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|title=Snehadhyaya

|title=Snehadhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Sneha(lipids), snehana (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, abhyanga (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy

|keywords=Sneha(lipids), snehana (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, abhyanga (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy,indications, dose, clinical applications, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies

}}

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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies '''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 13. Oleation therapies '''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title =  Snehadhyaya

|title =  Snehadhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequential order of the tetrad suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [[Ayurveda]] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). ''Snehana'' (oleation) is the first step before purification therapies, like ''vamana'' [therapeutic emesis] and ''virechana'' [therapeutic purgation], and also the best medicine suggested for vitiated vata - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.  

The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequential order of the tetrad suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [[Ayurveda]] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). Oleation (''[[Snehana]]'') is the first step before purification therapies, like therapeutic emesis [''[[vamana]]''] and therapeutic purgation [''[[virechana]]''], and is also the best medicine suggested for vitiated [[vata]] - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.  

=== History and broad outline of chapter ===

=== History and broad outline of chapter ===

The earliest reference to ''snehana'' is found in the ancient text ''Markandeya Purana'' where ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), ''taila'' (oil), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) were quoted as ''sneha'' drugs (Mar. 165, 166, 244-245). However, a detailed description of ''snehana- swedana'' (sudation) with complications and their treatments is only found in [[Charak Samhita]] and related  [[Ayurveda]] texts. The [[Snehadhyaya]] provides comprehensive information about ''sneha'' (lipids) and ''snehana'' (its therapeutic administration/oleation).

The earliest reference to ''[[snehana]]'' is found in the ancient text ''Markandeya Purana'' where ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), ''taila'' (oil), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) were quoted as ''sneha'' drugs (Mar. 165, 166, 244-245). However, a detailed description of ''[[snehana]]- [[swedana]]'' (sudation) with complications and their treatments is only found in [[Charak Samhita]] and related  [[Ayurveda]] texts. The [[Snehadhyaya]] provides comprehensive information about ''sneha'' (lipids) and ''[[snehana]]'' (its therapeutic administration/oleation).

   

   

''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. (Cha. Su. 22/11). ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''prithvi'' (earth) and ''jala'' (water) (Su.su. 41/11). Hence it is responsible for moisture (Hemadri on AH. Su. 1/18), providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength (Su.su. 46/516). ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy) (Cha.Su.22/15 and A.H. Su. 16/1). These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''dhatu'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion (Cha. Chi. 15/6). ''Kapha'' and ''pitta'' are two basic ''doshas'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness (A.H. Su. 1/11-12). ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''vata dosha'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble<ref> Weber F, Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents, Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981;77:119-35. </ref> , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.<ref> Mengistie, Alemayehu Belay; Reddy, R. C.; Babu, M. Syam, the effects of workout- based combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training in obese adults of northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness . 2013, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p96-116. 21p. </ref>  

''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/11] ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''[[prithvi]]'' (earth) and ''[[jala]]'' (water). [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 41/11]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> Hence it is responsible for moisture [Hemadri on A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/18]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>, providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength. [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 46/516]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/15] and [A.H. Sutra Sthana 16/1]<ref name=Hridaya/> These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''[[dhatu]]'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/6] ''[[Kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta]]'' are two basic ''[[dosha]]s'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/11-12]<ref name=Hridaya/> ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''[[vata dosha]]'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble<ref> Weber F, Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents, Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981;77:119-35. </ref> , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.<ref> Mengistie, Alemayehu Belay; Reddy, R. C.; Babu, M. Syam, the effects of workout- based combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training in obese adults of northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness . 2013, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p96-116. 21p. </ref>  

The glycerol formed from catabolism of fats can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.<ref> O. E. Owen, A. P. Morgan, H. G. Kemp, J. M. Sullivan, M. G. Herrera et al, Brain metabolism during fasting Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1967 October; 46(10): 1589–1595. </ref> Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance - chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute, or at least maintain, an equilibrium of the offending substances by storing them in a new fat tissue. This helps in protecting vital organs, until such time as the offending substances could be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and  hair growth.<ref> Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat cited on  4-01-2014 </ref>  

The glycerol formed from catabolism of fats can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.<ref> O. E. Owen, A. P. Morgan, H. G. Kemp, J. M. Sullivan, M. G. Herrera et al, Brain metabolism during fasting Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1967 October; 46(10): 1589–1595. </ref> Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance - chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute, or at least maintain, an equilibrium of the offending substances by storing them in a new fat tissue. This helps in protecting vital organs, until such time as the offending substances could be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and  hair growth.<ref> Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat cited on  4-01-2014 </ref>  

Beside pacifying vitiated ''dosha'', enhancing nutritional value and aiding in metabolic functions, ''sneha'' can be utilized for body purification, as described earlier. ''Sneha'' i.e. fats like ''ghrita'', oils etc. are used for [[Panchakarma]] and related purification processes since fats are essential component of cell membrane<ref> Hulbert AJ.Metabolism and longevity: is there a role for membrane fatty acids? Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2010 Nov;50(5):808-17 </ref> and thus, have easy access to all parts of the body. Fats have multidimensional properties that can be utilized for therapeutic purpose. Thus, this chapter on ''sneha'' is important from the standpoint of therapeutics.

Beside pacifying vitiated ''[[dosha]]'', enhancing nutritional value and aiding in metabolic functions, ''sneha'' can be utilized for body purification, as described earlier. ''Sneha'' i.e. fats like ''ghrita'', oils etc. are used for [[Panchakarma]] and related purification processes since fats are essential component of cell membrane<ref> Hulbert AJ.Metabolism and longevity: is there a role for membrane fatty acids? Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2010 Nov;50(5):808-17 </ref> and thus, have easy access to all parts of the body. Fats have multidimensional properties that can be utilized for therapeutic purpose. Thus, this chapter on ''sneha'' is important from the standpoint of therapeutics.

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*To whom should ''vicharana'' (alternative forms or recipes of ''sneha'') be given and in what manner?

*To whom should ''vicharana'' (alternative forms or recipes of ''sneha'') be given and in what manner?

Through these questions, I want to know all details of ''snehana'' (oleation therapy), revered Sir. [4-8]

Through these questions, I want to know all details of ''[[snehana]]'' (oleation therapy), revered Sir. [4-8]

=== Sources of lipids ===

=== Sources of lipids ===

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Among all varieties of oils, sesame oil is considered the best and is ideal for giving strength and unctuousness. Castor oil is the best for ''virechana'' (purgation). It is pungent, ''ushna virya'' (hot potency), alleviates vitiated ''vata'' and ''kapha'', ''guru'' (dense, viscous or heavy) in nature and when used with astringent, sweet, bitter drugs it also helps mitigate aggravated ''pitta''. [12]

Among all varieties of oils, sesame oil is considered the best and is ideal for giving strength and unctuousness. Castor oil is the best for ''[[virechana]]'' (purgation). It is pungent, ''ushna virya'' (hot potency), alleviates vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'', ''guru'' (dense, viscous or heavy) in nature and when used with astringent, sweet, bitter drugs it also helps mitigate aggravated ''[[pitta]]''. [12]

=== Four major lipids ===

=== Four major lipids ===

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*''Ghrita'' alleviates ''pitta'' and ''vata'', and is beneficial for ''rasa'', ''shukra'' and ''oja''. Provides relief from burning sensation, softens the tissues, improves voice and complexion. [14]

*''Ghrita'' alleviates ''[[pitta]]'' and ''[[vata]]'', and is beneficial for ''[[rasa]]'', ''[[shukra]]'' and ''[[ojas]]''. Provides relief from burning sensation, softens the tissues, improves voice and complexion. [14]

*''Sesame'' oil alleviates vitiated ''vata,'' does not aggravate ''kapha'' (rather, it improves strength). It is very beneficial for the skin, ''ushna virya'', increases stability, and purifies or cleanses the vagina/ uterus. [15]

*''Sesame'' oil alleviates vitiated ''[[vata]],'' does not aggravate ''[[kapha]]'' (rather, it improves strength). It is very beneficial for the skin, ''ushna virya'', increases stability, and purifies or cleanses the vagina/ uterus. [15]

*''Vasa'' (muscle fat) is useful in healing punctured wounds, fractures, accidental trauma, prolapsed vagina, pain in ear and head, enhancing virility, oleation and for those doing physical exertion. [16]

*''Vasa'' (muscle fat) is useful in healing punctured wounds, fractures, accidental trauma, prolapsed vagina, pain in ear and head, enhancing virility, oleation and for those doing physical exertion. [16]

*''Majja'' (bone marrow) improves strength, semen, ''rasa'', ''kapha, meda'' and ''majja''. It especially strengthens bones and useful for oleation. [17]

*''Majja'' (bone marrow) improves strength, semen, ''[[rasa]]'', ''[[kapha]], [[meda]]'' and ''[[majja]]''. It especially strengthens bones and useful for oleation. [17]

=== Time of administration ===

=== Time of administration ===

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In case of aggravation of ''vata - pitta dosha'', and in hot (summer) season, ''sneha'' should be consumed at night (evening time). In aggravation of ''kapha'' and in cold season, it should be consumed at day time. [19]

In case of aggravation of ''[[vata]] - [[pitta]] [[dosha]]'', and in hot (summer) season, ''sneha'' should be consumed at night (evening time). In aggravation of ''[[kapha]]'' and in cold season, it should be consumed at day time. [19]

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''Sneha'' consumed at day time during hot season or by person who has great aggravation of ''vata-pitta'', can lead to diseases such as fainting, severe thirst, insanity and jaundice.

''Sneha'' consumed at day time during hot season or by person who has great aggravation of ''[[vata]]-[[pitta]]'', can lead to diseases such as fainting, severe thirst, insanity and jaundice.

''Sneha'' consumed at night during cold season or by person who has great aggravation of ''kapha'', can causes diseases such as flatulence, loss of taste, pain in abdomen, or anemia. [20-21]

''Sneha'' consumed at night during cold season or by person who has great aggravation of ''[[kapha]]'', can causes diseases such as flatulence, loss of taste, pain in abdomen, or anemia. [20-21]

=== Vehicle for lipids ===

=== Vehicle for lipids ===

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After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be drunk as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel)  is advised.[22]

After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be taken as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel)  is advised.[22]

=== Various recipes of lipids ===

=== Various recipes of lipids ===

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''Odana'' (boiled rice), ''vilepi'' (thick gruel), ''mamsa rasa'' (meat soup), ''paya'' (milk), ''dadhi'' (curd), ''yavagu'' (thick gruel), soup ''shaka'' (soup of green leafy vegetables), ''yusha'' (pulses soup), ''kambalika'' (Preparation of sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.), ''khada'' (cooked buttermilk), ''saktu'' (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.), ''madya'' (wine), leha (confections), ''bhakshya'' (snacks), ''abhyanjana'' (oil massage), ''basti'' (enema), ''Uttara basti'' (urethral and vaginal enema), ''gandusha'' (gargles), ''karnataila'' (filling ear with oil), ''nastakarma'' (nasal drops), ''akshitarpana'' (filling eye with ''sneha'') are twenty four types of ''pravicharana'' (mode of administration of ''sneha''). [23-25]

''Odana'' (boiled rice), ''vilepi'' (thick gruel), ''mamsa rasa'' (meat soup), ''paya'' (milk), ''dadhi'' (curd), ''yavagu'' (thick gruel), soup ''shaka'' (soup of green leafy vegetables), ''yusha'' (pulses soup), ''kambalika'' (Preparation of sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.), ''khada'' (cooked buttermilk), ''saktu'' (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.), ''madya'' (wine), leha (confections), ''bhakshya'' (snacks), ''abhyanjana'' (oil massage), ''[[basti]]'' (enema), ''Uttara basti'' (urethral and vaginal enema), ''gandusha'' (gargles), ''karnataila'' (filling ear with oil), ''nastakarma'' (nasal drops), ''akshitarpana'' (filling eye with ''sneha'') are twenty four types of ''pravicharana'' (mode of administration of ''sneha''). [23-25]

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''Acchapeya''(drinking ''sneha'' alone) is not considered as ''vicharana'' (alternate form or recipe of administration of ''sneha''), since physicians recommend it as the first preferred method of ''snehana'' therapy. [26]

''Acchapeya''(drinking ''sneha'' alone) is not considered as ''vicharana'' (alternate form or recipe of administration of ''sneha''), since physicians recommend it as the first preferred method of ''[[snehana]]'' therapy. [26]

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Doses of ''sneha'': Doses are divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:

Dose of ''sneha'': Dose is divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:

#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).

#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).

=== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ===

=== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ===

Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffer from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum doses of ''sneha''.

Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffer from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum dose of ''sneha''.

Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''dosha'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]

Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''[[dosha]]'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]

=== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ===

=== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ===

Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate doses of ''sneha''.  

Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate dose of ''sneha''.  

   

   

A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''shodhana'' (body purification). [35-37]

A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''[[shodhana]]'' (body purification). [35-37]

=== Persons suitable for lowest dose and its benefits ===

=== Persons suitable for lowest dose and its benefits ===

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Persons having ''vata-pitta prakriti'', those suffering from ''vata- pitta'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, those who are children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]

Persons having ''[[vata]]-[[pitta]] [[prakriti]]'', those suffering from ''[[vata]]- [[pitta]]'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]

=== Persons suitable for consuming oil ===

=== Persons suitable for consuming oil ===

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Those having aggravated ''kapha dosha,'' excess ''meda dhatu'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, individuals with ''vata prakriti'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body,  unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold seasons. [44-46]

Those having aggravated ''[[kapha dosha]],'' excess ''[[meda dhatu]]'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''[[vata]]'' disorders, individuals with ''[[vata]] [[prakriti]]'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body,  unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold season. [44-46]

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Those who can tolerate breeze and sunlight, who have dryness in body, those who are emaciated due to excessive weightlifting and walking, those who have depleted semen and blood, decreased levels of ''kapha'' and ''meda'', those who suffer from severe pain in bones, joints, veins, ligaments, vital spots and alimentary tract, those in whom highly aggravated ''vata'' remains covered in blocked channels of the body, those who have strong digestive power and are used to drinking or consuming muscle fat should drink ''vasa'' (muscle fat). [47-49]

Those who can tolerate breeze and sunlight, who have dryness in body, those who are emaciated due to excessive weightlifting and walking, those who have depleted semen and blood, decreased levels of ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[meda]]'', those who suffer from severe pain in bones, joints, veins, ligaments, vital spots and alimentary tract, those in whom highly aggravated ''[[vata]]'' remains covered in blocked channels of the body, those who have strong digestive power and are used to drinking or consuming muscle fat should drink ''vasa'' (muscle fat). [47-49]

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Those having strong digestive power, are capable of tolerating excessive physical exertion, who eat large quantities of food often, who consume ''sneha'' often, those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, and those suffering from hard bowel movement are advised to consume bone marrow. [50-51]

Those having strong digestive power, are capable of tolerating excessive physical exertion, who eat large quantities of food often, who consume ''sneha'' often, those suffering from ''[[vata]]'' disorders, and those suffering from hard bowel movement are advised to consume bone marrow. [50-51]

=== Duration of oleation ===

=== Duration of oleation ===

The recommended maximum duration for ''snehapana'' is either seven nights or three nights. [51]

The recommended maximum duration for ''snehapana'' is either seven nights or three nights. [51]

=== Persons suitable for ''snehana'' (oleation) ===

=== Persons suitable for ''[[snehana]]'' (oleation) ===

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Those who are scheduled for sudation or purification therapies, those having dryness in body, those suffering for vata disorders, those doing exercise regularly, those drinking alcohol often, those indulged in sexual activities often and those suffering from mental stress are advised to undergo oleation therapy. [52]

Those who are scheduled for sudation or purification therapies, those having dryness in body, those suffering for [[vata]] disorders, those doing exercise regularly, those drinking alcohol often, those indulged in sexual activities often and those suffering from mental stress are advised to undergo oleation therapy. [52]

=== Contraindications of oleation ===

=== Contraindications of oleation ===

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Those advised for therapy without undergoing body purifications and those having excessively increased ''kapha'' and ''meda'' are not advised to undergo oleation. Those having excessive secretions from their mouth and rectum, suffering from frequent bouts of indigestion, those suffering from thirst and fainting, pregnant women, those having dryness of throat, who have aversion to food, who are sick or suffer from vomiting sensation, accumulation of ''ama'' in ''jathara'' (stomach), those who have been exposed to artificial poisons, those who are weak, those in whom body tissues have depleted, those who are exhausted by the use of ''sneha'', those having alcohol intoxication, those undergoing ''nasya'' therapy (nasal administration of drugs) or ''basti'' (medicated enema) should not consume ''sneha''. Oleation in such patients may cause serious ailments. [53-56]

Those advised for therapy without undergoing body purifications and those having excessively increased ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[meda]]'' are not advised to undergo oleation. Those having excessive secretions from their mouth and rectum, suffering from frequent bouts of indigestion, those suffering from thirst and fainting, pregnant women, those having dryness of throat, who have aversion to food, who are sick or suffer from vomiting sensation, accumulation of ''ama'' in ''jathara'' (stomach), those who have been exposed to artificial poisons, those who are weak, those in whom body tissues have depleted, those who are exhausted by the use of ''sneha'', those having alcohol intoxication, those undergoing ''[[nasya]]'' therapy (nasal administration of drugs) or ''[[basti]]'' (medicated enema) should not consume ''sneha''. Oleation in such patients may cause serious ailments. [53-56]

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Hard faeces

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Hard faeces

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Proper movement of ''vata'' downwards

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Proper movement of ''[[vata]]'' downwards

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pallor  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pallor  

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On the day before administration of ''sneha'', one should take warm, liquid diet in proper quantity. The food should not increase secretions, possess unctuousness or material with opposing properties.

On the day before administration of ''sneha'', one should take warm, liquid diet in proper quantity. The food should not increase secretions, possess unctuousness or material with opposing properties.

If ''sneha'' is for the purpose of ''samshamana'' (pacification of ''dosha'' internally), it should be taken at the time of meals and if meant for ''shuddhi'' (purification) it should be given when food consumed in the previous night has been digested. [60-61]

If ''sneha'' is for the purpose of ''samshamana'' (pacification of ''[[dosha]]'' internally), it should be taken at the time of meals and if meant for ''shuddhi'' (purification) it should be given when food consumed in the previous night has been digested. [60-61]

=== Regimen during ''sneha'' consumption ===

=== Regimen during ''sneha'' consumption ===

Individuals with soft bowel movement require the following as purgatives: jaggery, sugarcane juice, whey of curd, milk, water of curd, milk pudding, ''krishara'' (rice cooked with black gram), ''ghee'', juice (decoction) of ''kashmari'' (Gmelina arborea), ''triphala'' (combination of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica officinalis), ''pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn), warm water or fresh wine.

Individuals with soft bowel movement require the following as purgatives: jaggery, sugarcane juice, whey of curd, milk, water of curd, milk pudding, ''krishara'' (rice cooked with black gram), ''ghee'', juice (decoction) of ''kashmari'' (Gmelina arborea), ''triphala'' (combination of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica and Emblica officinalis), ''pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn), warm water or fresh wine.

These do not help an individual suffering from hard bowel movement because of the prominence of ''vata'' in their ''grahani'' (duodenum). “Soft bowel individuals” have predominance of ''pitta'' and less ''kapha'' and ''vata'' in their duodenum, and hence gets purgation easily. [65-69]

These do not help an individual suffering from hard bowel movement because of the prominence of ''[[vata]]'' in their ''grahani'' (duodenum). “Soft bowel individuals” have predominance of ''[[pitta]]'' and less ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[vata]]'' in their duodenum, and hence gets purgation easily. [65-69]

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Individuals with highly aggravated pitta in duodenum have excessive digestive strength, and therefore are able to digest or metabolize fat easily. Since their ''ojas'' gets displaced and their digestive power produces thirst, even great quantities of solid food consumption does not quench the fire stimulated by drinking fat, and therefore they do not find relief even with cold water. They suffer from the burning sensation of ''agni'' in them as if they have ingested snake venom.

Individuals with highly aggravated [[pitta]] in duodenum have excessive digestive strength, and therefore are able to digest or metabolize fat easily. Since their ''[[ojas]]'' gets displaced and their digestive power produces thirst, even great quantities of solid food consumption does not quench the fire stimulated by drinking fat, and therefore they do not find relief even with cold water. They suffer from the burning sensation of ''agni'' in them as if they have ingested snake venom.

When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.

When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.

''Ghrita'' should not be drunk when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''pitta'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.  

''Ghrita'' should not be taken when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''[[pitta]]'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.  

Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]

Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]

A person with excessive dryness in body should consume the following: ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos) mixed with fats, jaggery and sugar, juice of  ''dadima'' (pomegranate), curd added with ''vyosha'' ( combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper), sesame consumed before food, ''phanita'' (molasses) added with fats, ''krishara'' (rice cooked along with sesame, mutton etc.) added with more fats, ''tila kambalika'' (buttermilk cooked with more of ''tila)'', ''phanita'' (molasses) and ''sringavera'' (ginger) or oil of sesame added to ''sura'' (beer), roasted meat of  animals . He should take meals after this is digested.  

A person with excessive dryness in body should consume the following: ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos) mixed with fats, jaggery and sugar, juice of  ''dadima'' (pomegranate), curd added with ''vyosha'' ( combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper), sesame consumed before food, ''phanita'' (molasses) added with fats, ''krishara'' (rice cooked along with sesame, mutton etc.) added with more fats, ''tila kambalika'' (buttermilk cooked with more of ''tila)'', ''phanita'' (molasses) and ''sringavera'' (ginger) or oil of sesame added to ''sura'' (beer), roasted meat of  animals . He should take meals after this is digested.  

Sesame oil mixed with scum of ''sura'' (beer) or muscle fat or bone marrow or milk added with ''phanita'' (molasses) brings about oleation of the persons of ''vata prakriti''.

Sesame oil mixed with scum of ''sura'' (beer) or muscle fat or bone marrow or milk added with ''phanita'' (molasses) brings about oleation of the persons of ''[[vata]] [[prakriti]]''.

Warm milk directly from the udder of the cow added with fat, or milk added with sugar, or ''dadhisara'' (precipitate of curd) mixed with ''phanita'' (molasses), or ''panchaprasrita peya,'' or ''payasa'' (milk pudding) mixed with powders of ''masha'' (black gram) or many fats cooked with milk acts as an effective preparation for oleation.

Warm milk directly from the udder of the cow added with fat, or milk added with sugar, or ''dadhisara'' (precipitate of curd) mixed with ''phanita'' (molasses), or ''panchaprasrita peya,'' or ''payasa'' (milk pudding) mixed with powders of ''masha'' (black gram) or many fats cooked with milk acts as an effective preparation for oleation.

''Peya'' (gruel) prepared with one ''prasrita'' (96 gram) each of ''ghrita'', oil, muscle fat, bone marrow and rice is known as ''panchaprasritiki peya''. This ''peya'', or drink, may be consumed by the  person desirous of oleation. [82-90]

''Peya'' (gruel) prepared with one ''prasrita'' (96 gram) each of ''ghrita'', oil, muscle fat, bone marrow and rice is known as ''panchaprasritiki peya''. This ''peya'', or drink, may be consumed by the  person desirous of oleation. [82-90]

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For oleation of patients suffering from skin diseases, edema and diabetes, one should not use meat of animals either domesticated, or of marshy regions or those living in water. Jaggery, curd, milk and sesame seeds are also to be avoided. They should be given suitable fat boiled with ''pippali, haritaki'' or ''triphala''.  The physician may prepare ''sneha'' by boiling it with ''draksha'' (grape), ''amalaki'' (emblica officinalis) or with sour curd added with ''vyosha'' (combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper). The ''sneha'' processesd with decoction of ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos), ''yava kshara'' (''alakali'' prepared from ''yava''), ''sura''(beer), curd, milk and ''ghee'' is best in these cases. [91-94]

For oleation of patients suffering from skin diseases, edema and diabetes, one should not use meat of animals either domesticated, or of marshy regions or those living in water. Jaggery, curd, milk and sesame seeds are also to be avoided. They should be given suitable fat boiled with ''pippali, haritaki'' or ''triphala''.  The physician may prepare ''sneha'' by boiling it with ''draksha'' (grape), ''amalaki'' (emblica officinalis) or with sour curd added with ''vyosha'' (combination of black pepper, ginger and long pepper). The ''sneha'' processesd with decoction of ''yava'' (barley), ''kola'' (Bengal gram), ''kulattha'' (two flowered dolichos), ''yava kshara'' (''alakali'' prepared from ''yava''), ''sura''(beer), curd, milk and ''ghee'' is best in these cases. [91-94]

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Oil, bone marrow, muscle fat, ''ghrita'' boiled with a decoction of ''badara'' and ''triphala'' (combination of terminalia chebula, terminalia bellirica and emblica officinalis) should be used in diseases of female and male reproductive system. [95]

Oil, bone marrow, muscle fat, ''ghrita'' boiled with a decoction of ''badara'' and ''triphala'' (combination of terminalia chebula, terminalia bellirica and emblica officinalis) should be used in diseases of female and male reproductive system. [95]

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Just as a piece of cloth only absorbs water as much as it can and leaves off the excess, similarly ''agni'' (digestive power) digests fat as much as it can and expels the excess from the body. Just as a mud ball expels excess water without getting over-moistened when water is poured over it quickly, similarly the body expels fat that has been consumed very quickly. [96-97]

Just as a piece of cloth only absorbs water as much as it can and leaves off the excess, similarly ''agni'' (digestive power) digests fat as much as it can and expels the excess from the body. Just as a mud ball expels excess water without getting over-moistened when water is poured over it quickly, similarly the body expels fat that has been consumed very quickly. [96-97]

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*There are two sources of lipids recommended for oleation: vegetable and animal origin. ''Ghrita'' (Clarified butter), oil (of sesame), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) are the best forms of lipids. [9-13]

*There are two sources of lipids recommended for oleation: vegetable and animal origin. ''Ghrita'' (Clarified butter), oil (of sesame), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) are the best forms of lipids. [9-13]

*These lipids are essential for pacifying ''dosha'' and maintaining equilibrium.  ''Ghee'' or ''ghrita'' is the best processing media as it adopts the properties of the processed drug without losing its own properties. ''Ghee'' pacifies ''vata'' and ''pitta''. Oil pacifies ''vata'' without aggravating ''kapha''. Muscle fat is best for improving virility and helpful in healing fractures and dislocations. Bone marrow is specifically beneficial for enhancing strength of bones, bone marrow and ''shukra'' (sperms). [13-17]

*These lipids are essential for pacifying ''[[dosha]]'' and maintaining equilibrium.  ''Ghee'' or ''ghrita'' is the best processing media as it adopts the properties of the processed drug without losing its own properties. ''Ghee'' pacifies ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[pitta]]''. Oil pacifies ''[[vata]]'' without aggravating ''[[kapha]]''. Muscle fat is best for improving virility and helpful in healing fractures and dislocations. Bone marrow is specifically beneficial for enhancing strength of bones, bone marrow and ''[[shukra]]'' (sperms). [13-17]

*The ideal season for administration of ''ghee'' is ''sharada'' (autumn), that for muscle fat and bone marrow is ''vaishakha'' (mid April to mid May), and the time for oil administration is ''pravrit'' (early rains). [18]

*The ideal season for administration of ''ghee'' is ''sharada'' (autumn), that for muscle fat and bone marrow is ''vaishakha'' (mid April to mid May), and the time for oil administration is ''pravrit'' (early rains). [18]

*Lipid shall be administered according to its indication, at specific time, with correct vehicle, and for a specific duration. Otherwise improper administration may lead to severe disorders. [19-22]

*Lipid shall be administered according to its indication, at specific time, with correct vehicle, and for a specific duration. Otherwise improper administration may lead to severe disorders. [19-22]

*Oleation therapy shall be administered until the desirable signs of proper oleation are observed. Specific diet and lifestyle shall be followed during oleation therapy, otherwise it leads to severe diseases. [57-64]

*Oleation therapy shall be administered until the desirable signs of proper oleation are observed. Specific diet and lifestyle shall be followed during oleation therapy, otherwise it leads to severe diseases. [57-64]

*Duration for oleation therapy is three to seven days.  

*Duration for oleation therapy is three to seven days.  

*Oleation leads to aggravation of ''kapha dosha'' in body. The status of ''kapha'' is key factor for deciding time of therapeutic emesis or purgation. Therapeutic emesis shall be prescribed immediately after one day of completion of oleation therapy when ''kapha'' is in aggravated state. Therapeutic purgation shall be prescribed when the ''kapha'' is less in body i.e. after three nights of completion of oleation therapy. [80-81]

*Oleation leads to aggravation of ''[[kapha dosha]]'' in body. The status of ''[[kapha]]'' is key factor for deciding time of therapeutic emesis or purgation. Therapeutic emesis shall be prescribed immediately after one day of completion of oleation therapy when ''[[kapha]]'' is in aggravated state. Therapeutic purgation shall be prescribed when the ''[[kapha]]'' is less in body i.e. after three nights of completion of oleation therapy. [80-81]

*Oleation followed by sudation are essential procedures before body purification.  These two are performed before purification in order to channelize ''dosha'' from ''shakha'' (periphery) to ''koshtha'' (gut). [99]

*Oleation followed by sudation are essential procedures before body purification.  These two are performed before purification in order to channelize ''[[dosha]]'' from ''shakha'' (periphery) to ''koshtha'' (gut). [99]

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=== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil  ===

=== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil  ===

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Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''kapha-vatahara'' (pacifying ''kapha'' and ''vata dosha'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''dhatu'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound) (Ka. Su. 22/7). Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.<ref>  "Sesame and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol",  American Heart Association Meeting Report - Abstract 186, Retrived from http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sesame-and-rice-bran-oil-lowers-238424 [cited on 19 dec 2013] </ref>   

Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''[[kapha]]-[[vata]]hara'' (pacifying ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[vata dosha]]'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''[[dhatu]]'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound). [Ka.Sa.Sutra Sthana. 22/7] Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.<ref>  "Sesame and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol",  American Heart Association Meeting Report - Abstract 186, Retrived from http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sesame-and-rice-bran-oil-lowers-238424 [cited on 19 dec 2013] </ref>   

Due to high Vitamine E content<ref> "Cooking Oils That Are Good For You". CBS News. Retrived from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cooking-oils-that-are-good-for-you/ cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> , Sesame oil is an antioxidant and improves skin health and complexion<ref> Nachbar F, Korting HC, The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Molecular Medicine. 1995 Jan;73(1):7-17. </ref> while also lowering cholesterol levels.<ref> Correlations between Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K1 in Serum: Paradoxical Relationships to Established Epidemiological Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease retrived from http://www.clinchem.org/content/44/8/1753.full cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Sesame oil also contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil#cite_ref-16 cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis and migraine. Zinc promotes bone health. Clinical studies have shown that a sesame oil massage of infants improved their weight and length, as well as their mid-arm and mid-leg circumferences.<ref> Agarwal, KN; Gupta, A; Pushkarna, R; Faridi, MM; Prabhu, MK (2000). "Effects of massage & use of oil on growth, blood flow & sleep pattern in infants". Inian J Med Res. 112 (212): 7. PMID 11247199. </ref>

Due to high Vitamine E content<ref> "Cooking Oils That Are Good For You". CBS News. Retrived from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cooking-oils-that-are-good-for-you/ cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> , Sesame oil is an antioxidant and improves skin health and complexion<ref> Nachbar F, Korting HC, The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Molecular Medicine. 1995 Jan;73(1):7-17. </ref> while also lowering cholesterol levels.<ref> Correlations between Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K1 in Serum: Paradoxical Relationships to Established Epidemiological Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease retrived from http://www.clinchem.org/content/44/8/1753.full cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Sesame oil also contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil#cite_ref-16 cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis and migraine. Zinc promotes bone health. Clinical studies have shown that a sesame oil massage of infants improved their weight and length, as well as their mid-arm and mid-leg circumferences.<ref> Agarwal, KN; Gupta, A; Pushkarna, R; Faridi, MM; Prabhu, MK (2000). "Effects of massage & use of oil on growth, blood flow & sleep pattern in infants". Inian J Med Res. 112 (212): 7. PMID 11247199. </ref>

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative with its major site of action in the small intestine (where it is digested into Ricinoleic acid).<ref>  "Ingredient List A-C" . FDA. Archived from the original on 2006-12-17. Cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref>   

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative with its major site of action in the small intestine (where it is digested into Ricinoleic acid).<ref>  "Ingredient List A-C" . FDA. Archived from the original on 2006-12-17. Cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref>   

At low doses, castor oil is readily absorbed. As the oral dose increases, percent absorption decreases and laxation occurs.<ref> Watson, W. C. et al. (1963) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology;15: 183 </ref> Castor oil is widely used in treatment of musculo-skeletal and spine disorders. It is considered useful in ''ama'' dominant conditions like rheumatoid arthritis where less absorption of ''sneha'', ''vata'' alleviation and body purification are expected simultaneously. Castor oil in large doses is administered for therapeutic purgation. [verse 12]  

At low doses, castor oil is readily absorbed. As the oral dose increases, percent absorption decreases and laxation occurs.<ref> Watson, W. C. et al. (1963) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology;15: 183 </ref> Castor oil is widely used in treatment of musculo-skeletal and spine disorders. It is considered useful in ''ama'' dominant conditions like rheumatoid arthritis where less absorption of ''sneha'', ''[[vata]]'' alleviation and body purification are expected simultaneously. Castor oil in large doses is administered for therapeutic purgation. [verse 12]  

=== Best ''Sneha'' and their Therapeutic Applicabilities  ===

=== Best ''Sneha'' and their Therapeutic Applicabilities  ===

==== ''Ghrita'' (clarified butter / ''ghee'') ====

==== ''Ghrita'' (clarified butter / ''ghee'') ====

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''Ghee'' is the best oleate due to prominence in its unctuousness. This property of fats is indicated by saponification value which is highest in ''ghee'' ( 225-235 )<ref> Dhurvey Y.R.*, Kawtikwar P.S., Sakarkar D.M., Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Cow Ghee before and after Hydrogenation, International Journal of ChemTech Research,2012, Vol.4, No.1, pp 185-189 </ref> as compared to sesame oil (188-193)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref>,and animal fat (190-205)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fat,  cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref> etc. ''Samskara'' (processing) leads to transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. But this change is due to changes in the basic composition of a drug. ''Ghee'' has a unique quality to adopt properties of herbs processed with it without losing its own. If ''ghee'' is processed with drugs with nourishment properties, then it is indicated in degenerative diseases. If it is processed with drugs having hot and strong properties, then it is indicated in obstructive diseases. Therefore, it is considered as the best media for processing. One or the other medicated ''ghee'' preparation is indicated in almost all diseases. It pacifies ''vata'' due to ''snigdha guna'' (unctuous properties) and ''pitta'' due to ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''sheeta'' (cold) properties (Cha. Ni. 1/39). It increases ''shukra'' and ''ojas'' due to similar properties.  

''Ghee'' is the best oleate due to prominence in its unctuousness. This property of fats is indicated by saponification value which is highest in ''ghee'' ( 225-235 )<ref> Dhurvey Y.R.*, Kawtikwar P.S., Sakarkar D.M., Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Cow Ghee before and after Hydrogenation, International Journal of ChemTech Research,2012, Vol.4, No.1, pp 185-189 </ref> as compared to sesame oil (188-193)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref>,and animal fat (190-205)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fat,  cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref> etc. ''Samskara'' (processing) leads to transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. But this change is due to changes in the basic composition of a drug. ''Ghee'' has a unique quality to adopt properties of herbs processed with it without losing its own. If ''ghee'' is processed with drugs with nourishment properties, then it is indicated in degenerative diseases. If it is processed with drugs having hot and strong properties, then it is indicated in obstructive diseases. Therefore, it is considered as the best media for processing. One or the other medicated ''ghee'' preparation is indicated in almost all diseases. It pacifies ''[[vata]]'' due to ''snigdha [[guna]]'' (unctuous properties) and ''[[pitta]]'' due to ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''sheeta'' (cold) properties. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/39] It increases ''[[shukra]]'' and ''[[ojas]]'' due to similar properties.  

==== ''Vasa'' (muscle fat) ====

==== ''Vasa'' (muscle fat) ====

=== Proper season and time for ''sneha'' consumption  ===

=== Proper season and time for ''sneha'' consumption  ===

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The proper season for consumption of a ''sneha'' depends upon the physiological dominance of ''dosha'' in the body during that particular season, as well as the inherent properties of the ''sneha''. On the basis of its inherent properties, ''ghee'' is indicated in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, when ''pitta dosha'' is increased. Muscle fat and bone marrow do not possess much hot or cold potency, and hence are advised in ''sadharana kala'' (i.e. seasons that are not very hot or cold), except in ''Chaitra'' month (mid-March to mid-April) when it may vitiate ''kapha dosha''. Oils are the best medicines for ''vata'', hence they are recommended for consumption in the ''pravritta'' (early rainy) season. These rules are to be followed universally according to seasonal and temperature variations. If this is not followed, then complications in oleation therapy could be observed.[verse 18-21]

The proper season for consumption of a ''sneha'' depends upon the physiological dominance of ''[[dosha]]'' in the body during that particular season, as well as the inherent properties of the ''sneha''. On the basis of its inherent properties, ''ghee'' is indicated in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, when ''[[pitta dosha]]'' is increased. Muscle fat and bone marrow do not possess much hot or cold potency, and hence are advised in ''sadharana kala'' (i.e. seasons that are not very hot or cold), except in ''Chaitra'' month (mid-March to mid-April) when it may vitiate ''[[kapha dosha]]''. Oils are the best medicines for ''[[vata]]'', hence they are recommended for consumption in the ''pravritta'' (early rainy) season. These rules are to be followed universally according to seasonal and temperature variations. If this is not followed, then complications in oleation therapy could be observed.[verse 18-21]

</div>

</div>

=== Dose of ''sneha''  ===

=== Dose of ''sneha''  ===

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya ([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.[verse 29-30]

The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya (Sutra Sthana Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.[verse 29-30]

 

 

</div>

</div>

#Lifestyle  

#Lifestyle  

When a disease is severe or chronic in nature, it implies a “deep-seated” or a chronic case of (vitiated) ''dosha,'' blockages in microchannels, besides other imbalances and complications. In such conditions, the highest possible dose could be necessary to channelize and eject the ''dosha'' from its “seat” towards the gut. This quantity is beneficial for disorders of mind and sense organs. However, the patient needs to have strong digestive capacity and good strength of patient to be able to tolerate the highest dose. The body of the patient adapts to an increased fat intake (thereby increasing the rate of oxidation of fat) by two  mechanisms:<ref> Flatt JP. Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1987;45:296–306. </ref>   

When a disease is severe or chronic in nature, it implies a “deep-seated” or a chronic case of (vitiated) ''[[dosha]],'' blockages in microchannels, besides other imbalances and complications. In such conditions, the highest possible dose could be necessary to channelize and eject the ''[[dosha]]'' from its “seat” towards the gut. This quantity is beneficial for disorders of mind and sense organs. However, the patient needs to have strong digestive capacity and good strength of patient to be able to tolerate the highest dose. The body of the patient adapts to an increased fat intake (thereby increasing the rate of oxidation of fat) by two  mechanisms:<ref> Flatt JP. Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1987;45:296–306. </ref>   

#Expansion of the fat stores or  

#Expansion of the fat stores or  

Lowest dose of ''sneha'' consumption is fat substitute for diet. Thus, it holds more calorie contents, which strengthens body and is free from any complications. It can be used in old  persons and children.[verse 31-51]

Lowest dose of ''sneha'' consumption is fat substitute for diet. Thus, it holds more calorie contents, which strengthens body and is free from any complications. It can be used in old  persons and children.[verse 31-51]

</div>

</div>

=== Indications of oleation  ===

=== Indications of oleation  ===

Oleation and sudation are essential pre-purification therapies to channelize dosha from all body parts to the gut.  

Oleation and sudation are essential pre-purification therapies to channelize [[dosha]] from all body parts to the gut.  

==== ''Sneha'' in regular exercise ====

==== ''Sneha'' in regular exercise ====

==== ''Sneha'' in excessive sex ====

==== ''Sneha'' in excessive sex ====

Those who are involved in excessive sexual activity lose their ''oja'' (vitality) leading to ''dhatukshaya'' (depletion of ''dhatu''), ''vata'' aggravation and loss of unctuousness as mentioned in the pathology of ''rajayakshma''. (Cha. Chi. 8/ 24-25). Hence oleation is required in such debilitated persons.

Those who are involved in excessive sexual activity lose their ''[[ojass]]'' (vitality) leading to ''dhatukshaya'' (depletion of ''[[dhatu]]''), ''[[vata]]'' aggravation and loss of unctuousness as mentioned in the pathology of ''rajayakshma''. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/24-25] Hence oleation is required in such debilitated persons.

==== Contraindications of ''Sneha'' ====

==== Contraindications of ''Sneha'' ====

''Sneha'' is mainly contraindicated in conditions where there are excessive body secretions especially from mouth and rectum, ''ama'' formation, poor digestion, excess aggravation of ''dosha'', and in cases where other therapies such as ''nasya'' and ''basti'' are being administered. Oleation therapy worsens the condition in these cases. [verse 52-56]

''Sneha'' is mainly contraindicated in conditions where there are excessive body secretions especially from mouth and rectum, ''ama'' formation, poor digestion, excess aggravation of ''[[dosha]]'', and in cases where other therapies such as ''[[nasya]]'' and ''[[basti]]'' are being administered. Oleation therapy worsens the condition in these cases. [verse 52-56]

=== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess ''Sneha''  ===

=== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess ''Sneha''  ===

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Inadequate oleation does not pacify ''vata'' and disturbs ''agni'' leading to poor digestion. Proper oleation due to proper ''sneha'' improves digestion. The skin acts as a water resisting barrier to prevent flow of essential nutrients out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the outer layer of skin, the epidermis.<ref> McCracken, Thomas (2000). New Atlas of Human Anatomy. China: Metro Books. pp. 1–240. ISBN 1-58663-097-0 </ref> Softness or tenderness of skin is a result of proper oleation since ''snehana'' adds to the functional improvement of fat deposits of the body. Excess oleation causes improperly formed faeces, which may be due to increase in colorectal transit time as a result of excess unctuousness in gastrointestinal lumen. Stools are formed in the colon in the last phase of digestion. Through peristalsis, the muscles of the colon and the abdomen advance the liquid feces through the colon and compress the fecal matter into stool. During this process the colon extracts water from liquid feces as it passes down. The water is absorbed by the lumen, leaving the larger waste particles to be further tumbled along and formed into stools.<ref> Retrieved from http://web.pdx.edu/~sujata/FruitEze/education/colon/stool.html cited on 2-01-2014 </ref>  Due to excess oleation, blockage of microchnnels and villi occurs and absorptive function may become hampered leading to improperly formed stool. All other symptoms of excess oleation are due to increase in ''kleda'' (moisture) in body leading to heaviness, loss of digestive strength etc.[verse 57-59]

Inadequate oleation does not pacify ''[[vata]]'' and disturbs ''agni'' leading to poor digestion. Proper oleation due to proper ''sneha'' improves digestion. The skin acts as a water resisting barrier to prevent flow of essential nutrients out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the outer layer of skin, the epidermis.<ref> McCracken, Thomas (2000). New Atlas of Human Anatomy. China: Metro Books. pp. 1–240. ISBN 1-58663-097-0 </ref> Softness or tenderness of skin is a result of proper oleation since ''[[snehana]]'' adds to the functional improvement of fat deposits of the body. Excess oleation causes improperly formed faeces, which may be due to increase in colorectal transit time as a result of excess unctuousness in gastrointestinal lumen. Stools are formed in the colon in the last phase of digestion. Through peristalsis, the muscles of the colon and the abdomen advance the liquid feces through the colon and compress the fecal matter into stool. During this process the colon extracts water from liquid feces as it passes down. The water is absorbed by the lumen, leaving the larger waste particles to be further tumbled along and formed into stools.<ref> Retrieved from http://web.pdx.edu/~sujata/FruitEze/education/colon/stool.html cited on 2-01-2014 </ref>  Due to excess oleation, blockage of microchnnels and villi occurs and absorptive function may become hampered leading to improperly formed stool. All other symptoms of excess oleation are due to increase in ''kleda'' (moisture) in body leading to heaviness, loss of digestive strength etc.[verse 57-59]

</div>

</div>

=== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy  ===

=== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy  ===

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) (As. Hri. Su. 1/ 11 ) properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) (AH. Su. 1/ 11) properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. (AH. Su. 1/ 12). Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,  November 2008,  (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.[verses 65-69]

''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''[[dosha]]'' dominance in bowel. ''[[Vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''[[Vata]]'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) [Indhu on A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/ 11]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''[[Pitta]]'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name=Hridaya/> properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''[[dosha]]'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''[[Kapha]]'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''[[kapha]]'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name=Hridaya/> Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,  November 2008,  (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.[verses 65-69]

</div>

</div>

Excessive thirst is a result of impaired digestion and absorption of lipids. Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) are essential fatty acids supplied by almost all polyunsaturated fats.<ref> Reiffel JA, McDonald A (August 2006). "Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids". The American Journal of Cardiology 98 (4A): 50i–60i. </ref> But any defect in their absorption may cause deficiency leading to excessive thirst and dry skin, brittle hair &nails, sleep and attention problems.<ref> Colquhoun I, Bunday S., A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children., MedicalHypotheses. 1981 May; 7(5):673-9. </ref>   

Excessive thirst is a result of impaired digestion and absorption of lipids. Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) are essential fatty acids supplied by almost all polyunsaturated fats.<ref> Reiffel JA, McDonald A (August 2006). "Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids". The American Journal of Cardiology 98 (4A): 50i–60i. </ref> But any defect in their absorption may cause deficiency leading to excessive thirst and dry skin, brittle hair &nails, sleep and attention problems.<ref> Colquhoun I, Bunday S., A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children., MedicalHypotheses. 1981 May; 7(5):673-9. </ref>   

Bile, to some extent acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested leading to steatorrhea and vitamin deficiency.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  Thus ''sama pitta'' (''pitta'' that is not formed well) can be due to improper functions of biliary system that can not digest fats properly and produce severe symptoms. Moreover, fats boiled with some medicines may cause correction in this metabolic defect thus advocated in ''sama pitta'' condition.

Bile, to some extent acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested leading to steatorrhea and vitamin deficiency.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  Thus ''sama [[pitta]]'' (''[[pitta]]'' that is not formed well) can be due to improper functions of biliary system that can not digest fats properly and produce severe symptoms. Moreover, fats boiled with some medicines may cause correction in this metabolic defect thus advocated in ''sama [[pitta]]'' condition.

All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. (Cha. Su. 2/30.Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.[verse 70-79]

All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/30] Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.[verse 70-79]

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=== ''Shodhana'' (purification) after oleation  ===

=== ''[[Shodhana]]'' (purification) after oleation  ===

''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. (Cha. Si. 1/ 8-9)., Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''.[verse 80-81]  

''[[Vamana]]'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta [[kapha]]'' (therapeutically aggravated ''[[kapha]]'' by oleation) condition. ''[[Virechana]]'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''[[kapha]]'' is reduced in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/ 8-9], Hence, the rest period for performing ''[[virechana]]'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''[[vamana]]''.[verse 80-81]  

=== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration) ===

=== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration) ===

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vilepi (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vilepi (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, deepaniya, madhura, pathya, tarpana, hridya,vata pittahara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, deepaniya, madhura, pathya, tarpana, hridya,[[vata]] [[pitta]]hara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Su. 46/342''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/342]<ref name=Susruta/>''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Mamsarasa (meat soup) and mamsa (meat)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Mamsarasa (meat soup) and mamsa (meat)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''prinana, vata pittahara, hridya, swasa, kasa, shrama,kshya hara, shukrakara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''prinana, [[vata]] [[pitta]]hara, hridya, swasa, kasa, shrama,kshya hara, shukrakara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/359-60''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/359-60]<ref name=Susruta/>''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dugdha (milk)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dugdha (milk)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, sheeta, snigdha, guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, sheeta, snigdha, guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 1/112''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/112]''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dadhi (curd)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dadhi (curd)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru, vatahara, pitta kapha vardhaka,agnimandyakara, amla''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru, [[vata]]hara, [[pitta]] [[kapha]] vardhaka, agnimandyakara, amla''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter''

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yavagu (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yavagu (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''grahi, vatanashaka, balya, tarpana''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''grahi, [[vata]]nashaka, balya, tarpana''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. Khi. 4/76''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Ka.Sa. Khila Sthana 4/76]''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Supa (soup of green leafy vegetables)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Supa (soup of green leafy vegetables)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, grahi, kapha pittahara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, grahi, [[kapha]] [[pitta]]hara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yogaratnakara Purvakhanda Siddhannadipakaguna chapter''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yusha (pulses soup)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yusha (pulses soup)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''deepana, rochana, agnivardhaka, praswedajanana,tridoshashamaka''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[[deepana]], rochana, agnivardhaka, praswedajanana,tridoshashamaka''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. Khi. 4/15''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Ka.Sa. Khila Sthana 4/15]''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Khada (cooked buttermilk)- Kambalika (Preparation of Sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Khada (cooked buttermilk)- Kambalika (Preparation of Sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''ruchikara, ushna, laghupaki, vata kaphahara, hridya''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''ruchikara, ushna, laghupaki, [[vata]] [[kapha]]hara, hridya''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/376''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/376]<ref name=Susruta/>''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Saktu (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Saktu (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''saktu mantha - sadyobalakara, pipasa, shramanashana, mala-doshanulomana, ruksha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''saktu mantha - sadyobalakara, pipasa, shramanashana, [[mala]]-[[dosha]]nulomana, ruksha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Chi. 46/386-87''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/386-87]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Madya (alcohol)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Madya (alcohol)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''amla, ushna, vatanulomana, kaphahara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''amla, ushna, vatanulomana, [[kapha]]hara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 27/178''  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/178]<ref name=Susruta/>''  

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Leha (confections)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Leha (confections)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''As. Su. 25/20''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[A.S. Sutra Sthana 25/20]<ref name=Sangraha/>''

|-

|-

|}

|}

=== Mode of action of ''sneha''  ===

=== Mode of action of ''sneha''  ===

''Sneha'' acts as a solvent and it increases ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body which ultimately leads to ''utklesha'' (aggravation of ''dosha'' for removal).[verse 96-97]

''Sneha'' acts as a solvent and it increases ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body which ultimately leads to ''utklesha'' (aggravation of ''[[dosha]]'' for removal).[verse 96-97]

==== I. Action as a solvent ====

==== I. Action as a solvent ====

<div style="text-align:justify;">

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Fats acts as good solvent for many metabolic wastes and it enters the cells easily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  Compared to other non-unctous substances, fat materials stays in the body for a stipulated period without causing any harm and also possesses better permeability. The large quantity of fats administered before purification therapies do not undergo digestion and metabolism cycle because the sneha is intended to increase and channelize ''dosha'' towards ''koshtha''.  

Fats acts as good solvent for many metabolic wastes and it enters the cells easily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  Compared to other non-unctous substances, fat materials stays in the body for a stipulated period without causing any harm and also possesses better permeability. The large quantity of fats administered before purification therapies do not undergo digestion and metabolism cycle because the sneha is intended to increase and channelize ''[[dosha]]'' towards ''koshtha''.  

According to Sushruta, the disease occurs due to dislodgement of vitiated ''doshas'' in the channels during their circulation in the body (Su.Su.24/10). ''Sneha'' administered internally reaches microchannels and acts as a solvent to remove the obstruction by dissolving ''doshas'' in it, resulting in the removal of obstructions in microchannels, which is one of the important steps in the treatment.

According to Sushruta, the disease occurs due to dislodgement of vitiated ''[[dosha]]s'' in the channels during their circulation in the body. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 24/10]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Sneha'' administered internally reaches microchannels and acts as a solvent to remove the obstruction by dissolving ''[[dosha]]s'' in it, resulting in the removal of obstructions in microchannels, which is one of the important steps in the treatment.

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==== II. Increase in the ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body ====

==== II. Increase in the ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body ====

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This particular phenomenon should be understood regarding ''vriddhi'' i.e. increase in the ''apyamsha'' i.e. liquid content of the body. This leads to ''utklesha'' and can be called as transient increase in ''rasa'' (body fluids) and ''kleda'' (moisture). ''Sneha'' has the predominance of ''apa mahabhuta'', which is corroborated by the specific qualities. (Cha.Su.22/15, AH.Su.1/11) and it is hydrophilic in nature. After proper ''snehana'', all the cells of body become completely saturated with fats. Then the fat material comes out of the cell to extra-cellular fluid by osmosis. So, due to the aqueous properties of ''sneha'' and liquefied waste brought from the tissues, the levels of fatty acids etc. increase in the blood resulting in the high plasma volume. To keep up the equilibrium of the normal plasma, the extra amount of liquid from it, reaches the ''koshtha'' for excretion. This is called as ''anu pravana bhava''. Later on when emetics or purgatives are administered, this increased amount of the body fluids are evacuated by which the vitiated ''doshas'' and in-excreted ''malas'' also expelled out resulting in the radical cure of the disease. By the combined effect of oleation and sudation, excessive increase of ''dosha'' liquification of ''dosha'', digestion of ''dosha'', opening of micro-channels and control of ''vata'' occurs so that, the ''doshas'' come to the ''kostha'' by Anupravana Bhava, then they are expelled out through nearest route by proper ''shodhana karma'' (Ch.Su. 28/33).

This particular phenomenon should be understood regarding ''vriddhi'' i.e. increase in the ''apyamsha'' i.e. liquid content of the body. This leads to ''utklesha'' and can be called as transient increase in ''[[rasa]]'' (body fluids) and ''kleda'' (moisture). ''Sneha'' has the predominance of ''[[apa mahabhuta]]'', which is corroborated by the specific qualities. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/15], [A.H.Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name=Hridaya/> and it is hydrophilic in nature. After proper ''[[snehana]]'', all the cells of body become completely saturated with fats. Then the fat material comes out of the cell to extra-cellular fluid by osmosis. So, due to the aqueous properties of ''sneha'' and liquefied waste brought from the tissues, the levels of fatty acids etc. increase in the blood resulting in the high plasma volume. To keep up the equilibrium of the normal plasma, the extra amount of liquid from it, reaches the ''koshtha'' for excretion. This is called as ''anu pravana bhava''. Later on when emetics or purgatives are administered, this increased amount of the body fluids are evacuated by which the vitiated ''[[dosha]]s'' and in-excreted ''[[mala]]s'' also expelled out resulting in the radical cure of the disease. By the combined effect of oleation and sudation, excessive increase of ''[[dosha]]'' liquification of ''[[dosha]]'', digestion of ''[[dosha]]'', opening of micro-channels and control of ''[[vata]]'' occurs so that, the ''[[dosha]]s'' come to the ''kostha'' by Anupravana Bhava, then they are expelled out through nearest route by proper ''[[shodhana]] karma''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/33]

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=== ''Sadya snehana'' (instant oleation) and salt with fats for early oleation  ===

=== ''Sadya [[snehana]]'' (instant oleation) and salt with fats for early oleation  ===

Instant oleation is required in some conditions requiring immediate purification therapy. In exacerbation of ''asthma sadya snehana'' is done and ''vamana'' is performed to remove ''avarana'' (obstruction) by ''kapha''. Salt is having hygroscopic nature,<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  thus when consumed with fats it increases moisture content in the body, that eventually results in early oleation.[verse 89-98]

Instant oleation is required in some conditions requiring immediate purification therapy. In exacerbation of ''asthma sadya [[snehana]]'' is done and ''[[vamana]]'' is performed to remove ''avarana'' (obstruction) by ''[[kapha]]''. Salt is having hygroscopic nature,<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy cited on 3-01-2014 </ref>  thus when consumed with fats it increases moisture content in the body, that eventually results in early oleation.[verse 89-98]

=== Common method followed for oleation purpose before purification therapies ===

=== Common method followed for oleation purpose before purification therapies ===

*Therapeutic effects of oleation with fats used today should be ascertain clinically so that they can be accepted as medicinal ''sneha''.

*Therapeutic effects of oleation with fats used today should be ascertain clinically so that they can be accepted as medicinal ''sneha''.

*Combination of fats is an area least evaluated and has scope for improvement in fat properties.

*Combination of fats is an area least evaluated and has scope for improvement in fat properties.

== References ==

== References ==