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Line 24: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − ==([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 13, Chapter on Oleation therapies)==+ + − + − Thirteenth chapter of [[Charaka Samhita]] describes oleation therapy. It describes the sources of lipids, types, properties, administration method, time, dose, alternative methods of administration in the form of recipe (''vicharana''), indications, contraindications, symptoms of proper, inadequate and excess oleation. Lipids are essential components of body as the ''meda dhatu'' (lipids) provides lubrication to all viscera and other interstetial spaces due to its ''snigdha'' (unctuous) qualities. ''Meda dhatu'' (lipids) is an integral part of cell membrane that allows entry of lipid soluble substances/drugs into the cells. The selection of lipids for oleation therapy depends upon the specific integrity of gut, severity of the disease, and specific indications of lipids. Those contra-indicated for use of natural fat as in diabetes or skin diseases, can consume medicated lipids. Properly done oleation results in proper downward movement of ''vata'', increase in digestive power, softening of (hard) feces, and making the body supple and soft. Improper implementation of methods or violation of guidelines results in complications such as skin diseases, itching, haemorrhoids, ascitis, fainting, indigestion etc. Oleation and sudation are pre-requisites or pre-treatment procedures for ''shodhana'' (purification) therapies to aid in moving vitiated ''dosha'' to gut (for an eventual expelling out of the body and achieve purification). The present chapter can be considered as a first step in purification therapies described. + − '''Keywords''': ''Sneha''(lipids), ''snehana'' (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, ''abhyanga'' (therapeutic massage).+ − </div> − === Introduction ===+ − <div style="text-align:justify;">+ − + − − ==== History and broad outline of chapter ==== − + − ''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. (Cha. Su. 22/11). ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''prithvi'' (earth) and ''jala'' (water) (Su.su. 41/11). Hence it is responsible for moisture (Hemadri on AH. Su. 1/18), providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength (Su.su. 46/516). ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy) (Cha.Su.22/15 and A.H. Su. 16/1). These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''dhatu'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion (Cha. Chi. 15/6). ''Kapha'' and ''pitta'' are two basic ''doshas'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness (A.H. Su. 1/11-12). ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''vata dosha'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. + − − The glycerol formed from catabolism of fats can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy. Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance - chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute, or at least maintain, an equilibrium of the offending substances by storing them in a new fat tissue. This helps in protecting vital organs, until such time as the offending substances could be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth. − − ===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ − + − अथातः स्नेहाध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| − − athātaḥ snēhādhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| − − athAtaH SnehadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1|| − Hereafter, we will describe chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] (chapter on oleation therapies). [1]+ + − इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||+ − + + − iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2|| + + − thus said adorable Atreya. [2] + + Line 65:
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Line 158: − + − ==== Sources of lipids ====+ + Line 149:
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Line 428: + − ==== Doses of lipids and their indications ====+ + Line 413:
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Line 543: + − Doses of ''sneha'': Doses are divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:+ Line 495:
Line 554: − ==== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ====+ − + − + − ==== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ====+ − + − + − ==== Persons suitable for lowest dose and its benefits ====+ Line 513:
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Line 696: + − + − ==== Duration of oleation ====+ + + + − ==== Persons suitable for ''snehana'' (oleation) ====+ + + Line 647:
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Line 853: + + + − On the day before administration of ''sneha'', one should take warm, liquid diet in proper quantity. The food should not increase secretions, possess unctousness or material with opposing properties.+ − If ''sneha'' is for the purpose of ''samshamana'' (pacification of ''dosha'' internally), it should be taken at the time of meals and if meant for ''shuddhi'' (purification) it should be given when food consumed in the previous night has been digested. [60-61]+ + Line 778:
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Line 1,242: − + − For oleation of patients suffering from skin diseases, edema and diabetes, one should not use meat of animals either domesticated, or of marshy regions or those living in water. Jaggery, curd, milk and sesame seeds are also to be avoided. They should be given suitable fat boiled with ''pippali, haritaki'' or ''triphala''. The physician may prepare ''sneha'' by boiling it with ''draksha'' (grape), ''amalaki'' (emblica officinalis) or with sour curd added with ''vyosha'' (combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper). The ''sneha'' processesd with decoction of ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos), ''yava kshara'' (''alakali'' prepared from ''yava''), ''sura''(beer), curd, milk and ''ghee'' is best in these cases. [91-94] − − तैलमज्जवसासर्पिर्बदरत्रिफलारसैः| − योनिशुक्रप्रदोषेषु साधयित्वा प्रयोजयेत्||९५|| − − tailaMajjavasāsarpirbadaratriphalāRasaiḥ| − yōniśukrapradōṣēṣu sādhayitvā prayōjayēt||95|| − − tailaMajjaVasasarpirbadaratriphalARasaiH| − yoniShukrapradoSheShu sAdhayitvA prayOjayet||95|| − − Oil, bone marrow, muscle fat, ''ghrita'' boiled with a decoction of ''badara'' and ''triphala'' (combination of terminalia chebula, terminalia bellirica and emblica officinalis) should be used in diseases of female and male reproductive system. [95] − − गृह्णात्यम्बु यथा वस्त्रं प्रस्रवत्यधिकं यथा| − यथाग्नि जीर्यति स्नेहस्तथा स्रवति चाधिकः||९६|| − − यथा वाऽऽक्लेद्य मृत्पिण्डमासिक्तं त्वरया जलम्| − स्रवति स्रंसते स्नेहस्तथा त्वरितसेवितः||९७|| − − gr̥hṇātyambu yathā vastraṁ prasravatyadhikaṁ yathā| − yathāgni jīryati snēhastathā sravati cādhikaḥ||96|| − − yathā vā''klēdya mr̥tpiṇḍamāsiktaṁ tvarayā jalam| − sravati sraṁsatē snēhastathā tvaritasēvitaḥ||97|| − − gRuhNAtyambu yathA vastraM prasravatyadhikaM yathA| − yathAgni jIryati SnehastathA sravati cAdhikaH||96|| − yathA vA~a~akledya mRutpiNDamAsiktaM tvarayA jalam| − sravati sraMsate SnehastathA tvaritasevitaH||97|| − Just as a piece of cloth only absorbs water as much as it can and leaves off the excess, similarly ''agni'' (digestive power) digests fat as much as it can and expels the excess from the body. Just as a mud ball expels excess water without gettng over-moistened when water is poured over it quickly, similarly the body expels fat that has been consumed very quickly. [96-97]+ − </div> − लवणोपहिताः स्नेहाः स्नेहयन्त्यचिरान्नरम्| − तद्ध्यभिष्यन्द्यरूक्षं च सूक्ष्ममुष्णं व्यवायि च||९८|| − − lavaṇōpahitāḥ snēhāḥ snēhayantyacirānnaram| − taddhyabhiṣyandyarūkṣaṁ ca sūkṣmamuṣṇaṁ vyavāyi ca||98|| − − lavaNopahitAH SnehaH SnehayantyacirAnnaram| − taddhyabhiShyandyarUkShaM ca sUkShmamuShNaM vyavAyi ca||98|| − − ''Sneha'' added with salt produces oleation quickly since salt is ''abhishyandi'' (produces more moisture in the tissues), not dry, subtle (enters minute pores), hot in potency and ''vyavayi'' (spreads to all parts quickly and then undergoes digestion). [98] − − ==== Sequence for oleation and sudation ==== − − स्नेहमग्रे प्रयुञ्जीत ततः स्वेदमनन्तरम्| − स्नेहस्वेदोपपन्नस्य संशोधनमथेतरत् [१] ||९९|| − − snēhamagrē prayuñjīta tataḥ svēdamanantaram| − snēhasvēdōpapanNasya saṁśōdhanamathētarat [1] ||99|| − − Snehamagre prayu~jjIta tataH svedamanantaram| − SnehasvedopapanNasya Samshodhanamathetarat [1] ||99|| − − Oleation should be used first, then sudation. Only after oleation and sudation should the person undergo purification and other therapies. [99] − − ==== Summary ==== − − तत्र श्लोकः- − स्नेहाः स्नेहविधिः कृत्स्नव्यापत्सिद्धिः सभेषजा| − यथाप्रश्नं भगवता व्याहृतं चान्द्रभागिना||१००|| − − tatra shlokaH- − SnehaH SnehavidhiH kRutsnavyApatsiddhiH sabheShajA| − yathAprashnaM bhagavatA vyAhRutaM cAndrabhAginA||100|| − − tatra ślōkaḥ- − snēhāḥ snēhavidhiḥ kr̥tsnavyāpatsiddhiḥ sabhēṣajā| − yathāpraśnaṁ bhagavatā vyāhr̥taṁ cāndrabhāginā||100|| − − ''Sneha'', procedures of oleation, complications, their treatments all have been described by Chandrabhagi (Atreya) as was questioned (by Agnivesha).[100] − − इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते श्लोकस्थाने स्नेहाध्यायो नाम त्रयोदशोऽध्यायः समाप्तः||१३|| − − ityAgnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē ślōkasthānē snēhādhyāyō nāma trayōdaśō'dhyāyaḥsamāptaḥ||13|| − − ityAgniveshakRute tantre carakapratisaMskRute shlokasthAne SnehadhyAyo nAma trayodasho~adhyAyaHsamAptaH||13|| − − Thus ends the thirteenth chapter by name [[Snehadhyaya]] in the [[Sutra Sthana]] of Agniveshatantra redacted by Charaka.[13] − − === ''Tattva Vimarsha'' === − − *There are two sources of lipids recommended for oleation: vegetable and animal origin. ''Ghrita'' (Clarified butter), oil (of sesame), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) are the best forms of lipids. [9-13] − *These lipids are essential for pacifying ''dosha'' and maintaining equilibrium. ''Ghee'' or ''ghrita'' is the best processing media as it adopts the properties of the processed drug without losing its own properties. ''Ghee'' pacifies ''vata'' and ''pitta''. Oil pacifies ''vata'' without aggravating ''kapha''. Muscle fat is best for improving virility and helpful in healing fractures and dislocations. Bone marrow is specifically beneficial for enhancing strength of bones, bone marrow and ''shukra'' (sperms). [13-17] − *The ideal season for administration of ''ghee'' is ''sharada'' (autumn), that for muscle fat and bone marrow is ''vaishakha'' (mid April to mid May), and the time for oil administration is ''pravrit'' (early rains). [18] − *Lipid shall be administered according to its indication, at specific time, with correct vehicle, and for a specific duration. Otherwise improper administration may lead to severe disorders. [19-22] − *The dose of lipids intended for purification treatment should be decided as per the digestive capacity of the recipient. The time taken for complete digestion of consumed lipid shall be considered. Thus, the dose is essentially personified. [29] − *The effects of lipids are dose dependent. The larger dose, medium dose and small dose have different pharmaco-dynamic effects and different indications. [30-40] − *''Ghee'', oil, muscle fat and bone marrow have specific receptors that decide their indications, systemic effects and end results. [41-50] − *Oleation therapy shall be administered until the desirable signs of proper oleation are observed. Specific diet and lifestyle shall be followed during oleation therapy, otherwise it leads to severe diseases. [57-64] − *Duration for oleation therapy is three to seven days. − *Oleation leads to aggravation of ''kapha dosha'' in body. The status of ''kapha'' is key factor for deciding time of therapeutic emesis or purgation. Therapeutic emesis shall be prescribed immediately after one day of completion of oleation therapy when ''kapha'' is in aggravated state. Therapeutic purgation shall be prescribed when the ''kapha'' is less in body i.e. after three nights of completion of oleation therapy. [80-81] − *Oleation followed by sudation are essential procedures before body purification. These two are performed before purification in order to channelize ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' (periphery) to ''koshtha'' (gut). [99] − − === ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' === − − ==== Sources of ''Sneha'' [verse 9-11] ==== − − ''Sneha'' i.e. fats that are available today can be categorized in ''sthavara'' (vegetable origin) and ''jangama'' (animal origin) as a part of therapeutics or dietetics. E.g. − − ===== ''Sthavara Sneha'' (vegetable sources) ===== − − Mineral oil, olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, rice bran oil, grape seed oil, corn oil, hazelnut oil etc. − Moreover, most of essential oils used in cosmetics and therapeutics are also ''sthavara'' type, as they are derived from sections of plants. For e.g. rose oil, clove oil, peppermint oil, cedarwood oil etc. − − ===== ''Jangama Sneha'' (Animal sources) ===== − − Cod liver oil, shark liver oil, all ''ghee'', milk, milk products, curd, all types of meats, etc. are sources of animal fats. − − ==== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil [verse 12] ==== − − Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''kapha-vatahara'' (pacifying ''kapha'' and ''vata dosha'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''dhatu'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound) (Ka. Su. 22/7). Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure. − − Due to high Vitamine E content , Sesame oil is an antioxidant and improves skin health and complexion while also lowering cholesterol levels. Sesame oil also contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health. Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis and migraine. Zinc promotes bone health. Clinical studies have shown that a sesame oil massage of infants improved their weight and length, as well as their mid-arm and mid-leg circumferences. − − ==== Properties of Castor oil [verse 12] ==== − − The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative with its major site of action in the small intestine (where it is digested into Ricinoleic acid). − At low doses, castor oil is readily absorbed. As the oral dose increases, percent absorption decreases and laxation occurs. Castor oil is widely used in treatment of musculo-skeletal and spine disorders. It is considered useful in ''ama'' dominant conditions like rheumatoid arthritis where less absorption of ''sneha'', ''vata'' alleviation and body purification are expected simultaneously. Castor oil in large doses is administered for therapeutic purgation. − − ==== Best ''Sneha'' and their Therapeutic Applicabilities [verse 13-17] ==== − − ===== ''Ghrita'' (clarified butter / ''ghee'') ===== − − ''Ghee'' is the best oleate due to prominence in its unctuousness. This property of fats is indicated by saponification value which is highest in ''ghee'' ( 225-235 ) as compared to sesame oil (188-193),and animal fat (190-205) etc. ''Samskara'' (processing) leads to transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. But this change is due to changes in the basic composition of a drug. ''Ghee'' has a unique quality to adopt properties of herbs processed with it without losing its own. If ''ghee'' is processed with drugs with nourishment properties, then it is indicated in degenerative diseases. If it is processed with drugs having hot and strong properties, then it is indicated in obstructive diseases. Therefore, it is considered as the best media for processing. One or the other medicated ''ghee'' preparation is indicated in almost all diseases. It pacifies ''vata'' due to ''snigdha guna'' (unctuous properties) and ''pitta'' due to ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''sheeta'' (cold) properties (Cha. Ni. 1/39). It increases ''shukra'' and ''ojas'' due to similar properties. − − ===== ''Vasa'' (muscle fat) ===== − − ''Vasa'' i.e. intramuscular fat is a normal content of human body and its function is to lubricate the muscles while also serving the role of a fat store to be used up by the body when subjected to energy-intensive activities, such as physical workouts where it may contribute up to 20% of total energy turnover. This is a possible reason for it to be recommended for individuals engaged in intensive physical acitivities, as well as for oleation therapies. − − ===== ''Majja'' (bone marrow) ===== − − Bone marrow contains about 96 percent fat. It contributes to 50 to 175 g of protein required by body each day. It has all the amino acids needed for good health. Each serving of marrow provides 3% of the calcium required each day. Calcium is commonly understood to strengthen bones and decrease risk of developing brittle, easily-broken bones as one gets older. All these factors explain why bone marrow is beneficial, especially for one’s bone health. In Ayurvedic clinical practice, soup of bone marrow is prescribed for osteoporosis and degenerative disorders of the vertebrae. − − ==== Proper season and time for ''sneha'' consumption [verse 18-21] ==== − − The proper season for consumption of a ''sneha'' depends upon the physiological dominance of ''dosha'' in the body during that particular season, as well as the inherent properties of the ''sneha''. On the basis of its inherent properties, ''ghee'' is indicated in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, when ''pitta dosha'' is increased. Muscle fat and bone marrow do not possess much hot or cold potency, and hence are advised in ''sadharana kala'' (i.e. seasons that are not very hot or cold), except in ''Chaitra'' month (mid-March to mid-April) when it may vitiate ''kapha dosha''. Oils are the best medicines for ''vata'', hence they are recommended for consumption in the ''pravritta'' (early rainy) season. These rules are to be followed universally according to seasonal and temperature variations. If this is not followed, then complications in oleation therapy could be observed. − − ==== ''Anupana'' (after consumption) [verse 22] ==== − − Most of the ''sneha'' gets stuck in upper gastrointestinal tract due to stickiness. The vehicles or after-drinks assure proper transport of the ''sneha'' (oleate or lipid or fat) to its intended site of digestion and absorption, and help in proper metabolism to increase bio-availability. However, those after-drinks should not affect the actions of the ''sneha''. Warm water liquefies ''ghrita'' and facilitates its transport and absorption. Similar facilitation is seen in the use of lentil soup and scum of gruel after consuming oil and ''vasa-majja'' respectively. However, warm water is usually accepted as an after-drink in all cases of ''sneha'' consumption (with an exception of ''bhallatak'' and ''tuvaraka'' oil.) − − ==== ''Pravicharana'' (medium of administration) [verse 23-25] ==== − − ''Pravicharana'' implies the medium of administration of ''sneha'' advisable for those who need to undergo oleation therapy but are unfit to consume ''sneha'' as such. In such cases, optional modes of administration of oleation are suggested based on palatability of the oleate and the tolerance (and the digestive power) of the person. Ideally, food and external applications are considered as ''Pravicharana''. Cooked rice, gruel, meat juices etc. mixed with fats are administered and external massage, unctuous enema, oil through nose and ears etc. are considered optional modes of administration of oleation therapy. − − ==== ''Acchapana'' (drinking fat alone) as a preferred mode for oleation ==== − − There are number of factors that affect the absorption of any drug , − − #Total surface area available for absorption of fat − #Contact duration at the absorption surface − #Quantity of food in the gastro-intestinal Tract − #Gastrointestinal pH changes − #Gastric emptying time & rate − #Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes − #Bile acids & biliary function − #Gastrointestinal flora − #Drug/food interaction − − ==== Dose of ''sneha'' [verse 29-30] ==== − − The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya ([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively. − − ==== Deciding suitable dose [verse 31-51] ==== − − [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] ''acharyas'' have advised three dosage forms - high, medium and low doses. The following points need to be considered to determine the applicable dose for an individual: − − #Severity of disease − #Habitual use of sneha in diet − #''Agni'' (digestive power) − #Body strength − #Purpose of oleation − #Age − #Lifestyle − − When a disease is severe or chronic in nature, it implies a “deep-seated” or a chronic case of (vitiated) ''dosha,'' blockages in microchannels, besides other imbalances and complications. In such conditions, the highest possible dose could be necessary to channelize and eject the ''dosha'' from its “seat” towards the gut. This quantity is beneficial for disorders of mind and sense organs. However, the patient needs to have strong digestive capacity and good strength of patient to be able to tolerate the highest dose. The body of the patient adapts to an increased fat intake (thereby increasing the rate of oxidation of fat) by two mechanisms: − − #Expansion of the fat stores or − #Maintenance of the glycogen stores in a lower range. − − Thus, for those using ''sneha'' routinely in diet, oleation is possible only when natural habitual intake of fats is exceeded to overcome this adaptation. This is also the possible reason for daily increase in dose of ''sneha,'' so that body can not get adapted to the dose administered on day before. Seven days is maximum duration for ''sneha'' consumption because ''sneha'' is adapted by body easily after seven days (Cha. Si. 1/7). This is based on the fact that for purpose of energy balance body adapts to fat oxidation within seven days of increased fat intake. − − The medium dose is suitable when disease is of moderate severity, in person having soft bowel, moderate diet and strength. This dose is enough to reach all over body as there is less obstructions, no fat adaptation, hence produce least complications. This is the ideal dose for purification therapies. − − Lowest dose of ''sneha'' consumption is fat substitute for diet. Thus, it holds more calorie contents, which strengthens body and is free from any complications. It can be used in old persons and children. − − ==== Indications of oleation [verse 52-56] ==== − − Oleation and sudation are essential pre-purification therapies to channelize dosha from all body parts to the gut. − − ===== ''Sneha'' in regular exercise ===== − − Those doing regular exercise require high calorific diet to maintain body weight and healthy fat deposits in the body. Hence ''sneha'' consumption is necessary for them. Fats also serve as energy stores for the body, containing about 37 kilojoules of energy per gram (8.8 Cal/g) (the highest in comparison to those of proteins and carbohydrates which provides 4 Cal/g of energy). In case of starvation, fats are broken down in the body to release glycerol and free fatty acids. Glycerol is further converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy. − − ===== ''Sneha'' in chronic alcoholics ===== − − Alcoholics gain weight because of excess energy intake with food and inhibition of fat oxidation from alcohol. But chronic alcoholics (''Madyanitya'') show a lower body weight due to fat mass reduction. This alteration could be due to induction of the non-alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, likely the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Moreover, ethanol might have direct effects on human adipocytes. Therefore, ''sneha'' is indicated in chronic alcoholics. − − ===== ''Sneha'' in excessive sex ===== − − Those who are involved in excessive sexual activity lose their ''oja'' (vitality) leading to ''dhatukshaya'' (depletion of ''dhatu''), ''vata'' aggravation and loss of unctuousness as mentioned in the pathology of ''rajayakshma''. (Cha. Chi. 8/ 24-25). Hence oleation is required in such debiliated persons. − − ===== Contraindications of ''Sneha'' ===== − − ''Sneha'' is mainly contraindicated in conditions where there are excessive body secretions especially from mouth and rectum, ''ama'' formation, poor digestion, excess aggravation of ''dosha'', and in cases where other therapies such as ''nasya'' and ''basti'' are being administered. Oleation therapy worsens the condition in these cases. − − ==== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess ''Sneha'' [verse 57-59] ==== − − Inadequate oleation does not pacify ''vata'' and disturbs ''agni'' leading to poor digestion. Proper oleation due to proper ''sneha'' improves digestion. The skin acts as a water resisting barrier to prevent flow of essential nutrients out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. Softness or tenderness of skin is a result of proper oleation since ''snehana'' adds to the functional improvement of fat deposits of the body. Excess oleation causes improperly formed faeces, which may be due to increase in colorectal transit time as a result of excess unctousness in gastrointestinal lumen. Stools are formed in the colon in the last phase of digestion. Through peristalsis, the muscles of the colon and the abdomen advance the liquid feces through the colon and compress the fecal matter into stool. During this process the colon extracts water from liquid feces as it passes down. The water is absorbed by the lumen, leaving the larger waste particles to be further tumbled along and formed into stools. Due to excess oleation, blockage of microchnnels and villi occurs and absorptive function may become hampered leading to improperly formed stool. All other symptoms of excess oleation are due to increase in ''kleda'' (moisture) in body leading to heaviness, loss of digestive strength etc. − − ==== Do’s and Don’ts after ''Sneha'' Consumption [62-64] ==== − − Guidelines to be followed after ''sneha'' consumption are intended: − − *To maintain digestive power at optimum quality − *To avoid any physical exertion − *To keep mental balance intact − *To avoid any etiological factors for production of diseases. − − Digestion and physical activities are associated with large and sometimes opposite changes in several physiological parameters. Gastric acid secretion during digestion causes increased levels of plasma bicarbonate ([HCO-3] (pl)), whereas activity leads to a metabolic acidosis with increased lactate and decrease in plasma bicarbonate. Thus naturally to keep digestion of ''sneha'' at optimum, person needs to avoid excess physical exertion. − − Emotions affect physiological processes and actions which are responsible for nutrient malabsorption and digestive health. Saliva becomes more acidic under stress, depression and negative emotions due to alteration in salivary digestive enzyme, ptyaline. The negative emotions also affect the production of pepsin in the stomach, enzyme release from the pancreas and also liver bile flow. Anxiety, is responsible for "fight or flight" response, that takes up a lot of brain's resources, so to compensate it slows down parts of brain that are not as necessary, such as the muscles involved in digestion. Anxiety can also cause low serotonin, and that means that some of the messengers that are normally travelling into body are possibly being created at a lower rate, leading to digestive disorders. During the fight or flight response, body creates massive amounts of adrenaline to give extra energy. In order to create that energy, adrenaline needs to take it from "sugar storage" - While adrenaline does this, body starts processing nutrients at rates that aren't ideal. It changes how body processes nutrients as well and could conceivably affect digestive health. All these factors collectively may cause adverse effects of ''sneha'' due to impaired digestive power. Therefore, avoiding negative emotions is important in oleation therapy. Avoiding breeze, snow, sunlight etc. are a must in order to avoid any environmental infections or altered immune responses. − − ==== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy [verse 65-69] ==== − − ''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) (As. Hri. Su. 1/ 11 ) properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) (AH. Su. 1/ 11) properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. (AH. Su. 1/ 12). Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time. If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above. − − ==== Complications of oleation therapy [verse 70-79] ==== − − Excessive thirst is a result of impaired digestion and absorption of lipids. Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) are essential fatty acids supplied by almost all polyunsaturated fats. But any defect in their absorption may cause deficiency leading to excessive thirst and dry skin, brittle hair &nails, sleep and attention problems. − − Bile, to some extent acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested leading to steatorrhea and vitamin deficiency. Thus ''sama pitta'' (''pitta'' that is not formed well) can be due to improper functions of biliary system that can not digest fats properly and produce severe symptoms. Moreover, fats boiled with some medicines may cause correction in this metabolic defect thus advocated in ''sama pitta'' condition. − − All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. (C. Su. 2/30.Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications. − − ==== ''Shodhana'' (purification) after oleation [verse 80-81] ==== − − ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. (Cha. Si. 1/ 8-9)., Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''. − − ==== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration)[82-88] ==== − ''Sneha'' consumption alone is generally associated with considerable degree of nausea. Also, persons living luxurious lifestyles hate therapeutic fat consumption. Those habitual to fatty diets need larger doses of fats which in turn results in nausea. Soft bowel persons are naturally have rapid intestinal transit rate. Due to this, less fat absorption occurs and excreted without digestion. Those who cannot tolerate exertion also suffer from nausea due to ''sneha'' administration. Those having alcohol addiction can not suddenly discontinue their habit and thus they need fats to be given in some form of alcoholic preparation. − − ==== Benefits of ''pravicharana'' in palatability and taste perception ==== − − *''Pravicharana'' can change the physical nature of sneha by addition of different substances. − *It may change chemical property to some extent by ''samskara'' (transformation) − *It can stimulate or inhibit cholecystokinin- pancreozymine secretions. − *Also, ''sneha'' can be made more palatable and pleasant to mind by considering taste. − − Some important properties of ''vicharana'' have been enumerated in the following table: − − {| class="wikitable" − |- − ! ''Type of Pravicharana'' !! ''Properties'' !! ''Reference'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Odana (boiled rice)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, balya, truptikara'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vilepi (thick gruel)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, deepaniya, madhura, pathya, tarpana, hridya,vata pittahara'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Su. 46/342'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Mamsarasa (meat soup) and mamsa (meat)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''prinana, vata pittahara, hridya, swasa, kasa, shrama,kshya hara, shukrakara'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/359-60'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dugdha (milk)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, sheeta, snigdha, guru'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 1/112'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dadhi (curd)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru, vatahara, pitta kapha vardhaka,agnimandyakara, amla'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yavagu (thick gruel)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''grahi, vatanashaka, balya, tarpana'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. Khi. 4/76'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Supa (soup of green leafy vegetables)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, grahi, kapha pittahara'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yusha (pulses soup)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''deepana, rochana, agnivardhaka, praswedajanana,tridoshashamaka'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. Khi. 4/15'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Khada (cooked buttermilk)- Kambalika (Preparation of Sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''ruchikara, ushna, laghupaki, vata kaphahara, hridya'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/376'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Saktu (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''saktu mantha - sadyobalakara, pipasa, shramanashana, mala-doshanulomana, ruksha'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/386-87'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Madya (alcohol)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''amla, ushna, vatanulomana, kaphahara'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 27/178'' − |- − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Leha (confections)'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru'' − | rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''As. Su. 25/20'' − |- − |} − − In patients suffering from skin diseases, edema, diabetes, meat of domesticated animals and animals from marshy lands , or of aquatic animals is contraindicated. Moreover, jaggery, curd, milk and sesame are also not suitable for ''vicharana''. All these articles increase moisture content in body causing aggravation of symptoms. − − ==== Mode of action of ''sneha'' [verse 96-97] ==== − − ''Sneha'' acts as a solvent and it increases ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body which ultimately leads to ''utklesha'' (aggravation of ''dosha'' for removal). − − ===== I. Action as a solvent ===== − − Fats acts as good solvent for many metabolic wastes and it enters the cells easily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids. Compared to other non-unctous substances, fat materials stays in the body for a stipulated period without causing any harm and also possesses better permeability. The large quantity of fats administered before purification therapies do not undergo digestion and metabolism cycle because the sneha is intended to increase and channelize ''dosha'' towards ''koshtha''. − − According to Sushruta, the disease occurs due to dislodgement of vitiated ''doshas'' in the channels during their circulation in the body (Su.Su.24/10). ''Sneha'' administered internally reaches microchannels and acts as a solvent to remove the obstruction by dissolving ''doshas'' in it, resulting in the removal of obstructions in microchannels, which is one of the important steps in the treatment. − − ===== II. Increase in the ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body ===== − − This particular phenomenon should be understood regarding ''vriddhi'' i.e. increase in the ''apyamsha'' i.e. liquid content of the body. This leads to ''utklesha'' and can be called as transient increase in ''rasa'' (body fluids) and ''kleda'' (moisture). ''Sneha'' has the predominance of ''apa mahabhuta'', which is corroborated by the specific qualities. (Cha.Su.22/15, AH.Su.1/11) and it is hydrophilic in nature. After proper ''snehana'', all the cells of body become completely saturated with fats. Then the fat material comes out of the cell to extra-cellular fluid by osmosis. So, due to the aqueous properties of ''sneha'' and liquefied waste brought from the tissues, the levels of fatty acids etc. increase in the blood resulting in the high plasma volume. To keep up the equilibrium of the normal plasma, the extra amount of liquid from it, reaches the ''koshtha'' for excretion. This is called as ''anu pravana bhava''. Later on when emetics or purgatives are administered, this increased amount of the body fluids are evacuated by which the vitiated ''doshas'' and in-excreted ''malas'' also expelled out resulting in the radical cure of the disease. By the combined effect of oleation and sudation, excessive increase of ''dosha'' liquification of ''dosha'', digestion of ''dosha'', opening of micro-channels and control of ''vata'' occurs so that, the ''doshas'' come to the ''kostha'' by Anupravana Bhava, then they are expelled out through nearest route by proper ''shodhana karma'' (Ch.Su. 28/33). − − ==== ''Sadya snehana'' (instant oleation) and salt with fats for early oleation [verse 89-98] ==== − − Instant oleation is required in some conditions requiring immediate purification therapy. In exacerbation of ''asthma sadya snehana'' is done and ''vamana'' is performed to remove ''avarana'' (obstruction) by ''kapha''. Salt is having hygroscopic nature, thus when consumed with fats it increases moisture content in the body, that eventually results in early oleation. − − ==== Common method followed for oleation purpose before purification therapies ==== − − Practically approximately 30 ml of ''sneha'' is administered on first day and based upon duration required for its digestion the dose of ''sneha'' to be administed is decided, which is the dose of ''sneha'' consumption on last day. For e.g. if a hard bowel person gets appetite after 2 hours of 30 ml sneha drinking and requires medium dose oleation (sneha dose which is digested in 12 hours) then the dose on last day will be approximately 180 ml, which is achieved by gradually increasing doses of ''sneha'' in seven days. − − === Advanced researches === − − There are several research work carried out in field of oleation therapies which are as follows: − − *Venkataramana B.S. (1967): Roga- Marga and Shodhana poorva Snehana, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. − *Goyel Shyamlal (1970): Acchapana Vimarsha, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. − *Badve Varsha (2000): A Clinical study on standardization of Shodhanartha Abhyantara Snehapanam, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. − *Vasant C. Patil (2006): Further clinical study on standardization of Shodhanartha Snehapana, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. − *Gauri Vaidya (2009): an observer blind clinical study on standardization of Shodhanartha Snehapana w.s.r. to Sneha PraVicharana, Department of Panchakarma, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. − *Raval K. R. (1987): The study of Virechana Poorvaka Snehana in Pandu Roga. Department of Kayachikitsa. Govt. Akhandanand Ayurvedic college, GAU, Ahmedabad. − *Ashvini Kumar M (2002): A Study on Shodhananga Arohana and Sadyo Snehana, Department of Panchakarma, SDM College of Ayurveda, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Hassan. − *Alva Gauthama (2002): A clinical study to evaluate the role of Plain ghee and Panchatikta ghee as Poorva Karma of Virechana w.s.r. to Ekakushtha. Department of Panchakarma, SDM College of Ayurveda, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Hassan. − *Mangalagi S.G. (1979): A Study on Abhyantara Sneha w.s.r to Virechana, Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Mysore. − − === Scope for further research === − − *To improve palatability of fats, scientific research on the alternative methods of consumption i.e ''vicharana'' must be carried out and the number of ''vicharana'' should be increased based upon contemporaneous food preparations. − *There is a wide scope in research regarding changes in the properties of fats when boiled with other substances i.e ''Samskara''. − *Therapeutic effects of oleation with fats used today should be ascertain clinically so that they can be accepted as medicinal ''sneha''. − *Combination of fats is an area least evaluated and has scope for improvement in fat properties. − − === Glossary === − − *Snēha (sneha; स्नेह): Oiliness, unctousness, lubricity, Moisture, Oil − *Vicāraṇāḥ (vicAraNAH;विचारणाः): A special mode of administration of the unctuous substance either given orally in association with food or administered in any route other than oral. − *Ānupāna (AnupAna; अनुपान): Vehicle or medium of transporting food/drug within the body, primarily liquids. A fluid vehicle prescribed to be used while taking medicine or a drink prescribed to be had soon after a medicine is taken. The purpose is to facilitate absorption or assimilation of the drug in the system, to increase the efficacy of the drug and to check the undesirable effects of the drug. − *Kōṣṭha (koShTha; कोष्ठ): bowel habit − *Acchasnēha (acchsneha; अच्छस्नेह): A therapy that emphasizes upon therapeutic oral administration of unctuous substances - either medicated or non-medicated - but without mixing them with any other food or drug. − *Saṁśōdhana (saMshodhana; संशोधन): A major purification, bio-cleansing, or detoxication therapy. One of the two important divisions of the treatment in internal medicine, it signifies holistic cleansing of the physical system by ejecting out of the body waste products and byproducts of the metabolism and maintaining the equilibrium of humors. − *Virēcana (virecana; विरेचन): Therapeutic catharsis. Virecana literally means catharsis, and implies the administration of purgative drugs which are pleasant to ingest , and effective in eliminating or ejecting the vitiated dosha, especially pitta, from the lower regions of the body. − *Saṁskāra (saMskAra, संस्कार): processing (a drug, a formulation, or a food item) with some other substance. − *Rasa (rasa, रस) : The first dhātu among seven dhātus , rasa is dominated by Jala (water). This is pumped out of the Hṛdaya (heart) and continuously circulates all over the body to nourish other tissues. It is of 9 Anjalis in quantity. Vyāna and Samāna Vāyu help in its circulation. The major function of the Rasa Dhātu is Prīṇana (nourishing). − *Śukra (shukra; शुक्र): The seventh dhātu, whose function is reproduction. Generally equated with Semen. Shukra is present in two forms: one, that is pervading the entire body, and second, that which is fertilizing the ovum. It is also predominantly made up of Jala Mahābhūta (water) − *Oja (oja; ओज): immunity or the general strength of body or the bodily essence − *Mēda (meda; मेद): The fourth dhātu among the seven dhātus of the body, whose function is to provide Snehana. It is primarily made up of Jala (water) and Prthvi (earth) Mahabhutas (elements). Designative of adipose tissue and other lipids in the body. − *Majjā (majja; मज्जा): Sixth of the seven basic dhātus, whose function is to fill the osseous cavities. It is predominantly formed of Jala (water) Mahābhūta. − *Prakriti (prakRuti; प्रकृति): 1. The nature of an individual or a substance. 2. The physical and psychological features specific to an individual that are produced to the dominant Doṣa prevailing at the time of conception. Prakriti may be classified as Deha Prakriti (physical) and Manasa Prakriti (psychological). Deha Prakriti may be formed or shaped due to the dominance of a single dosha, two doshas or a combination of all the three doshas. − *Āma (Ama; आम): 1. Raw, uncooked, unbaked, immature, unripe 2. May be associated with food or other physiological entities to mean incomplete transformation or metabolism causing a harmful effect on health. − *Saṁśamana (saMshamana; संशमन): Pacifying, allaying, or tranquilizing therapy. This is one of the two important divisions of Internal medicine, besides samshodhana. It signifies curative or corrective treatment through drugs, food, and conduct by pacifying, and thereby normalizing, the humors that have become errant. − *Vyavāyī (vyavAyi; व्यवायि): Quality due to which a substance permeates all over the body before getting digested; caused due to activated Vayu and akash; e.g. Bhanga (Cannabis sativa) − *Abhiṣyandi (abhiShyandi; अभिष्यन्दि): substances which cause obstruction to srotas and are slimy & heavy in nature; e.g. Curd
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|title=Snehadhyaya
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|keywords=Sneha(lipids), snehana (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, abhyanga (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy,indications, dose, clinical applications, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies
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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Snehadhyaya
|title = Snehadhyaya
|data2 = ''Kalpana Chatushka''
|data2 = ''Kalpana Chatushka''
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|data3 = [[Vatakalakaliya]]
|data3 = [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]]
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Thakar A. B., Auti S.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Dwivedi L.K., Galib, Sabnis M., Patil V.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Mangalasseri P., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.015 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.015]
}}
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Kalpana chatushka (tetrad on applications of medicine) starts with the chapter on oleation therapy. This chapter describes details of oleation therapy including the source of lipids, their types, properties, administration method, time, dose, alternative methods of administration in the form of recipe (vicharana). It also describes the indications, contraindications, symptoms of proper, inadequate and excess oleation. Adipose tissue in the form of fat is essential component of body. It provides lubrication to all viscera and other interstitial spaces due to its unctuous property. Lipids are integral part of cell membrane that allows entry of lipid soluble substances/drugs into the cells. The selection of lipids for oleation therapy depends upon the specific integrity of gut, severity of the disease, and specific indications of lipids. Lipids processed with medicines can be prescribed in diabetes or skin diseases where natural fat is contra-indicated. Apt oleation therapy results in normal functions of [[vata]], increase in digestive power, softening of (hard) feces, and making the body supple and soft. Improper implementation of methods or violation of guidelines, results in complications such as skin diseases, itching, hemorrhoids, ascites, fainting, indigestion etc. Oleation and sudation (induced sweating) are pre-requisites or pre-treatment procedures for purification ([[shodhana]]) therapies to aid in moving vitiated [[dosha]] to gut (for an eventual expelling out of the body and achieve purification). The present chapter can be considered as a first step in purification therapies described. </br>
'''Keywords''': ''Sneha''(lipids), ''[[snehana]]'' (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, ''abhyanga'' (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy, indications, dose, clinical applications.
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=== Abstract ===
== Introduction ==
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequential order of the tetrad suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [[Ayurveda]] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). Oleation (''[[Snehana]]'') is the first step before purification therapies, like therapeutic emesis [''[[vamana]]''] and therapeutic purgation [''[[virechana]]''], and is also the best medicine suggested for vitiated [[vata]] - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.
=== History and broad outline of chapter ===
The earliest reference to ''[[snehana]]'' is found in the ancient text ''Markandeya Purana'' where ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), ''taila'' (oil), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) were quoted as ''sneha'' drugs (Mar. 165, 166, 244-245). However, a detailed description of ''[[snehana]]- [[swedana]]'' (sudation) with complications and their treatments is only found in [[Charak Samhita]] and related [[Ayurveda]] texts. The [[Snehadhyaya]] provides comprehensive information about ''sneha'' (lipids) and ''[[snehana]]'' (its therapeutic administration/oleation).
The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequencial order of the tetrads suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). ''Snehana'' (oleation) is the first step before purification therapies, like ''vamana'' [therapeutic emesis] and ''virechana'' [therapeutic purgation], and also the best medicine suggested for vitiated vata - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.
''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/11] ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''[[prithvi]]'' (earth) and ''[[jala]]'' (water). [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 41/11]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> Hence it is responsible for moisture [Hemadri on A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/18]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>, providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength. [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 46/516]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/15] and [A.H. Sutra Sthana 16/1]<ref name=Hridaya/> These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''[[dhatu]]'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/6] ''[[Kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta]]'' are two basic ''[[dosha]]s'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/11-12]<ref name=Hridaya/> ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''[[vata dosha]]'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble<ref> Weber F, Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents, Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981;77:119-35. </ref> , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.<ref> Mengistie, Alemayehu Belay; Reddy, R. C.; Babu, M. Syam, the effects of workout- based combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training in obese adults of northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness . 2013, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p96-116. 21p. </ref>
The earliest reference to ''snehana'' is found in the ancient text ''Markandeya Purana'' where ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), ''taila'' (oil), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) were quoted as ''sneha'' drugs (Mar. 165, 166, 244-245). However, a detailed description of ''snehana- swedana'' (sudation) with complications and their treatments is only found in [[Charaka Samhita]] and related [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] texts. The [[Snehadhyaya]] provides comprehensive information about ''sneha'' (lipids) and ''snehana'' (its therapeutic administration/oleation).
The glycerol formed from catabolism of fats can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.<ref> O. E. Owen, A. P. Morgan, H. G. Kemp, J. M. Sullivan, M. G. Herrera et al, Brain metabolism during fasting Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1967 October; 46(10): 1589–1595. </ref> Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance - chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute, or at least maintain, an equilibrium of the offending substances by storing them in a new fat tissue. This helps in protecting vital organs, until such time as the offending substances could be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth.<ref> Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat cited on 4-01-2014 </ref>
Beside pacifying vitiated ''[[dosha]]'', enhancing nutritional value and aiding in metabolic functions, ''sneha'' can be utilized for body purification, as described earlier. ''Sneha'' i.e. fats like ''ghrita'', oils etc. are used for [[Panchakarma]] and related purification processes since fats are essential component of cell membrane<ref> Hulbert AJ.Metabolism and longevity: is there a role for membrane fatty acids? Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2010 Nov;50(5):808-17 </ref> and thus, have easy access to all parts of the body. Fats have multidimensional properties that can be utilized for therapeutic purpose. Thus, this chapter on ''sneha'' is important from the standpoint of therapeutics.
Beside pacifying vitiated ''dosha'', enhancing nutritional value and aiding in metabolic functions, ''sneha'' can be utilized for body purification, as described earlier. ''Sneha'' i.e. fats like ''ghrita'', oils etc. are used for [[Panchakarma]] and related purification processes since fats are an essential component of cell membrane and thus, have easy access to all parts of the body. Fats have multidimensional properties that can be utilized for therapeutic purpose. Thus, this chapter on ''sneha'' is important from the standpoint of therapeutics.
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==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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अथातः स्नेहाध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
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athātaḥ snēhādhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
athAtaH SnehadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1|| iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
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Now we shall expound the chapter "Sneha" (Oleation therapies). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
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=== Questions asked by Agnivesha ===
साङ्ख्यैः सङ्ख्यातसङ्ख्येयैः सहासीनं पुनर्वसुम्|
साङ्ख्यैः सङ्ख्यातसङ्ख्येयैः सहासीनं पुनर्वसुम्|
जगद्धितार्थं पप्रच्छ वह्निवेशः स्वसंशयम्||३||
जगद्धितार्थं पप्रच्छ वह्निवेशः स्वसंशयम्||३||
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sāṅkhyaiḥ saṅkhyātasaṅkhyēyaiḥ sahāsīnaṁ punarvasum|
sāṅkhyaiḥ saṅkhyātasaṅkhyēyaiḥ sahāsīnaṁ punarvasum|
sA~gkhyaiH sa~gkhyAtasa~gkhyeyaiH sahAsInaM punarvasum|
sA~gkhyaiH sa~gkhyAtasa~gkhyeyaiH sahAsInaM punarvasum|
jagaddhitArthaM papraccha vahniveshaH svasaMshayam||3||
jagaddhitArthaM papraccha vahniveshaH svasaMshayam||3||
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Noticing Punarvasu sitting among learned sages, Agnivesha shared his doubts for the wellbeing of world by asking the following questions [3]
Noticing Punarvasu sitting among learned sages, Agnivesha shared his doubts for the wellbeing of world by asking the following questions. [3]
==== Questions/ queries asked by Agnivesha ====
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किंयोनयः कति स्नेहाः के च स्नेहगुणाः पृथक्|
किंयोनयः कति स्नेहाः के च स्नेहगुणाः पृथक्|
विचारणाः केषु योज्या विधिना केन तत् प्रभो!|
विचारणाः केषु योज्या विधिना केन तत् प्रभो!|
स्नेहस्यामितविज्ञान ज्ञानमिच्छामि वेदितुम्||८||
स्नेहस्यामितविज्ञान ज्ञानमिच्छामि वेदितुम्||८||
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kiṁyōnayaḥ kati snēhāḥ kē ca snēhaguṇāḥ pr̥thak|
kiṁyōnayaḥ kati snēhāḥ kē ca snēhaguṇāḥ pr̥thak|
vicAraNAH keShu yojyA vidhinA kena tat prabho!|
vicAraNAH keShu yojyA vidhinA kena tat prabho!|
SnehasyAmitavij~jAna j~jAnamicchAmi veditum||8||
SnehasyAmitavij~jAna j~jAnamicchAmi veditum||8||
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*What are the sources of ''sneha'' (fats)?
*What are the sources of ''sneha'' (fats)?
*To whom should ''vicharana'' (alternative forms or recipes of ''sneha'') be given and in what manner?
*To whom should ''vicharana'' (alternative forms or recipes of ''sneha'') be given and in what manner?
Through these questions, I want to know all details of ''snehana'' (oleation therapy), revered Sir. [4-8]
Through these questions, I want to know all details of ''[[snehana]]'' (oleation therapy), revered Sir. [4-8]
=== Sources of lipids ===
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अथ तत्संशयच्छेत्ता प्रत्युवाच पुनर्वसुः|
अथ तत्संशयच्छेत्ता प्रत्युवाच पुनर्वसुः|
स्नेहाशयाः स्थावरसञ्ज्ञितास्तथा स्युर्जङ्गमा मत्स्यमृगाः सपक्षिणः|
स्नेहाशयाः स्थावरसञ्ज्ञितास्तथा स्युर्जङ्गमा मत्स्यमृगाः सपक्षिणः|
तेषां दधिक्षीरघृतामिषं वसा स्नेहेषु मज्जा च तथोपदिश्यते||११||
तेषां दधिक्षीरघृतामिषं वसा स्नेहेषु मज्जा च तथोपदिश्यते||११||
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atha tatsaṁśayacchēttā pratyuvāca punarvasuḥ|
atha tatsaṁśayacchēttā pratyuvāca punarvasuḥ|
SnehashayAH sthAvarasa~jj~jitAstathA syurja~ggamA matsyamRugAH sapakShiNaH|
SnehashayAH sthAvarasa~jj~jitAstathA syurja~ggamA matsyamRugAH sapakShiNaH|
teShAM dadhikShIraghRutAmiShaM vasA sneheShu majjA ca tathopadishyate||11||
teShAM dadhikShIraghRutAmiShaM vasA sneheShu majjA ca tathopadishyate||11||
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To remove all doubts (of Agnivesha), Punarvasu replied, “Dear (Agnivesha) ''snehayoni'' (sources of fats) are of two types: ''Sthavara'' (Vegetable origin) and ''Jangama'' (Animal origin).
To remove all doubts (of Agnivesha), Punarvasu replied, “Dear (Agnivesha) ''snehayoni'' (sources of fats) are of two types: ''Sthavara'' (Vegetable origin) and ''Jangama'' (Animal origin).
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=== Oils ===
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सर्वेषां तैलजातानां तिलतैलं विशिष्यते|
सर्वेषां तैलजातानां तिलतैलं विशिष्यते|
(कटूष्णं तैलमैरण्डं वातश्लेष्महरं गुरु |
(कटूष्णं तैलमैरण्डं वातश्लेष्महरं गुरु |
कषायस्वादुतिक्तैश्च योजितं पित्तहन्त्रपि ||१||)|
कषायस्वादुतिक्तैश्च योजितं पित्तहन्त्रपि ||१||)|
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sarvēṣāṁ tailajātānāṁ tilatailaṁ viśiṣyatē|
sarvēṣāṁ tailajātānāṁ tilatailaṁ viśiṣyatē|
(kaTUShNaM tailamairaNDaM vAtashleShmaharaM guru |
(kaTUShNaM tailamairaNDaM vAtashleShmaharaM guru |
kaShAyasvAdutiktaishca yojitaM Pittahantrapi ||1||)|
kaShAyasvAdutiktaishca yojitaM Pittahantrapi ||1||)|
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Among all varieties of oils, sesame oil is considered the best and is ideal for giving strength and unctuousness. Castor oil is the best for ''virechana'' (purgation). It is pungent, ''ushna virya'' (hot potency), alleviates vitiated ''vata'' and ''kapha'', ''guru'' (dense, viscous or heavy) in nature and when used with astringent, sweet, bitter drugs it also helps mitigate aggrevated ''pitta''. [12]
Among all varieties of oils, sesame oil is considered the best and is ideal for giving strength and unctuousness. Castor oil is the best for ''[[virechana]]'' (purgation). It is pungent, ''ushna virya'' (hot potency), alleviates vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'', ''guru'' (dense, viscous or heavy) in nature and when used with astringent, sweet, bitter drugs it also helps mitigate aggravated ''[[pitta]]''. [12]
=== Four major lipids ===
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सर्पिस्तैलं वसा मज्जा सर्वस्नेहोत्तमा मताः|
सर्पिस्तैलं वसा मज्जा सर्वस्नेहोत्तमा मताः|
एषु चैवोत्तमं सर्पिः संस्कारस्यानुवर्तनात्||१३||
एषु चैवोत्तमं सर्पिः संस्कारस्यानुवर्तनात्||१३||
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sarpistailaṁ vasā majjā sarvasnēhōttamā matāḥ|
sarpistailaṁ vasā majjā sarvasnēhōttamā matāḥ|
sarpistailaM vasA majjA sarvasnehottamA matAH|
sarpistailaM vasA majjA sarvasnehottamA matAH|
eShu caivottamaM sarpiH saMskArasyAnuvartanAt||13||
eShu caivottamaM sarpiH saMskArasyAnuvartanAt||13||
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''Ghrita'' (clarified butter), oil (of sesame), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) are considered the best ''sneha''. Among these, ''ghrita'' is superior as it possesses the qualities of ''samskara'' i.e. blending with other substances having different properties without losing its own properties. [13]
''Ghrita'' (clarified butter), oil (of sesame), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) are considered the best ''sneha''. Among these, ''ghrita'' is superior as it possesses the qualities of ''samskara'' i.e. blending with other substances having different properties without losing its own properties. [13]
=== Benefits of lipids ===
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घृतं पित्तानिलहरं रसशुक्रौजसां हितम्|
घृतं पित्तानिलहरं रसशुक्रौजसां हितम्|
बलशुक्ररसश्लेष्ममेदोमज्जविवर्धनः|
बलशुक्ररसश्लेष्ममेदोमज्जविवर्धनः|
मज्जा विशेषतोऽस्थ्नां च बलकृत् स्नेहने हितः||१७||
मज्जा विशेषतोऽस्थ्नां च बलकृत् स्नेहने हितः||१७||
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ghr̥taṁ pittānilaharaṁ rasaśukraujasāṁ hitam|
ghr̥taṁ pittānilaharaṁ rasaśukraujasāṁ hitam|
balashukrarasashleShmamedoMajjavivardhanaH|
balashukrarasashleShmamedoMajjavivardhanaH|
Majja visheShato~asthnAM ca balakRut Snehane hitaH||17||
Majja visheShato~asthnAM ca balakRut Snehane hitaH||17||
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*''Ghrita'' alleviates ''pitta'' and ''vata'', and is beneficial for ''rasa'', ''shukra'' and ''oja''. Provides relief from burning sensation, softens the tissues, improves voice and complexion. [14]
*''Ghrita'' alleviates ''[[pitta]]'' and ''[[vata]]'', and is beneficial for ''[[rasa]]'', ''[[shukra]]'' and ''[[ojas]]''. Provides relief from burning sensation, softens the tissues, improves voice and complexion. [14]
*''Sesame'' oil alleviates vitiated ''vata,'' does not aggravate ''kapha'' (rather, it improves strength). It is very beneficial for the skin, ''ushna virya'', increases stability, and purifies or cleanses the vagina/ uterus. [15]
*''Sesame'' oil alleviates vitiated ''[[vata]],'' does not aggravate ''[[kapha]]'' (rather, it improves strength). It is very beneficial for the skin, ''ushna virya'', increases stability, and purifies or cleanses the vagina/ uterus. [15]
*''Vasa'' (muscle fat) is useful in healing punctured wounds, fractures, accidental trauma, prolapsed vagina, pain in ear and head, enhancing virility, oleation and for those doing physical exertion. [16]
*''Vasa'' (muscle fat) is useful in healing punctured wounds, fractures, accidental trauma, prolapsed vagina, pain in ear and head, enhancing virility, oleation and for those doing physical exertion. [16]
*''Majja'' (bone marrow) improves strength, semen, ''rasa'', ''kapha, meda'' and ''majja''. It especially strengthens bones and useful for oleation. [17]
*''Majja'' (bone marrow) improves strength, semen, ''[[rasa]]'', ''[[kapha]], [[meda]]'' and ''[[majja]]''. It especially strengthens bones and useful for oleation. [17]
=== Time of administration ===
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सर्पिः शरदि पातव्यं वसा मज्जा च माधवे|
सर्पिः शरदि पातव्यं वसा मज्जा च माधवे|
तैलं प्रावृषि नात्युष्णशीते स्नेहं पिबेन्नरः||१८||
तैलं प्रावृषि नात्युष्णशीते स्नेहं पिबेन्नरः||१८||
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sarpiḥ śaradi pātavyaṁ vasā majjā ca mādhavē|
sarpiḥ śaradi pātavyaṁ vasā majjā ca mādhavē|
sarpiH sharadi pAtavyaM Vasa Majja ca mAdhave|
sarpiH sharadi pAtavyaM Vasa Majja ca mAdhave|
tailaM prAvRuShi nAtyuShNashIte SnehaM pibennaraH||18||
tailaM prAvRuShi nAtyuShNashIte SnehaM pibennaraH||18||
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''Ghrita'' (ghee) should be consumed in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, while ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) in ''madhava'' (spring) season, and ''taila'' (oil) during ''pravrita'' (early monsoon). ''Sneha'' should be consumed at a time when it is neither very hot nor cold. [18]
''Ghrita'' (ghee) should be consumed in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, while ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) in ''madhava'' (spring) season, and ''taila'' (oil) during ''pravrita'' (early monsoon). ''Sneha'' should be consumed at a time when it is neither very hot nor cold. [18]
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वातपित्ताधिको रात्रावुष्णे चापि पिबेन्नरः|
वातपित्ताधिको रात्रावुष्णे चापि पिबेन्नरः|
श्लेष्माधिको दिवा शीते पिबेच्चामलभास्करे||१९||
श्लेष्माधिको दिवा शीते पिबेच्चामलभास्करे||१९||
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vAtaPittadhiko rAtrAvuShNe cApi pibennaraH|
vAtaPittadhiko rAtrAvuShNe cApi pibennaraH|
vātapittādhikō rātrāvuṣṇē cāpi pibēnnaraḥ|
vātapittādhikō rātrāvuṣṇē cāpi pibēnnaraḥ|
ślēṣmādhikō divā śītē pibēccāmalabhāskarē||19||
ślēṣmādhikō divā śītē pibēccāmalabhāskarē||19||
</div></div>
In case of aggravation of ''vata - pitta dosha'', and in hot (summer) season, ''sneha'' should be consumed at night (evening time). In aggravation of ''kapha'' and in cold season, it should be consumed at day time. [19]
In case of aggravation of ''[[vata]] - [[pitta]] [[dosha]]'', and in hot (summer) season, ''sneha'' should be consumed at night (evening time). In aggravation of ''[[kapha]]'' and in cold season, it should be consumed at day time. [19]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अत्युष्णे वा दिवा पीतो वातपित्ताधिकेन वा|
अत्युष्णे वा दिवा पीतो वातपित्ताधिकेन वा|
शीते रात्रौ पिबन् स्नेहं नरः श्लेष्माधिकोऽपि वा|
शीते रात्रौ पिबन् स्नेहं नरः श्लेष्माधिकोऽपि वा|
आनाहमरुचिं शूलं पाण्डुतां वा समृच्छति||२१||
आनाहमरुचिं शूलं पाण्डुतां वा समृच्छति||२१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
atyuṣṇē vā divā pītō vātapittādhikēna vā|
atyuṣṇē vā divā pītō vātapittādhikēna vā|
shIte rAtrau piban SnehaM naraH shleShmAdhiko~api vA|
shIte rAtrau piban SnehaM naraH shleShmAdhiko~api vA|
AnAhamaruciM shUlaM pANDutAM vA samRucchati||21||
AnAhamaruciM shUlaM pANDutAM vA samRucchati||21||
</div></div>
''Sneha'' consumed at day time during hot season or by person who has great aggravation of ''vata-pitta'', can lead to diseases such as fainting, severe thirst, insanity and jaundice.
''Sneha'' consumed at day time during hot season or by person who has great aggravation of ''[[vata]]-[[pitta]]'', can lead to diseases such as fainting, severe thirst, insanity and jaundice.
''Sneha'' consumed at night during cold season or by person who has great aggravation of ''kapha'', can causes diseases such as flatulence, loss of taste, pain in abdomen, or anemia. [20-21]
''Sneha'' consumed at night during cold season or by person who has great aggravation of ''[[kapha]]'', can causes diseases such as flatulence, loss of taste, pain in abdomen, or anemia. [20-21]
=== Vehicle for lipids ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
जलमुष्णं घृते पेयं यूषस्तैलेऽनु शस्यते|
जलमुष्णं घृते पेयं यूषस्तैलेऽनु शस्यते|
वसामज्ज्ञोस्तु मण्डः स्यात् सर्वेषूष्णमथाम्बु वा||२२||
वसामज्ज्ञोस्तु मण्डः स्यात् सर्वेषूष्णमथाम्बु वा||२२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
jalamuṣṇaṁ ghr̥tē pēyaṁ yūṣastailē'nu śasyatē|
jalamuṣṇaṁ ghr̥tē pēyaṁ yūṣastailē'nu śasyatē|
jalamuShNaM ghRute peyaM yUShastaile~anu shasyate|
jalamuShNaM ghRute peyaM yUShastaile~anu shasyate|
Vasamajj~jostu maNDaH syAt sarveShUShNamathAmbu vA||22||
Vasamajj~jostu maNDaH syAt sarveShUShNamathAmbu vA||22||
</div></div>
After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be drunk as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel) is advised.[22]
After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be taken as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel) is advised.[22]
=== Various recipes of lipids ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
ओदनश्च वि लेपी च रसो मांसं पयो दधि|
ओदनश्च वि लेपी च रसो मांसं पयो दधि|
गण्डूषः कर्णतैलं च नस्तःकर्णाक्षितर्पणम्|
गण्डूषः कर्णतैलं च नस्तःकर्णाक्षितर्पणम्|
चतुर्विंशतिरित्येताः स्नेहस्य प्रविचारणाः ||२५||
चतुर्विंशतिरित्येताः स्नेहस्य प्रविचारणाः ||२५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ōdanaśca vilēpī ca rasō māṁsaṁ payō dadhi|
ōdanaśca vilēpī ca rasō māṁsaṁ payō dadhi|
gaNDUShaH karNatailaM ca nastaHkarNAkShitarpaNam|
gaNDUShaH karNatailaM ca nastaHkarNAkShitarpaNam|
caturviMshatirityetAH Snehasya pravicAraNAH ||25||
caturviMshatirityetAH Snehasya pravicAraNAH ||25||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Odana'' (boiled rice), ''vilepi'' (thick gruel), ''mamsa rasa'' (meat soup), ''paya'' (milk), ''dadhi'' (curd), ''yavagu'' (thick gruel), soup ''shaka'' (soup of green leafy vegetables), ''yusha'' (pulses soup), ''kambalika'' (Preparation of sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.), ''khada'' (cooked buttermilk), ''saktu'' (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.), ''madya'' (wine), leha (confections), ''bhakshya'' (snacks), ''abhyanjana'' (oil massage), ''basti'' (enema), ''Uttara basti'' (urethral and vaginal enema), ''gandusha'' (gargles), ''karnataila'' (filling ear with oil), ''nastakarma'' (nasal drops), ''akshitarpana'' (filling eye with ''sneha'') are twenty four types of ''pravicharana'' (mode of administration of ''sneha''). [23-25]
''Odana'' (boiled rice), ''vilepi'' (thick gruel), ''mamsa rasa'' (meat soup), ''paya'' (milk), ''dadhi'' (curd), ''yavagu'' (thick gruel), soup ''shaka'' (soup of green leafy vegetables), ''yusha'' (pulses soup), ''kambalika'' (Preparation of sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.), ''khada'' (cooked buttermilk), ''saktu'' (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.), ''madya'' (wine), leha (confections), ''bhakshya'' (snacks), ''abhyanjana'' (oil massage), ''[[basti]]'' (enema), ''Uttara basti'' (urethral and vaginal enema), ''gandusha'' (gargles), ''karnataila'' (filling ear with oil), ''nastakarma'' (nasal drops), ''akshitarpana'' (filling eye with ''sneha'') are twenty four types of ''pravicharana'' (mode of administration of ''sneha''). [23-25]
</div>
</div>
=== Preferred form of lipid ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अच्छपेयस्तु यः स्नेहो न तामाहुर्विचारणाम्|
अच्छपेयस्तु यः स्नेहो न तामाहुर्विचारणाम्|
स्नेहस्य स भिषग्दृष्टः कल्पः प्राथमकल्पिकः||२६||
स्नेहस्य स भिषग्दृष्टः कल्पः प्राथमकल्पिकः||२६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
acchapēyastu yaḥ snēhō na tāmāhurvicāraṇām|
acchapēyastu yaḥ snēhō na tāmāhurvicāraṇām|
acchapeyastu yaH sneho na tAmAhurvicAraNAm|
acchapeyastu yaH sneho na tAmAhurvicAraNAm|
Snehasya sa bhiShagdRuShTaH kalpaH prAthamakalpikaH||26||
Snehasya sa bhiShagdRuShTaH kalpaH prAthamakalpikaH||26||
</div></div>
''Acchapeya''(drinking ''sneha'' alone) is not to considered as ''vicharana'' (alternate form or recipe of administration of ''sneha''), since physicians recommend it as the first preferred method of ''snehana'' therapy. [26]
''Acchapeya''(drinking ''sneha'' alone) is not considered as ''vicharana'' (alternate form or recipe of administration of ''sneha''), since physicians recommend it as the first preferred method of ''[[snehana]]'' therapy. [26]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रसैश्चोपहितः स्नेहः समासव्यासयोगिभिः|
रसैश्चोपहितः स्नेहः समासव्यासयोगिभिः|
एवमेताश्चतुःषष्टिः स्नेहानां प्रविचारणा |
एवमेताश्चतुःषष्टिः स्नेहानां प्रविचारणा |
ओकर्तुव्याधिपुरुषान् प्रयोज्या जानता भवेत्||२८||
ओकर्तुव्याधिपुरुषान् प्रयोज्या जानता भवेत्||२८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Rasaiścōpahitaḥ snēhaḥ samāsavyāsayōgibhiḥ|
Rasaiścōpahitaḥ snēhaḥ samāsavyāsayōgibhiḥ|
evametAshcatuHShaShTiH SnehanAM pravicAraNA |
evametAshcatuHShaShTiH SnehanAM pravicAraNA |
okartuvyAdhipuruShAn prayojyA jAnatA bhavet||28||
okartuvyAdhipuruShAn prayojyA jAnatA bhavet||28||
</div></div>
''Sneha'' though is only one, depending upon permutations and combinations based on six tastes, could be of sixty three types. Thus, ''vicharana'' could be of sixty four kinds. These should be administered according to the habits, season, diseases and the constitution of the person. [27-28]
''Sneha'' though is only one, depending upon permutations and combinations based on six tastes, could be of sixty three types. Thus, ''vicharana'' could be of sixty four kinds. These should be administered according to the habits, season, diseases and the constitution of the person. [27-28]
=== Doses of lipids and their indications ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अहोरात्रमहः कृत्स्नमर्धाहं च प्रतीक्षते|
अहोरात्रमहः कृत्स्नमर्धाहं च प्रतीक्षते|
परिहारे सुखा चैषा मात्रा स्नेहनबृंहणी|
परिहारे सुखा चैषा मात्रा स्नेहनबृंहणी|
वृष्या बल्या निराबाधा चिरं चाप्यनुवर्तते||४०||
वृष्या बल्या निराबाधा चिरं चाप्यनुवर्तते||४०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ahōrātramahaḥ kr̥tsnamardhāhaṁ ca pratīkṣatē|
ahōrātramahaḥ kr̥tsnamardhāhaṁ ca pratīkṣatē|
parihAre sukhA caiShA mAtrA SnehanabRuMhaNI|
parihAre sukhA caiShA mAtrA SnehanabRuMhaNI|
vRuShyA balyA nirAbAdhA ciraM cApyanuvartate||40||
vRuShyA balyA nirAbAdhA ciraM cApyanuvartate||40||
</div></div>
Dose of ''sneha'': Dose is divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:
#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).
#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).
Further I will explain to you their usage depending upon individual patient. [29-30]
Further I will explain to you their usage depending upon individual patient. [29-30]
=== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ===
Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffers from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum doses of ''sneha''.
Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffer from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum dose of ''sneha''.
Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''dosha'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]
Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''[[dosha]]'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]
=== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ===
Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate doses of ''sneha''.
Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate dose of ''sneha''.
A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''shodhana'' (body purification). [35-37]
A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''[[shodhana]]'' (body purification). [35-37]
=== Persons suitable for lowest dose and its benefits ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Those who are old, young (children), those with tender physique, living luxurious life, those who cannot tolerate hunger or have difficulty with empty stomach, those suffering from poor digestion, patients suffering from fever, diarrhea and cough, those having poor body strength are advised to consume the smallest dose of ''sneha''.
Those who are old, young (children), those with tender physique, living luxurious life, those who cannot tolerate hunger or have difficulty with empty stomach, those suffering from poor digestion, patients suffering from fever, diarrhea and cough, those having poor body strength are advised to consume the smallest dose of ''sneha''.
</div>
</div>
=== Persons suitable for consumption of ''ghee'' ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वातपित्तप्रकृत यो वातपित्तविकारिणः|
वातपित्तप्रकृत यो वातपित्तविकारिणः|
दीप्त्योजःस्मृतिमेधाग्निबुद्धीन्द्रियबलार्थिनः|
दीप्त्योजःस्मृतिमेधाग्निबुद्धीन्द्रियबलार्थिनः|
पिबेयुः सर्पिरार्ताश्च दाहशस्त्रविषाग्निभिः||४३||
पिबेयुः सर्पिरार्ताश्च दाहशस्त्रविषाग्निभिः||४३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vātaPittaprakr̥tayō vātaPittavikāriṇaḥ|
vātaPittaprakr̥tayō vātaPittavikāriṇaḥ|
dIptyOjaHsmRutimedhAgnibuddhIndriyabalArthinaH|
dIptyOjaHsmRutimedhAgnibuddhIndriyabalArthinaH|
pibeyuH sarpirArtAshca dAhashastraviShAgnibhiH||43||
pibeyuH sarpirArtAshca dAhashastraviShAgnibhiH||43||
</div></div>
Persons having ''vata-pitta prakriti'', those suffering from ''vata- pitta'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, those who are children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]
Persons having ''[[vata]]-[[pitta]] [[prakriti]]'', those suffering from ''[[vata]]- [[pitta]]'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]
=== Persons suitable for consuming oil ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
प्रवृद्धश्लेष्ममेदस्काश्चलस्थूलगलोदराः|
प्रवृद्धश्लेष्ममेदस्काश्चलस्थूलगलोदराः|
कृमिकोष्ठाः क्रूरकोष्ठास्तथा नाडीभिरर्दिताः|
कृमिकोष्ठाः क्रूरकोष्ठास्तथा नाडीभिरर्दिताः|
पिबेयुः शीतले काले तैलं तैलोचिताश्च ये||४६||
पिबेयुः शीतले काले तैलं तैलोचिताश्च ये||४६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
pravr̥ddhaślēṣmamēdaskāścalasthūlagalōdarāḥ|
pravr̥ddhaślēṣmamēdaskāścalasthūlagalōdarāḥ|
kRumikoShThAH krUrakoShThAstathA nADIbhirarditAH|
kRumikoShThAH krUrakoShThAstathA nADIbhirarditAH|
pibeyuH shItale kAle tailaM tailocitAshca ye||46||
pibeyuH shItale kAle tailaM tailocitAshca ye||46||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Those having aggravated ''kapha dosha,'' excess ''meda dhatu'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, individuals with ''vata prakriti'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body, unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold seasons. [44-46]
Those having aggravated ''[[kapha dosha]],'' excess ''[[meda dhatu]]'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''[[vata]]'' disorders, individuals with ''[[vata]] [[prakriti]]'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body, unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold season. [44-46]
</div>
</div>
=== Persons suitable for consumption of muscle fat ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वातातपसहा ये च रूक्षा भाराध्वकर्शिताः|
वातातपसहा ये च रूक्षा भाराध्वकर्शिताः|
महच्चाग्निबलं येषां वसासात्म्याश्च ये नराः|
महच्चाग्निबलं येषां वसासात्म्याश्च ये नराः|
तेषां स्नेहयितव्यानां वसापानं विधीयते||४९||
तेषां स्नेहयितव्यानां वसापानं विधीयते||४९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vātātapasahā yē ca rūkṣā bhārādhvakarśitāḥ|
vātātapasahā yē ca rūkṣā bhārādhvakarśitāḥ|
mahaccAgnibalaM yeShAM VasasAtmyAshca ye narAH|
mahaccAgnibalaM yeShAM VasasAtmyAshca ye narAH|
teShAM SnehayitavyAnAM VasapAnaM vidhIyate||49||
teShAM SnehayitavyAnAM VasapAnaM vidhIyate||49||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Those who can tolerate breeze and sunlight, who have dryness in body, those who are emaciated due to excessive weightlifting and walking, those who have depleted semen and blood, decreased levels of ''kapha'' and ''meda'', those who suffer from severe pain in bones, joints, veins, ligaments, vital spots and alimentary tract, those in whom highly aggravated ''vata'' remains covered in blocked channels of the body, those who have strong digestive power and are used to drinking or consuming muscle fat should drink ''vasa'' (muscle fat). [47-49]
Those who can tolerate breeze and sunlight, who have dryness in body, those who are emaciated due to excessive weightlifting and walking, those who have depleted semen and blood, decreased levels of ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[meda]]'', those who suffer from severe pain in bones, joints, veins, ligaments, vital spots and alimentary tract, those in whom highly aggravated ''[[vata]]'' remains covered in blocked channels of the body, those who have strong digestive power and are used to drinking or consuming muscle fat should drink ''vasa'' (muscle fat). [47-49]
</div>
</div>
=== Persons suitable for consumption of bone marrow ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
यःदीप्ताग्न क्लेशसहा घस्मराः स्नेहसेविनः|
यःदीप्ताग्न क्लेशसहा घस्मराः स्नेहसेविनः|
येभ्यो येभ्यो हितो यो यः स्नेहः स परिकीर्तितः|५१|
येभ्यो येभ्यो हितो यो यः स्नेहः स परिकीर्तितः|५१|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dīptāgnayaḥ klēśasahā ghasmarāḥ snēhasēvinaḥ|
dīptāgnayaḥ klēśasahā ghasmarāḥ snēhasēvinaḥ|
yebhyo yebhyo hito yo yaH SnehaH sa parikIrtitaH|51|
yebhyo yebhyo hito yo yaH SnehaH sa parikIrtitaH|51|
</div></div>
Those having strong digestive power, are capable of tolerating excessive physical exertion, who eat large quantities of food often, who consume ''sneha'' often, those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, and those suffering from hard bowel movement are advised to consume bone marrow. [50-51]
Those having strong digestive power, are capable of tolerating excessive physical exertion, who eat large quantities of food often, who consume ''sneha'' often, those suffering from ''[[vata]]'' disorders, and those suffering from hard bowel movement are advised to consume bone marrow. [50-51]
=== Duration of oleation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्नेहनस्य प्रकर्षौ तु सप्तरात्रत्रिरात्रकौ||५१||
स्नेहनस्य प्रकर्षौ तु सप्तरात्रत्रिरात्रकौ||५१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
snēhanasya prakarṣau tu saptarātratrirātrakau||51||
snēhanasya prakarṣau tu saptarātratrirātrakau||51||
Snehanasya prakarShau tu saptarAtratrirAtrakau||51||
Snehanasya prakarShau tu saptarAtratrirAtrakau||51||
</div></div>
The recommended maximum duration for ''snehapana'' is either seven nights or three nights. [51]
The recommended maximum duration for ''snehapana'' is either seven nights or three nights. [51]
=== Persons suitable for ''[[snehana]]'' (oleation) ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्वेद्याः शोधयितव्याश्च रूक्षा वातविकारिणः|
स्वेद्याः शोधयितव्याश्च रूक्षा वातविकारिणः|
व्यायाममद्यस्त्रीनित्याः स्नेह्याः स्युर्ये च चिन्तकाः||५२||
व्यायाममद्यस्त्रीनित्याः स्नेह्याः स्युर्ये च चिन्तकाः||५२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
svēdyāḥ śōdhayitavyāśca rūkṣā vātavikāriṇaḥ|
svēdyāḥ śōdhayitavyāśca rūkṣā vātavikāriṇaḥ|
svedyAH shodhayitavyAshca rUkShA vAtavikAriNaH|
svedyAH shodhayitavyAshca rUkShA vAtavikAriNaH|
vyAyAmamadyastrInityAH snehyAH syurye ca cintakAH||52||
vyAyAmamadyastrInityAH snehyAH syurye ca cintakAH||52||
</div></div>
Those who are scheduled for sudation or purification therapies, those having dryness in body, those suffering for vata disorders, those doing exercise regularly, those drinking alcohol often, those indulged in sexual activities often and those suffering from mental stress are advised to undergo oleation therapy. [52]
Those who are scheduled for sudation or purification therapies, those having dryness in body, those suffering for [[vata]] disorders, those doing exercise regularly, those drinking alcohol often, those indulged in sexual activities often and those suffering from mental stress are advised to undergo oleation therapy. [52]
=== Contraindications of oleation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
संशोधनादृते येषां रूक्षणं सम्प्रवक्ष्यते|
संशोधनादृते येषां रूक्षणं सम्प्रवक्ष्यते|
न तेषां स्नेहनं शस्तमुत्सन्नकफमेदसाम्||५३||
न तेषां स्नेहनं शस्तमुत्सन्नकफमेदसाम्||५३||
न स्नेह्या वर्तमानेषु न नस्तो बस्तिकर्मसु|
न स्नेह्या वर्तमानेषु न नस्तो बस्तिकर्मसु|
स्नेहपानात् प्रजायन्ते तेषां रोगाः सुदारुणाः||५६||
स्नेहपानात् प्रजायन्ते तेषां रोगाः सुदारुणाः||५६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
saṁśōdhanādr̥tē yēṣāṁ rūkṣaṇaṁ sampravakṣyatē|
saṁśōdhanādr̥tē yēṣāṁ rūkṣaṇaṁ sampravakṣyatē|
na snehyA vartamAneShu na nasto Bastikarmasu|
na snehyA vartamAneShu na nasto Bastikarmasu|
SnehapAnAt prajAyante teShAM rogAH sudAruNAH||56||
SnehapAnAt prajAyante teShAM rogAH sudAruNAH||56||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Those advised for therapy without undergoing body purifications and those having excessively increased ''kapha'' and ''meda'' are not advised to undergo oleation. Those having excessive secretions from their mouth and rectum, suffering from frequent bouts of indigestion, those suffering from thirst and fainting, pregnant women, those having dryness of throat, who have aversion to food, who are sick or suffer from vomiting sensation, accumulation of ''ama'' in ''jathara'' (stomach), those who have been exposed to artificial poisons, those who are weak, those in whom body tissues have depleted, those who are exhausted by the use of ''sneha'', those having alcohol intoxication, those undergoing ''nasya'' therapy (nasal administration of drugs) or ''basti'' (medicated enema) should not consume ''sneha''. Oleation in such patients may cause serious ailments. [53-56]
Those advised for therapy without undergoing body purifications and those having excessively increased ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[meda]]'' are not advised to undergo oleation. Those having excessive secretions from their mouth and rectum, suffering from frequent bouts of indigestion, those suffering from thirst and fainting, pregnant women, those having dryness of throat, who have aversion to food, who are sick or suffer from vomiting sensation, accumulation of ''ama'' in ''jathara'' (stomach), those who have been exposed to artificial poisons, those who are weak, those in whom body tissues have depleted, those who are exhausted by the use of ''sneha'', those having alcohol intoxication, those undergoing ''[[nasya]]'' therapy (nasal administration of drugs) or ''[[basti]]'' (medicated enema) should not consume ''sneha''. Oleation in such patients may cause serious ailments. [53-56]
</div>
</div>
=== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess oleation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
पुरीषं ग्रथितं रूक्षं वायुरप्रगुणो मृदुः|
पुरीषं ग्रथितं रूक्षं वायुरप्रगुणो मृदुः|
पाण्डुता गौरवं जाड्यं पुरीषस्याविपक्वता|
पाण्डुता गौरवं जाड्यं पुरीषस्याविपक्वता|
तन्द्रीररुचिरुत्केशः स्यादतिस्निग्धलक्षणम्||५९||
तन्द्रीररुचिरुत्केशः स्यादतिस्निग्धलक्षणम्||५९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
purīṣaṁ grathitaṁ rūkṣaṁ vāyurapraguṇō mr̥duḥ|
purīṣaṁ grathitaṁ rūkṣaṁ vāyurapraguṇō mr̥duḥ|
pANDutA gauravaM jADyaM purIShasyAvipakvatA|
pANDutA gauravaM jADyaM purIShasyAvipakvatA|
tandrIrarucirutkeshaH syAdatiSnigdhalakShaNam||59||
tandrIrarucirutkeshaH syAdatiSnigdhalakShaNam||59||
</div></div>
===== Signs of Inadequate, proper and excess oleationare as follows [57-59]: =====
==== Table 1: Signs of Inadequate, proper and excess oleation are as follows: ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Hard faeces
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Hard faeces
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Proper movement of ''vata'' downwards
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Proper movement of ''[[vata]]'' downwards
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pallor
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pallor
|-
|-
|}
|}
=== Regimen before sneha consumption ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
द्रवोष्णमनभिष्यन्दि भोज्यमन्नं प्रमाणतः|
द्रवोष्णमनभिष्यन्दि भोज्यमन्नं प्रमाणतः|
पिबेत् संशमनं स्नेहमन्नकाले प्रकाङ्क्षितः|
पिबेत् संशमनं स्नेहमन्नकाले प्रकाङ्क्षितः|
शुद्ध्यर्थं पुनराहारे नैशे जीर्णे पिबेन्नरः||६१||
शुद्ध्यर्थं पुनराहारे नैशे जीर्णे पिबेन्नरः||६१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
dravōṣṇamanabhiṣyandi bhōjyamannaṁ pramāṇataḥ|
dravōṣṇamanabhiṣyandi bhōjyamannaṁ pramāṇataḥ|
pibet saMshamanaM SnehamannakAle prakA~gkShitaH|
pibet saMshamanaM SnehamannakAle prakA~gkShitaH|
shuddhyarthaM punarAhAre naishe jIrNe pibennaraH||61||
shuddhyarthaM punarAhAre naishe jIrNe pibennaraH||61||
</div></div>
On the day before administration of ''sneha'', one should take warm, liquid diet in proper quantity. The food should not increase secretions, possess unctuousness or material with opposing properties.
If ''sneha'' is for the purpose of ''samshamana'' (pacification of ''[[dosha]]'' internally), it should be taken at the time of meals and if meant for ''shuddhi'' (purification) it should be given when food consumed in the previous night has been digested. [60-61]
=== Regimen during ''sneha'' consumption ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
उष्णोदकोपचारी स्याद्ब्रह्मचारी क्षपाशयः |
उष्णोदकोपचारी स्याद्ब्रह्मचारी क्षपाशयः |
स्नेहं पीत्वा नरः स्नेहं प्रतिभुञ्जान एव च|
स्नेहं पीत्वा नरः स्नेहं प्रतिभुञ्जान एव च|
स्नेहमिथ्योपचाराद्धि जायन्ते दारुणा गदाः||६४||
स्नेहमिथ्योपचाराद्धि जायन्ते दारुणा गदाः||६४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
uṣṇōdakōpacārī syādbrahmacārī kṣapāśayaḥ |
uṣṇōdakōpacārī syādbrahmacārī kṣapāśayaḥ |
SnehaM pItvA naraH SnehaM pratibhu~jjAna eva ca|
SnehaM pItvA naraH SnehaM pratibhu~jjAna eva ca|
SnehamithyopacArAddhi jAyante dAruNA gadAH||64||
SnehamithyopacArAddhi jAyante dAruNA gadAH||64||
</div></div>
=== Do’s and don’ts after ''sneha'' consumption ===
#Use warm water for all purposes
#Use warm water for all purposes
One who after consuming ''sneha'' takes oily food and does not follow the aforementioned guidelines gets affected by severe diseases. [62-64]
One who after consuming ''sneha'' takes oily food and does not follow the aforementioned guidelines gets affected by severe diseases. [62-64]
=== Features according to bowel habits ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मृदुकोष्ठस्त्रिरात्रेण स्निह्यत्यच्छोपसेवया|
मृदुकोष्ठस्त्रिरात्रेण स्निह्यत्यच्छोपसेवया|
उदीर्णपित्ताऽल्पकफा ग्रहणी मन्दमारुता|
उदीर्णपित्ताऽल्पकफा ग्रहणी मन्दमारुता|
मृदुकोष्ठस्य तस्मात् स सुविरेच्यो नरः स्मृतः||६९||
मृदुकोष्ठस्य तस्मात् स सुविरेच्यो नरः स्मृतः||६९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
mr̥dukōṣṭhastrirātrēṇa snihyatyacchōpasēvayā|
mr̥dukōṣṭhastrirātrēṇa snihyatyacchōpasēvayā|
udIrNaPitta~alpaKapha grahaNI MandamArutA|
udIrNaPitta~alpaKapha grahaNI MandamArutA|
mRudukoShThasya tasmAt sa suvirecyo naraH smRutaH||69||
mRudukoShThasya tasmAt sa suvirecyo naraH smRutaH||69||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Individuals with soft bowel movement require a maximum dose of three days of ''acchapana'' (''sneha'' alone) while those suffering from ''krura koshtha'' (hard bowel) require the seven-day long (maximum) dose regimen.
Individuals with soft bowel movement require a maximum dose of three days of ''acchapana'' (''sneha'' alone) while those suffering from ''krura koshtha'' (hard bowel) require the seven-day long (maximum) dose regimen.
Individuals with soft bowel movement require the following as purgatives: jaggery, sugarcane juice, whey of curd, milk, water of curd, milk pudding, ''krishara'' (rice cooked with black gram), ''ghee'', juice (decoction) of ''kashmari'' (Gmelina arborea), ''triphala'' (combination of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica officinalis), ''pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn), warm water or fresh wine.
Individuals with soft bowel movement require the following as purgatives: jaggery, sugarcane juice, whey of curd, milk, water of curd, milk pudding, ''krishara'' (rice cooked with black gram), ''ghee'', juice (decoction) of ''kashmari'' (Gmelina arborea), ''triphala'' (combination of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica officinalis), ''pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn), warm water or fresh wine.
These do not help an individual suffering from hard bowel movement because of the prominence of ''vata'' in their ''grahani'' (duodenum). “Soft bowel individuals” have predominance of ''pitta'' and less ''kapha'' and ''vata'' in their duodenum, and hence gets purgation easily. [65-69]
These do not help an individual suffering from hard bowel movement because of the prominence of ''[[vata]]'' in their ''grahani'' (duodenum). “Soft bowel individuals” have predominance of ''[[pitta]]'' and less ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[vata]]'' in their duodenum, and hence gets purgation easily. [65-69]
</div>
</div>
=== Complications of improper ''sneha'' consumption and its treatment ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
उदीर्णपित्ता ग्रहणी यस्य चाग्निबलं महत्|
उदीर्णपित्ता ग्रहणी यस्य चाग्निबलं महत्|
तक्रारिष्टप्रयोगश्च रूक्षपानान्नसेवनम्|
तक्रारिष्टप्रयोगश्च रूक्षपानान्नसेवनम्|
मूत्राणां त्रिफलायाश्च स्नेहव्यापत्तिभेषजम्||७८||
मूत्राणां त्रिफलायाश्च स्नेहव्यापत्तिभेषजम्||७८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
udīrṇapittā grahaṇī yasya cāgnibalaṁ mahat|
udīrṇapittā grahaṇī yasya cāgnibalaṁ mahat|
takrAriShTaprayogashca rUkShapAnAnnasevanam|
takrAriShTaprayogashca rUkShapAnAnnasevanam|
mUtrANAM triphalAyAshca SnehavyApattibheShajam||78||
mUtrANAM triphalAyAshca SnehavyApattibheShajam||78||
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Individuals with highly aggravated pitta in duodenum have excessive digestive strength, and therefore are able to digest or metabolize fat easily. Since their ''ojas'' gets displaced and their digestive power produces thirst, even great quantities of solid food consumption does not quench the fire stimulated by drinking fat, and therefore they do not find relief even with cold water. They suffer from the burning sensation of ''agni'' in them as if they have ingested snake venom.
Individuals with highly aggravated [[pitta]] in duodenum have excessive digestive strength, and therefore are able to digest or metabolize fat easily. Since their ''[[ojas]]'' gets displaced and their digestive power produces thirst, even great quantities of solid food consumption does not quench the fire stimulated by drinking fat, and therefore they do not find relief even with cold water. They suffer from the burning sensation of ''agni'' in them as if they have ingested snake venom.
When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.
When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.
''Ghrita'' should not be drunk when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''pitta'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.
''Ghrita'' should not be taken when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''[[pitta]]'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.
Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]
Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]
</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अकाले चाहितश्चैव मात्रया न च योजितः|
अकाले चाहितश्चैव मात्रया न च योजितः|
स्नेहो मिथ्योपचाराच्च व्यापद्येतातिसेवितः||७९||
स्नेहो मिथ्योपचाराच्च व्यापद्येतातिसेवितः||७९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
akālē cāhitaścaiva mātrayā na ca yōjitaḥ|
akālē cāhitaścaiva mātrayā na ca yōjitaḥ|
akAle cAhitashcaiva mAtrayA na ca yojitaH|
akAle cAhitashcaiva mAtrayA na ca yojitaH|
sneho mithyopacArAcca vyApadyetAtisevitaH||79||
sneho mithyopacArAcca vyApadyetAtisevitaH||79||
</div></div>
''Sneha'' given at improper time, to those it does not suit, without considering proper dose, not following guidelines, and for extended duration causes complications. [79]
''Sneha'' given at improper time, to those it does not suit, without considering proper dose, not following guidelines, and for extended duration causes complications. [79]
=== Prescription for therapeutic purgation and emesis after oleation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्नेहात् प्रस्कन्दनं जन्तुस्त्रिरात्रोपरतः पिबेत्|
स्नेहात् प्रस्कन्दनं जन्तुस्त्रिरात्रोपरतः पिबेत्|
एकाहोपरतस्तद्वद्भुक्त्वा प्रच्छर्दनं पिबेत्|
एकाहोपरतस्तद्वद्भुक्त्वा प्रच्छर्दनं पिबेत्|
स्यात्त्वसंशोधनार्थीये वृत्तिः स्नेहे विरिक्तवत्||८१||
स्यात्त्वसंशोधनार्थीये वृत्तिः स्नेहे विरिक्तवत्||८१||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
snēhāt praskandanaṁ jantustrirātrōparataḥ pibēt|
snēhāt praskandanaṁ jantustrirātrōparataḥ pibēt|
ekAhoparatastadvadbhuktvA pracchardanaM pibet|
ekAhoparatastadvadbhuktvA pracchardanaM pibet|
syAttVasamshodhanarthIye vRuttiH snehe viriktavat||81||
syAttVasamshodhanarthIye vRuttiH snehe viriktavat||81||
</div></div>
Therapeutic purgatives should be given three days after ''sneha'' consumption and during these three days warm and creamy (unctuous) ''mamsa'' ''rasa'' (mutton soup) and rice should be consumed. Therapeutic emesis should be administered a day after stopping ''sneha'' , and guidelines for purgation should be followed.[80-81]
Therapeutic purgatives should be given three days after ''sneha'' consumption and during these three days warm and creamy (unctuous) ''mamsa'' ''rasa'' (mutton soup) and rice should be consumed. Therapeutic emesis should be administered a day after stopping ''sneha'' , and guidelines for purgation should be followed.[80-81]
=== Alternative recipes for persons averse to lipids ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स्नेहद्विषः स्नेहनित्या मृदुकोष्ठाश्च ये नराः|
स्नेहद्विषः स्नेहनित्या मृदुकोष्ठाश्च ये नराः|
(शौकरो वा रसः स्निग्धः सर्पिर्लवणसंयुतः |
(शौकरो वा रसः स्निग्धः सर्पिर्लवणसंयुतः |
पीतो द्विर्वासरे यत्नात् स्नेहयेदचिरान्नरम् ||१||)|
पीतो द्विर्वासरे यत्नात् स्नेहयेदचिरान्नरम् ||१||)|
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
snēhadviṣaḥ snēhanityā mr̥dukōṣṭhāśca yē narāḥ|
snēhadviṣaḥ snēhanityā mr̥dukōṣṭhāśca yē narāḥ|
(shaukaro vA RasaH SnigdhaH sarpirlavaNasaMyutaH |
(shaukaro vA RasaH SnigdhaH sarpirlavaNasaMyutaH |
pIto dvirVasare yatnAt SnehayedacirAnnaram ||1||)|
pIto dvirVasare yatnAt SnehayedacirAnnaram ||1||)|
</div></div>
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Persons who dislike ''sneha'', use fats daily, have soft bowel, can withstand strain, and who consume alcohol often are suitable for ''vicharana'' (therapy involving administration of fats mixed with other food items or preparations). Soup of meat of ''lava'' (common quail), ''taittira'' (black partridge), peacock, swan, boar, fowl, cow, goat, ''urabhra'' (wild sheep) and fish help in oleation.
Persons who dislike ''sneha'', use fats daily, have soft bowel, can withstand strain, and who consume alcohol often are suitable for ''vicharana'' (therapy involving administration of fats mixed with other food items or preparations). Soup of meat of ''lava'' (common quail), ''taittira'' (black partridge), peacock, swan, boar, fowl, cow, goat, ''urabhra'' (wild sheep) and fish help in oleation.
A person with excessive dryness in body should consume the following: ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos) mixed with fats, jaggery and sugar, juice of ''dadima'' (pomegranate), curd added with ''vyosha'' ( combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper), sesame consumed before food, ''phanita'' (molasses) added with fats, ''krishara'' (rice cooked along with sesame, mutton etc.) added with more fats, ''tila kambalika'' (buttermilk cooked with more of ''tila)'', ''phanita'' (molasses) and ''sringavera'' (ginger) or oil of sesame added to ''sura'' (beer), roasted meat of animals . He should take meals after this is digested.
A person with excessive dryness in body should consume the following: ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos) mixed with fats, jaggery and sugar, juice of ''dadima'' (pomegranate), curd added with ''vyosha'' ( combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper), sesame consumed before food, ''phanita'' (molasses) added with fats, ''krishara'' (rice cooked along with sesame, mutton etc.) added with more fats, ''tila kambalika'' (buttermilk cooked with more of ''tila)'', ''phanita'' (molasses) and ''sringavera'' (ginger) or oil of sesame added to ''sura'' (beer), roasted meat of animals . He should take meals after this is digested.
Sesame oil mixed with scum of ''sura'' (beer) or muscle fat or bone marrow or milk added with ''phanita'' (molasses) brings about oleation of the persons of ''vata prakriti''.
Sesame oil mixed with scum of ''sura'' (beer) or muscle fat or bone marrow or milk added with ''phanita'' (molasses) brings about oleation of the persons of ''[[vata]] [[prakriti]]''.
Warm milk directly from the udder of the cow added with fat, or milk added with sugar, or ''dadhisara'' (precipitate of curd) mixed with ''phanita'' (molasses), or ''panchaprasrita peya,'' or ''payasa'' (milk pudding) mixed with powders of ''masha'' (black gram) or many fats cooked with milk acts as an effective preparation for oleation.
Warm milk directly from the udder of the cow added with fat, or milk added with sugar, or ''dadhisara'' (precipitate of curd) mixed with ''phanita'' (molasses), or ''panchaprasrita peya,'' or ''payasa'' (milk pudding) mixed with powders of ''masha'' (black gram) or many fats cooked with milk acts as an effective preparation for oleation.
''Peya'' (gruel) prepared with one ''prasrita'' (96 gram) each of ''ghrita'', oil, muscle fat, bone marrow and rice is known as ''panchaprasritiki peya''. This ''peya'', or drink, may be consumed by the person desirous of oleation. [82-90]
''Peya'' (gruel) prepared with one ''prasrita'' (96 gram) each of ''ghrita'', oil, muscle fat, bone marrow and rice is known as ''panchaprasritiki peya''. This ''peya'', or drink, may be consumed by the person desirous of oleation. [82-90]
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=== Special precautions in skin disease, urinary diseases and swellings ===
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ग्राम्यानूपौदकं मांसं गुडं दधि पयस्तिलान्|
ग्राम्यानूपौदकं मांसं गुडं दधि पयस्तिलान्|
कुष्ठी शोथी प्रमेही च स्नेहने न प्रयोजयेत्||९१||
कुष्ठी शोथी प्रमेही च स्नेहने न प्रयोजयेत्||९१||
यवकोलकुलत्थानां रसाः क्षारः सुरा दधि|
यवकोलकुलत्थानां रसाः क्षारः सुरा दधि|
क्षीरसर्पिश्च तत् सिद्धं स्नेहनीयं घृतोत्तमम्||९४||
क्षीरसर्पिश्च तत् सिद्धं स्नेहनीयं घृतोत्तमम्||९४||
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grāmyānūpaudakaṁ māṁsaṁ guḍaṁ dadhi payastilān|
grāmyānūpaudakaṁ māṁsaṁ guḍaṁ dadhi payastilān|
yavakolakulatthAnAM RasaH kShAraH surA dadhi|
yavakolakulatthAnAM RasaH kShAraH surA dadhi|
kShIRasarpishca tat siddhaM SnehanIyaM ghRutottamam||94||
kShIRasarpishca tat siddhaM SnehanIyaM ghRutottamam||94||
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For oleation of patients suffering from skin diseases, edema and diabetes, one should not use meat of animals either domesticated, or of marshy regions or those living in water. Jaggery, curd, milk and sesame seeds are also to be avoided. They should be given suitable fat boiled with ''pippali, haritaki'' or ''triphala''. The physician