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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">Kalpana chatushka (tetrad on applications of medicine) starts with the chapter on oleation therapy. This chapter describes details of oleation therapy including the sources of lipids, types, properties, administration method, time, dose, alternative methods of administration in the form of recipe (vicharana), indications, contraindications, symptoms of proper, inadequate and excess oleation. Adipose tissue in the form of fat is essential components of body it provides lubrication to all viscera and other interstitial spaces due to its unctuous property. Lipids are integral part of cell membrane that allows entry of lipid soluble substances/drugs into the cells. The selection of lipids for oleation therapy depends upon the specific integrity of gut, severity of the disease, and specific indications of lipids. Lipids processed with medicines can be prescribed in diabetes or skin diseases where natural fat is contra-indicated. Apt oleation therapy results in normal functions of vata, increase in digestive power, softening of (hard) feces, and making the body supple and soft.  Improper implementation of methods or violation of guidelines results in complications such as skin diseases, itching, hemorrhoids, ascites, fainting, indigestion etc. Oleation and sudation are pre-requisites or pre-treatment procedures for purification (shodhana) therapies to aid in moving vitiated dosha to gut (for an eventual expelling out of the body and achieve purification). The present chapter can be considered as a first step in purification therapies described. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">Kalpana chatushka (tetrad on applications of medicine) starts with the chapter on oleation therapy. This chapter describes details of oleation therapy including the source of lipids, their types, properties, administration method, time, dose, alternative methods of administration in the form of recipe (vicharana). It also describes the indications, contraindications, symptoms of proper, inadequate and excess oleation. Adipose tissue in the form of fat is essential component of body. It provides lubrication to all viscera and other interstitial spaces due to its unctuous property. Lipids are integral part of cell membrane that allows entry of lipid soluble substances/drugs into the cells. The selection of lipids for oleation therapy depends upon the specific integrity of gut, severity of the disease, and specific indications of lipids. Lipids processed with medicines can be prescribed in diabetes or skin diseases where natural fat is contra-indicated. Apt oleation therapy results in normal functions of vata, increase in digestive power, softening of (hard) feces, and making the body supple and soft.  Improper implementation of methods or violation of guidelines, results in complications such as skin diseases, itching, hemorrhoids, ascites, fainting, indigestion etc. Oleation and sudation (induced sweating) are pre-requisites or pre-treatment procedures for purification (shodhana) therapies to aid in moving vitiated dosha to gut (for an eventual expelling out of the body and achieve purification). The present chapter can be considered as a first step in purification therapies described. </div>

'''Keywords''': ''Sneha''(lipids), ''snehana'' (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, ''abhyanga'' (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy, indications, dose, clinical applications.

'''Keywords''': ''Sneha''(lipids), ''snehana'' (oleation therapy), fat and lipid metabolism, ''abhyanga'' (therapeutic massage), ghee, oil, marrow, fat, alternative options for oleation therapy, indications, dose, clinical applications.

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequential order of the tetrad suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [[Ayurveda]] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). ''Snehana'' (oleation) is the first step before purification therapies, like ''vamana'' [therapeutic emesis] and ''virechana'' [therapeutic purgation], and also the best medicine suggested for vitiated vata - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.  

The chapter [[Snehadhyaya]] is the first chapter of ''Kalpana Chatushka'' (tetrad describing planning of purification therapies). It follows the [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], the last chapter of ''Nirdesha Chatushka'' (tetrad describing guidelines for clinical practice). This sequential order of the tetrad suggests the logical progression in the clinical training of [[Ayurveda]] learners – from a foundational course in therapeutics to more specialized procedures (including purification therapies). Oleation (''Snehana'') is the first step before purification therapies, like therapeutic emesis [''vamana''] and therapeutic purgation [''virechana''], and is also the best medicine suggested for vitiated vata - the key pathological factor responsible for many diseases.  

=== History and broad outline of chapter ===

=== History and broad outline of chapter ===

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After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be drunk as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel)  is advised.[22]

After consuming ''ghrita'', hot water should be taken as ''anupana'' (after drink), and after oil ''yusha'' (pulses soup), and after consuming ''vasa'' and ''majja,'' consumption of ''manda'' (scum of gruel)  is advised.[22]

=== Various recipes of lipids ===

=== Various recipes of lipids ===

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Doses of ''sneha'': Doses are divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:

Dose of ''sneha'': Dose is divided into maximum, moderate and minimum based upon the time taken for it to get digested as follows:

#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).

#''Pradhana'' (maximum): Dose that digests in one day and night (24 hours).

=== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ===

=== Persons suitable for maximum dose and its benefits ===

Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffer from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum doses of ''sneha''.

Those persons who consumes large quantity of ''sneha'' daily, those who can tolerate hunger and thirst, whose digestive and bodily strength is strong, who suffer from ''gulma'' (inflammation in digestive tract), snakebite cases, patients of ''visarpa'' (erysipelas), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''mutrakrichchra'' (dysuria) and constipation are advised to consume maximum dose of ''sneha''.

Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''dosha'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]

Maximum dose when used correctly quickly cures diseases. It removes excess of vitiated ''dosha'' out of the body, reaches all body channels, improves strength and rejuvenates the body, sense organs, and the mind. [31-34]

=== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ===

=== Persons suitable for moderate dose and its benefits ===

Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate doses of ''sneha''.  

Patients of ''arushka'' (eruptions on scalp), ''sphota'' (vesicles), ''pidaka'' (big eruptions), itching, ''pama'' (scabies), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''prameha'' (diabetics), ''vatashonita'' (gout), those who never consume large quantities of food, those with ''mridukoshtha'' (soft bowel habit) ,and those having moderate strength are advised to consume moderate dose of ''sneha''.  

   

   

A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''shodhana'' (body purification). [35-37]

A moderate dose never causes any serious complication. It never reduces strength, provides oleation with ease, and can be used for ''shodhana'' (body purification). [35-37]

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Persons having ''vata-pitta prakriti'', those suffering from ''vata- pitta'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, those who are children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]

Persons having ''vata-pitta prakriti'', those suffering from ''vata- pitta'' disorders, those desiring good eyesight, those who are wounded, emaciated, old and infirm, children and women, those willing to live long, those willing to have good strength, complexion, voice, nourishment, healthy progeny, luxurious lifestyle, good vitality, memory, intelligence, digestive strength, strength of sense organs, and those suffering from burning sensation, injury by weapon, poison and fire should drink ''ghrita''. [41-43]

=== Persons suitable for consuming oil ===

=== Persons suitable for consuming oil ===

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Those having aggravated ''kapha dosha,'' excess ''meda dhatu'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, individuals with ''vata prakriti'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body,  unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold seasons. [44-46]

Those having aggravated ''kapha dosha,'' excess ''meda dhatu'' (fat tissue), those having thick neck and abdomen (excess flabbiness with deposition of fat in the neck and abdominal region), those suffering from ''vata'' disorders, individuals with ''vata prakriti'' (predisposition), those who desire strength, slim and lean physique, dexterity and agility, sturdiness and stability of body,  unctuous, smooth and silky skin, those who have worms in their abdomen, have hard bowel, those suffering sinus ulcers, and those used to consuming oils, should drink oils especially during cold season. [44-46]

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When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.

When the ''sneha'' consumed does not undergo digestion and there is thirst then the physician should get it out through emesis, make the patient drink copious amounts of cold water, eat dry food items, and then make him vomit again.

''Ghrita'' should not be drunk when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''pitta'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.  

''Ghrita'' should not be taken when only ''pitta'' is increased and especially when there is ''ama'' in the body. Consuming ''ghrita'' in such cases could change the physical complexion of the person to that of ''pitta'', lead to loss of consciousness or even death.  

Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]

Stupor, nausea, flatulence, fever, rigidity of the body, skin diseases, itching, pallor, edema, hemorrhoids, tastelessness, diseases of stomach and duodenum, feeling of numbness, loss of speech, abdominal pain, and various diseases related with ''ama'' could be caused by improper administration of ''sneha''. In these conditions, oleates should be ejected out of one’s system using emesis or sudation. The physician should then give mild purgation, after an interval of time, and also factoring in the severity of the disease and the condition and predisposition of the patient. Administering ''takrarishta'', using dry food items, drinking cow urine and consuming ''triphala'' are some of the medicines recommended for cure of complications caused by the consumption of ''sneha''. [70-78]