा भवन्ति; यथास्वकारणाकृतिसन्निपातात् सान्निपातिक एकः; एवं [४]सप्तविधो भेदः||७||  

यथास्वकारणाकृतिसंसर्गाद्द्विदोषजास्त्रयः शोथा भवन्ति; यथास्वकारणाकृतिसन्निपातात् सान्निपातिक एकः; एवं [४]सप्तविधो भेदः||७||  

yathāsvakāraṇākr̥tisaṁsargāddvidōṣajāstrayaḥ śōthā bhavanti; yathāsvakāraṇākr̥tisannipātāt sānnipātikaēkaḥ; ēvaṁ [4] saptavidhō bhēdaḥ||7||  

 

yathāsvakāraṇākr̥tisaṁsargāddvidōṣajāstrayaḥ śōthā bhavanti; yathāsvakāraṇākr̥tisannipātāt sānnipātikaēkaḥ; ēvaṁ [4] saptavidhō bhēdaḥ||7||

yathAsvakAraNAkRutisaMsargAddvidoShajAstrayaH shothA bhavanti; yathAsvakAraNAkRutisannipAtAt sAnnipAtika ekaH; evaM saptavidho bhedaH||7||  

yathAsvakAraNAkRutisaMsargAddvidoShajAstrayaH shothA bhavanti; yathAsvakAraNAkRutisannipAtAt sAnnipAtika ekaH; evaM saptavidho bhedaH||7||  

Through the combination of the causes and symptoms of two doshas (dwidoshaja), three types of swelling occur. Similarly, a sannipatika shotha is caused by the combination of respective causes and symptoms of all three doshas. Thus swelling is of seven types. [7]

Through the combination of the causes and symptoms of two ''doshas'' (''dwidoshaja''), three types of swelling occur. Similarly, a ''sannipatika shotha'' is caused by the combination of respective causes and symptoms of all three ''doshas''. Thus swelling is of seven types. [7]

Various types of shotha and cardinal sign:

 

==== Various types of ''shotha'' and cardinal sign ====

 

प्रकृतिभिस्ताभिस्ताभिर्भिद्यमानो  द्विविधस्त्रिविधश्चतुर्विधः सप्तविधोऽष्टविधश्च शोथ उपलभ्यते, पुनश्चैक एवोत्सेधसामान्यात्||८||  

प्रकृतिभिस्ताभिस्ताभिर्भिद्यमानो  द्विविधस्त्रिविधश्चतुर्विधः सप्तविधोऽष्टविधश्च शोथ उपलभ्यते, पुनश्चैक एवोत्सेधसामान्यात्||८||  

prakr̥tibhistābhistābhirbhidyamānō  dvividhastrividhaścaturvidhaḥ saptavidhō'ṣṭavidhaśca śōthaupalabhyatē, punaścaika  ēvōtsēdhasāmānyāt||8||  

prakr̥tibhistābhistābhirbhidyamānō  dvividhastrividhaścaturvidhaḥ saptavidhō'ṣṭavidhaśca śōthaupalabhyatē, punaścaika  ēvōtsēdhasāmānyāt||8||  

prakRutibhistAbhistAbhirbhidyamAno [5] dvividhastrividhashcaturvidhaH saptavidho~aShTavidhashca shotha upalabhyate, punashcaika [6] evotsedhasAmAnyAt||8||

prakRutibhistAbhistAbhirbhidyamAno [5] dvividhastrividhashcaturvidhaH saptavidho~aShTavidhashca shotha upalabhyate, punashcaika [6] evotsedhasAmAnyAt||8||

On the basis of causative factors and classifications from different views, swelling may be of two, three, four, seven or eight types Again, there is only one type with common sign of ‘swelling’. [8]

On the basis of causative factors and classifications from different views, swelling may be of two, three, four, seven or eight types Again, there is only one type with common sign of ‘swelling’. [8]

Brief description of specific features:

 

==== Brief description of specific features ====

 

भवन्ति चात्र-  

भवन्ति चात्र-  

शूयन्ते यस्य गात्राणि स्वपन्तीव  रुजन्ति च|  

शूयन्ते यस्य गात्राणि स्वपन्तीव  रुजन्ति च|  

पीडितान्युन्नमन्त्याशु वातशोथं तमादिशेत्||९||  

पीडितान्युन्नमन्त्याशु वातशोथं तमादिशेत्||९||  

यश्चाप्यरुणवर्णाभः शोथो नक्तं प्रणश्यति|  

यश्चाप्यरुणवर्णाभः शोथो नक्तं प्रणश्यति|  

स्नेहोष्णमर्दनाभ्यां च प्रणश्येत् स च वातिकः||१०||  

स्नेहोष्णमर्दनाभ्यां च प्रणश्येत् स च वातिकः||१०||  

यः पिपासाज्वरार्तस्य दूयतेऽथ विदह्यते|  

यः पिपासाज्वरार्तस्य दूयतेऽथ विदह्यते|  

स्विद्यति क्लिद्यते गन्धी स पैत्तः स्वयथुः स्मृतः||११||  

स्विद्यति क्लिद्यते गन्धी स पैत्तः स्वयथुः स्मृतः||११||  

यः पीतनेत्रवक्त्रत्वक्  पूर्वं मध्यात् प्रशूयते|  

यः पीतनेत्रवक्त्रत्वक्  पूर्वं मध्यात् प्रशूयते|  

तनुत्वक् चातिसारी च पित्तशोथः स उच्यते||१२||  

तनुत्वक् चातिसारी च पित्तशोथः स उच्यते||१२||  

शीतः  सक्तगतिर्यस्तु कण्डूमान् पाण्डुरेव च|  

शीतः  सक्तगतिर्यस्तु कण्डूमान् पाण्डुरेव च|  

निपीडितो नोन्नमति  श्वयथुः स कफात्मकः||१३||  

निपीडितो नोन्नमति  श्वयथुः स कफात्मकः||१३||  

यस्य शस्त्रकुशच्छिन्नाच्छोणितं  न प्रवर्तते|  

यस्य शस्त्रकुशच्छिन्नाच्छोणितं  न प्रवर्तते|  

कृच्छ्रेण पिच्छा स्रवति स चापि कफसम्भवः||१४||  

कृच्छ्रेण पिच्छा स्रवति स चापि कफसम्भवः||१४||  

निदानाकृतिसंसर्गाच्छ्वयथुः स्याद्द्विदोषजः|  

निदानाकृतिसंसर्गाच्छ्वयथुः स्याद्द्विदोषजः|  

सर्वाकृतिः सन्निपाताच्छोथो व्यामिश्रहेतुजः||१५||  

सर्वाकृतिः सन्निपाताच्छोथो व्यामिश्रहेतुजः||१५||  

śūyantē yasya gātrāṇi svapantīva  rujanti ca|  

śūyantē yasya gātrāṇi svapantīva  rujanti ca|  

pīḍitānyunnamantyāśu vātaśōthaṁ tamādiśēt||9||  

pīḍitānyunnamantyāśu vātaśōthaṁ tamādiśēt||9||  

yaścāpyaruṇavarṇābhaḥ śōthō naktaṁ praṇaśyati|  

yaścāpyaruṇavarṇābhaḥ śōthō naktaṁ praṇaśyati|  

snēhōṣṇamardanābhyāṁ ca praṇaśyēt sa ca vātikaḥ||10||  

snēhōṣṇamardanābhyāṁ ca praṇaśyēt sa ca vātikaḥ||10||  

yaḥ pipāsājvarārtasya dūyatē'tha vidahyatē|  

yaḥ pipāsājvarārtasya dūyatē'tha vidahyatē|  

svidyati klidyatē gandhī sa paittaḥ svayathuḥ smr̥taḥ||11||  

svidyati klidyatē gandhī sa paittaḥ svayathuḥ smr̥taḥ||11||  

yaḥ pītanētravaktratvak  pūrvaṁ madhyāt praśūyatē|  

yaḥ pītanētravaktratvak  pūrvaṁ madhyāt praśūyatē|  

tanutvak cātisārī ca pittaśōthaḥ sa ucyatē||12||  

tanutvak cātisārī ca pittaśōthaḥ sa ucyatē||12||  

śītaḥ  saktagatiryastu kaṇḍūmān pāṇḍurēva ca|  

śītaḥ  saktagatiryastu kaṇḍūmān pāṇḍurēva ca|  

nipīḍitō nōnnamati  śvayathuḥ sa kaphātmakaḥ||13||  

nipīḍitō nōnnamati  śvayathuḥ sa kaphātmakaḥ||13||  

yasya śastrakuśacchinnācchōṇitaṁ  na pravartatē|  

yasya śastrakuśacchinnācchōṇitaṁ  na pravartatē|  

kr̥cchrēṇa picchā sravati sa cāpi kaphasambhavaḥ||14||  

kr̥cchrēṇa picchā sravati sa cāpi kaphasambhavaḥ||14||  

nidānākr̥tisaṁsargācchvayathuḥ syāddvidōṣajaḥ|  

nidānākr̥tisaṁsargācchvayathuḥ syāddvidōṣajaḥ|  

sarvākr̥tiḥ sannipātācchōthō vyāmiśrahētujaḥ||15||  

sarvākr̥tiḥ sannipātācchōthō vyāmiśrahētujaḥ||15||  

bhavanti cAtra-  

bhavanti cAtra-  

shUyante yasya gAtrANi svapantIva [1] rujanti ca|  

shUyante yasya gAtrANi svapantIva [1] rujanti ca|  

pIDitAnyunnamantyAshu vAtashothaM tamAdishet||9||  

pIDitAnyunnamantyAshu vAtashothaM tamAdishet||9||  

yashcApyaruNavarNAbhaH shotho naktaM praNashyati|  

yashcApyaruNavarNAbhaH shotho naktaM praNashyati|  

snehoShNamardanAbhyAM ca praNashyet sa ca vAtikaH||10||  

snehoShNamardanAbhyAM ca praNashyet sa ca vAtikaH||10||  

yaH pipAsAjvarArtasya dUyate~atha vidahyate|  

yaH pipAsAjvarArtasya dUyate~atha vidahyate|  

svidyati klidyate gandhI sa paittaH svayathuH smRutaH||11||  

svidyati klidyate gandhI sa paittaH svayathuH smRutaH||11||  

yaH pItanetravaktratvak [2] pUrvaM madhyAt prashUyate|  

yaH pItanetravaktratvak [2] pUrvaM madhyAt prashUyate|  

tanutvak cAtisArI ca pittashothaH sa ucyate||12||  

tanutvak cAtisArI ca pittashothaH sa ucyate||12||  

shItaH [3] saktagatiryastu kaNDUmAn pANDureva ca|  

shItaH [3] saktagatiryastu kaNDUmAn pANDureva ca|  

nipIDito nonnamati [4] shvayathuH sa kaphAtmakaH||13||  

nipIDito nonnamati [4] shvayathuH sa kaphAtmakaH||13||  

yasya shastrakushacchinnAcchoNitaM [5] na pravartate|  

yasya shastrakushacchinnAcchoNitaM [5] na pravartate|  

kRucchreNa picchA sravati sa cApi kaphasambhavaH||14||  

kRucchreNa picchA sravati sa cApi kaphasambhavaH||14||  

nidAnAkRutisaMsargAcchvayathuH syAddvidoShajaH|  

nidAnAkRutisaMsargAcchvayathuH syAddvidoShajaH|  

sarvAkRutiH sannipAtAcchotho vyAmishrahetujaH||15||

sarvAkRutiH sannipAtAcchotho vyAmishrahetujaH||15||

Specific features of vataja, paittika and kaphaja swellings:                                                                   

 

In the case of vataja swelling, affected body parts are swollen, and there is a feeling of numbness, pain, the swelling rebounds immediately after releasing pressure (pitting edema). It is reddish in color and subsides during night, by application of unctuous and hot massage. [9-10]

==== Specific features of ''vataja, paittika'' and ''kaphaja'' swellings ====

In the case of paittika or pittaja swelling, the patient suffers from excessive thirst and fever, and in the affected parts there is a sensation of burning, sweating, moisture and foul smell. Patients have yellow eyes, face and skin, thin skin, diarrhea and the ailment emanates from the middle of the body [abdomen and trunk]. [11-12]

In kaphaja swelling, the patient has cold, immobile, itchy, and pale swelling that does not rebound after pressure (solid edema). These swellings do not bleed on cutting with a sharp weapon or kusha grass but instead ooze a slimy discharge. [13-14]

In the case of ''vataja'' swelling, affected body parts are swollen, and there is a feeling of numbness, pain, the swelling rebounds immediately after releasing pressure (pitting edema). It is reddish in color and subsides during night, by application of unctuous and hot massage. [9-10]

As mentioned earlier, there is a combination of causes and symptoms of two doshas, called dwidoshaja. A sannipataja swelling, on the other hand, combines the causes and symptoms of all the three doshas. [15]  

 

Prognosis:  

In the case of ''paittika'' or ''pittaja'' swelling, the patient suffers from excessive thirst and fever, and in the affected parts there is a sensation of burning, sweating, moisture and foul smell. Patients have yellow eyes, face and skin, thin skin, diarrhea and the ailment emanates from the middle of the body (abdomen and trunk). [11-12]

 

In ''kaphaja'' swelling, the patient has cold, immobile, itchy, and pale swelling that does not rebound after pressure (solid edema). These swellings do not bleed on cutting with a sharp weapon or ''kusha'' grass but instead ooze a slimy discharge. [13-14]

 

As mentioned earlier, there is a combination of causes and symptoms of two ''doshas'', called ''dwidoshaja''. A ''sannipataja'' swelling, on the other hand, combines the causes and symptoms of all the three ''doshas''. [15]  

 

==== Prognosis ====

   

यस्तु पादाभिनिर्वृत्तः शोथः सर्वाङ्गगो भवेत्|  

यस्तु पादाभिनिर्वृत्तः शोथः सर्वाङ्गगो भवेत्|  

जन्तोः स च सुकष्टः स्यात् प्रसृतः स्त्रीमुखाच्च यः||१६||  

जन्तोः स च सुकष्टः स्यात् प्रसृतः स्त्रीमुखाच्च यः||१६||  

यश्चापि गुह्यप्रभवः स्त्रिया वा पुरुषस्य वा|  

यश्चापि गुह्यप्रभवः स्त्रिया वा पुरुषस्य वा|  

स च कष्टतमो ज्ञेयो यस्य च स्युरुपद्रवाः||१७||  

स च कष्टतमो ज्ञेयो यस्य च स्युरुपद्रवाः||१७||  

yastu pādābhinirvr̥ttaḥ śōthaḥ sarvāṅgagō bhavēt|  

yastu pādābhinirvr̥ttaḥ śōthaḥ sarvāṅgagō bhavēt|  

jantōḥ sa ca sukaṣṭaḥ syāt prasr̥taḥ strīmukhācca yaḥ||16||  

jantōḥ sa ca sukaṣṭaḥ syāt prasr̥taḥ strīmukhācca yaḥ||16||  

yaścāpi guhyaprabhavaḥ striyā vā puruṣasya vā|  

yaścāpi guhyaprabhavaḥ striyā vā puruṣasya vā|  

sa ca kaṣṭatamō jñēyō yasya ca syurupadravāḥ||17||

sa ca kaṣṭatamō jñēyō yasya ca syurupadravāḥ||17||

yastu pAdAbhinirvRuttaH shothaH sarvA~ggago bhavet|  

yastu pAdAbhinirvRuttaH shothaH sarvA~ggago bhavet|  

jantoH sa ca sukaShTaH syAt prasRutaH strImukhAcca yaH||16||  

jantoH sa ca sukaShTaH syAt prasRutaH strImukhAcca yaH||16||  

yashcApi guhyaprabhavaH striyA vA puruShasya vA|  

yashcApi guhyaprabhavaH striyA vA puruShasya vA|  

sa ca kaShTatamo j~jeyo yasya ca syurupadravAH||17||

sa ca kaShTatamo j~jeyo yasya ca syurupadravAH||17||

Prognosis of shotha:

 

==== Prognosis of ''shotha'' ====

A swelling that starts from the feet and spreads all over the body and which starts from the face in women can only be cured with difficulty. In men or women, swellings that emanate from the genitalia, as well as all complicated variants of edema are mostly difficult to cure. [16-17]

A swelling that starts from the feet and spreads all over the body and which starts from the face in women can only be cured with difficulty. In men or women, swellings that emanate from the genitalia, as well as all complicated variants of edema are mostly difficult to cure. [16-17]

Complications of shotha:

 

==== Complications of ''shotha'' ====

 

छर्दिः श्वासोऽरुचिस्तृष्णा ज्वरोऽतीसार एव च|  

छर्दिः श्वासोऽरुचिस्तृष्णा ज्वरोऽतीसार एव च|  

सप्तकोऽयं सदौर्बल्यः शोफोपद्रवसङ्ग्रहः||१८||  

सप्तकोऽयं सदौर्बल्यः शोफोपद्रवसङ्ग्रहः||१८||  

chardiḥ śvāsō'rucistr̥ṣṇā jvarō'tīsāra ēva ca|  

chardiḥ śvāsō'rucistr̥ṣṇā jvarō'tīsāra ēva ca|  

saptakō'yaṁ sadaurbalyaḥ śōphōpadravasaṅgrahaḥ||18||

saptakō'yaṁ sadaurbalyaḥ śōphōpadravasaṅgrahaḥ||18||

chardiH shvAso~arucistRuShNA jvaro~atIsAra eva ca|  

chardiH shvAso~arucistRuShNA jvaro~atIsAra eva ca|  

saptako~ayaM sadaurbalyaH shophopadravasa~ggrahaH||18||

saptako~ayaM sadaurbalyaH shophopadravasa~ggrahaH||18||

Vomiting, breathlessness, anorexia, excessive thirst, pyrexia, diarrhea and weakness - these are seven complications of shotha. [18]

 

Vomiting, breathlessness, anorexia, excessive thirst, pyrexia, diarrhea and weakness - these are seven complications of ''shotha''. [18]

 

Different types of swelling at specific sites:

Different types of swelling at specific sites:

Upajivhika:

Upajivhika: