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Cod liver oil, shark liver oil, all ''ghee'', milk, milk products, curd, all types of meats, etc. are sources of animal fats.[verse 9-11]

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==== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil ~~[verse 12]~~ ====

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==== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil ====

Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''kapha-vatahara'' (pacifying ''kapha'' and ''vata dosha'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''dhatu'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound) (Ka. Su. 22/7). Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.<ref> "Sesame and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol", American Heart Association Meeting Report - Abstract 186, Retrived from http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sesame-and-rice-bran-oil-lowers-238424 [cited on 19 dec 2013] </ref>

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==== Properties of Castor oil ~~[verse 12]~~ ====

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==== Properties of Castor oil ====

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as "generally recognized as safe and effective" (GRASE) for over-the-counter use as a laxative with its major site of action in the small intestine (where it is digested into Ricinoleic acid).<ref> "Ingredient List A-C" . FDA. Archived from the original on 2006-12-17. Cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref>

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At low doses, castor oil is readily absorbed. As the oral dose increases, percent absorption decreases and laxation occurs.<ref> Watson, W. C. et al. (1963) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology;15: 183 </ref> Castor oil is widely used in treatment of musculo-skeletal and spine disorders. It is considered useful in ''ama'' dominant conditions like rheumatoid arthritis where less absorption of ''sneha'', ''vata'' alleviation and body purification are expected simultaneously. Castor oil in large doses is administered for therapeutic purgation.

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At low doses, castor oil is readily absorbed. As the oral dose increases, percent absorption decreases and laxation occurs.<ref> Watson, W. C. et al. (1963) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology;15: 183 </ref> Castor oil is widely used in treatment of musculo-skeletal and spine disorders. It is considered useful in ''ama'' dominant conditions like rheumatoid arthritis where less absorption of ''sneha'', ''vata'' alleviation and body purification are expected simultaneously. Castor oil in large doses is administered for therapeutic purgation. [verse 12]

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==== Best ''Sneha'' and their Therapeutic Applicabilities ~~[verse 13-17]~~ ====

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==== Best ''Sneha'' and their Therapeutic Applicabilities ====

===== ''Ghrita'' (clarified butter / ''ghee'') =====

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===== ''Majja'' (bone marrow) =====

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Bone marrow contains about 96 percent fat. It contributes to 50 to 175 g of protein required by body each day. It has all the amino acids needed for good health. Each serving of marrow provides 3% of the calcium required each day. Calcium is commonly understood to strengthen bones and decrease risk of developing brittle, easily-broken bones as one gets older.<ref> Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/445905-what-are-the-health-benefits-of-eating-bone-marrow/ cited on 2-01-2014 </ref> All these factors explain why bone marrow is beneficial, especially for one’s bone health. In Ayurvedic clinical practice, soup of bone marrow is prescribed for osteoporosis and degenerative disorders of the vertebrae.

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Bone marrow contains about 96 percent fat. It contributes to 50 to 175 g of protein required by body each day. It has all the amino acids needed for good health. Each serving of marrow provides 3% of the calcium required each day. Calcium is commonly understood to strengthen bones and decrease risk of developing brittle, easily-broken bones as one gets older.<ref> Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/445905-what-are-the-health-benefits-of-eating-bone-marrow/ cited on 2-01-2014 </ref> All these factors explain why bone marrow is beneficial, especially for one’s bone health. In Ayurvedic clinical practice, soup of bone marrow is prescribed for osteoporosis and degenerative disorders of the vertebrae.[verse 13-17]

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==== Proper season and time for ''sneha'' consumption ~~[verse 18-21]~~ ====

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==== Proper season and time for ''sneha'' consumption ====

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The proper season for consumption of a ''sneha'' depends upon the physiological dominance of ''dosha'' in the body during that particular season, as well as the inherent properties of the ''sneha''. On the basis of its inherent properties, ''ghee'' is indicated in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, when ''pitta dosha'' is increased. Muscle fat and bone marrow do not possess much hot or cold potency, and hence are advised in ''sadharana kala'' (i.e. seasons that are not very hot or cold), except in ''Chaitra'' month (mid-March to mid-April) when it may vitiate ''kapha dosha''. Oils are the best medicines for ''vata'', hence they are recommended for consumption in the ''pravritta'' (early rainy) season. These rules are to be followed universally according to seasonal and temperature variations. If this is not followed, then complications in oleation therapy could be observed.

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The proper season for consumption of a ''sneha'' depends upon the physiological dominance of ''dosha'' in the body during that particular season, as well as the inherent properties of the ''sneha''. On the basis of its inherent properties, ''ghee'' is indicated in ''sharada'' (autumn) season, when ''pitta dosha'' is increased. Muscle fat and bone marrow do not possess much hot or cold potency, and hence are advised in ''sadharana kala'' (i.e. seasons that are not very hot or cold), except in ''Chaitra'' month (mid-March to mid-April) when it may vitiate ''kapha dosha''. Oils are the best medicines for ''vata'', hence they are recommended for consumption in the ''pravritta'' (early rainy) season. These rules are to be followed universally according to seasonal and temperature variations. If this is not followed, then complications in oleation therapy could be observed.[verse 18-21]

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==== ''Anupana'' (after consumption) ~~[verse 22]~~ ====

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==== ''Anupana'' (after consumption) ====

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Most of the ''sneha'' gets stuck in upper gastrointestinal tract due to stickiness. The vehicles or after-drinks assure proper transport of the ''sneha'' (oleate or lipid or fat) to its intended site of digestion and absorption, and help in proper metabolism to increase bio-availability. However, those after-drinks should not affect the actions of the ''sneha''. Warm water liquefies ''ghrita'' and facilitates its transport and absorption. Similar facilitation is seen in the use of lentil soup and scum of gruel after consuming oil and ''vasa-majja'' respectively. However, warm water is usually accepted as an after-drink in all cases of ''sneha'' consumption (with an exception of ''bhallatak'' and ''tuvaraka'' oil.)

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Most of the ''sneha'' gets stuck in upper gastrointestinal tract due to stickiness. The vehicles or after-drinks assure proper transport of the ''sneha'' (oleate or lipid or fat) to its intended site of digestion and absorption, and help in proper metabolism to increase bio-availability. However, those after-drinks should not affect the actions of the ''sneha''. Warm water liquefies ''ghrita'' and facilitates its transport and absorption. Similar facilitation is seen in the use of lentil soup and scum of gruel after consuming oil and ''vasa-majja'' respectively. However, warm water is usually accepted as an after-drink in all cases of ''sneha'' consumption (with an exception of ''bhallatak'' and ''tuvaraka'' oil.)[verse 22]

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==== ''Pravicharana'' (medium of administration) ~~[verse 23-25]~~ ====

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==== ''Pravicharana'' (medium of administration) ====

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''Pravicharana'' implies the medium of administration of ''sneha'' advisable for those who need to undergo oleation therapy but are unfit to consume ''sneha'' as such. In such cases, optional modes of administration of oleation are suggested based on palatability of the oleate and the tolerance (and the digestive power) of the person. Ideally, food and external applications are considered as ''Pravicharana''. Cooked rice, gruel, meat juices etc. mixed with fats are administered and external massage, unctuous enema, oil through nose and ears etc. are considered optional modes of administration of oleation therapy.

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''Pravicharana'' implies the medium of administration of ''sneha'' advisable for those who need to undergo oleation therapy but are unfit to consume ''sneha'' as such. In such cases, optional modes of administration of oleation are suggested based on palatability of the oleate and the tolerance (and the digestive power) of the person. Ideally, food and external applications are considered as ''Pravicharana''. Cooked rice, gruel, meat juices etc. mixed with fats are administered and external massage, unctuous enema, oil through nose and ears etc. are considered optional modes of administration of oleation therapy.[verse 23-25]

==== ''Acchapana'' (drinking fat alone) as a preferred mode for oleation ====

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#Drug/food interaction

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==== Dose of ''sneha'' ~~[verse 29-30]~~ ====

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==== Dose of ''sneha'' ====

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The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya ([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.

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The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya ([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.[verse 29-30]

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==== Deciding suitable dose ~~[verse 31-51]~~ ====

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==== Deciding suitable dose ====

Ayurveda ''acharyas'' have advised three dosage forms - high, medium and low doses. The following points need to be considered to determine the applicable dose for an individual:

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The medium dose is suitable when disease is of moderate severity, in person having soft bowel, moderate diet and strength. This dose is enough to reach all over body as there is less obstructions, no fat adaptation, hence produce least complications. This is the ideal dose for purification therapies.

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Lowest dose of ''sneha'' consumption is fat substitute for diet. Thus, it holds more calorie contents, which strengthens body and is free from any complications. It can be used in old persons and children.

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Lowest dose of ''sneha'' consumption is fat substitute for diet. Thus, it holds more calorie contents, which strengthens body and is free from any complications. It can be used in old persons and children.[verse 31-51]

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==== Indications of oleation ~~[verse 52-56]~~ ====

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==== Indications of oleation ====

Oleation and sudation are essential pre-purification therapies to channelize dosha from all body parts to the gut.

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===== Contraindications of ''Sneha'' =====

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''Sneha'' is mainly contraindicated in conditions where there are excessive body secretions especially from mouth and rectum, ''ama'' formation, poor digestion, excess aggravation of ''dosha'', and in cases where other therapies such as ''nasya'' and ''basti'' are being administered. Oleation therapy worsens the condition in these cases.

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''Sneha'' is mainly contraindicated in conditions where there are excessive body secretions especially from mouth and rectum, ''ama'' formation, poor digestion, excess aggravation of ''dosha'', and in cases where other therapies such as ''nasya'' and ''basti'' are being administered. Oleation therapy worsens the condition in these cases. [verse 52-56]

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==== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess ''Sneha'' ~~[verse 57-59]~~ ====

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==== Signs of inadequate, proper and excess ''Sneha'' ====

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Inadequate oleation does not pacify ''vata'' and disturbs ''agni'' leading to poor digestion. Proper oleation due to proper ''sneha'' improves digestion. The skin acts as a water resisting barrier to prevent flow of essential nutrients out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the outer layer of skin, the epidermis.<ref> McCracken, Thomas (2000). New Atlas of Human Anatomy. China: Metro Books. pp. 1–240. ISBN 1-58663-097-0 </ref> Softness or tenderness of skin is a result of proper oleation since ''snehana'' adds to the functional improvement of fat deposits of the body. Excess oleation causes improperly formed faeces, which may be due to increase in colorectal transit time as a result of excess unctousness in gastrointestinal lumen. Stools are formed in the colon in the last phase of digestion. Through peristalsis, the muscles of the colon and the abdomen advance the liquid feces through the colon and compress the fecal matter into stool. During this process the colon extracts water from liquid feces as it passes down. The water is absorbed by the lumen, leaving the larger waste particles to be further tumbled along and formed into stools.<ref> Retrived from http://web.pdx.edu/~sujata/FruitEze/education/colon/stool.html cited on 2-01-2014 </ref> Due to excess oleation, blockage of microchnnels and villi occurs and absorptive function may become hampered leading to improperly formed stool. All other symptoms of excess oleation are due to increase in ''kleda'' (moisture) in body leading to heaviness, loss of digestive strength etc.

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Inadequate oleation does not pacify ''vata'' and disturbs ''agni'' leading to poor digestion. Proper oleation due to proper ''sneha'' improves digestion. The skin acts as a water resisting barrier to prevent flow of essential nutrients out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the outer layer of skin, the epidermis.<ref> McCracken, Thomas (2000). New Atlas of Human Anatomy. China: Metro Books. pp. 1–240. ISBN 1-58663-097-0 </ref> Softness or tenderness of skin is a result of proper oleation since ''snehana'' adds to the functional improvement of fat deposits of the body. Excess oleation causes improperly formed faeces, which may be due to increase in colorectal transit time as a result of excess unctousness in gastrointestinal lumen. Stools are formed in the colon in the last phase of digestion. Through peristalsis, the muscles of the colon and the abdomen advance the liquid feces through the colon and compress the fecal matter into stool. During this process the colon extracts water from liquid feces as it passes down. The water is absorbed by the lumen, leaving the larger waste particles to be further tumbled along and formed into stools.<ref> Retrived from http://web.pdx.edu/~sujata/FruitEze/education/colon/stool.html cited on 2-01-2014 </ref> Due to excess oleation, blockage of microchnnels and villi occurs and absorptive function may become hampered leading to improperly formed stool. All other symptoms of excess oleation are due to increase in ''kleda'' (moisture) in body leading to heaviness, loss of digestive strength etc.[verse 57-59]

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==== Do’s and Don’ts after ''Sneha'' Consumption ~~[62-64]~~ ====

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==== Do’s and Don’ts after ''Sneha'' Consumption ====

Guidelines to be followed after ''sneha'' consumption are intended:

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Digestion and physical activities are associated with large and sometimes opposite changes in several physiological parameters. Gastric acid secretion during digestion causes increased levels of plasma bicarbonate ([HCO-3] (pl)), whereas activity leads to a metabolic acidosis with increased lactate and decrease in plasma bicarbonate.<ref> Andersen JB, Wang T, Cardiorespiratory effects of forced activity and digestion in toads.Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2003 Jul-Aug;76(4):459-70. </ref> Thus naturally to keep digestion of ''sneha'' at optimum, person needs to avoid excess physical exertion.

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Emotions affect physiological processes and actions which are responsible for nutrient malabsorption and digestive health. Saliva becomes more acidic under stress, depression and negative emotions due to alteration in salivary digestive enzyme, ptyaline. The negative emotions also affect the production of pepsin in the stomach, enzyme release from the pancreas and also liver bile flow.<ref> Retrived from http://www.humphreybacchus.com/blog/how-do-our-emotions-affect-digestion cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> Anxiety, is responsible for "fight or flight" response, that takes up a lot of brain's resources, so to compensate it slows down parts of brain that are not as necessary, such as the muscles involved in digestion.<ref> Addolorato, Giovanni, et al. Anxiety and depression: a common feature of health care seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome and food allergy.Hepato-gastroenterology 45.23 (1998): 1559. </ref> Anxiety can also cause low serotonin, and that means that some of the messengers that are normally travelling into body are possibly being created at a lower rate, leading to digestive disorders. During the fight or flight response, body creates massive amounts of adrenaline to give extra energy. In order to create that energy, adrenaline needs to take it from "sugar storage" - While adrenaline does this, body starts processing nutrients at rates that aren't ideal. It changes how body processes nutrients as well and could conceivably affect digestive health.<ref> Retrived from http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/digestive-problems cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> All these factors collectively may cause adverse effects of ''sneha'' due to impaired digestive power. Therefore, avoiding negative emotions is important in oleation therapy. Avoiding breeze, snow, sunlight etc. are a must in order to avoid any environmental infections or altered immune responses.

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Emotions affect physiological processes and actions which are responsible for nutrient malabsorption and digestive health. Saliva becomes more acidic under stress, depression and negative emotions due to alteration in salivary digestive enzyme, ptyaline. The negative emotions also affect the production of pepsin in the stomach, enzyme release from the pancreas and also liver bile flow.<ref> Retrived from http://www.humphreybacchus.com/blog/how-do-our-emotions-affect-digestion cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> Anxiety, is responsible for "fight or flight" response, that takes up a lot of brain's resources, so to compensate it slows down parts of brain that are not as necessary, such as the muscles involved in digestion.<ref> Addolorato, Giovanni, et al. Anxiety and depression: a common feature of health care seeking patients with irritable bowel syndrome and food allergy.Hepato-gastroenterology 45.23 (1998): 1559. </ref> Anxiety can also cause low serotonin, and that means that some of the messengers that are normally travelling into body are possibly being created at a lower rate, leading to digestive disorders. During the fight or flight response, body creates massive amounts of adrenaline to give extra energy. In order to create that energy, adrenaline needs to take it from "sugar storage" - While adrenaline does this, body starts processing nutrients at rates that aren't ideal. It changes how body processes nutrients as well and could conceivably affect digestive health.<ref> Retrived from http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/symptoms/digestive-problems cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> All these factors collectively may cause adverse effects of ''sneha'' due to impaired digestive power. Therefore, avoiding negative emotions is important in oleation therapy. Avoiding breeze, snow, sunlight etc. are a must in order to avoid any environmental infections or altered immune responses.[verses 62-64]

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==== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy ~~[verse 65-69]~~ ====

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==== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy ====

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''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) (As. Hri. Su. 1/ 11 ) properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) (AH. Su. 1/ 11) properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. (AH. Su. 1/ 12). Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, November 2008, (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.

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''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) (As. Hri. Su. 1/ 11 ) properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) (AH. Su. 1/ 11) properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. (AH. Su. 1/ 12). Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, November 2008, (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.[verses 65-69]

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==== Complications of oleation therapy ~~[verse 70-79]~~ ====

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==== Complications of oleation therapy ====

Excessive thirst is a result of impaired digestion and absorption of lipids. Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) are essential fatty acids supplied by almost all polyunsaturated fats.<ref> Reiffel JA, McDonald A (August 2006). "Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids". The American Journal of Cardiology 98 (4A): 50i–60i. </ref> But any defect in their absorption may cause deficiency leading to excessive thirst and dry skin, brittle hair &nails, sleep and attention problems.<ref> Colquhoun I, Bunday S., A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children., MedicalHypotheses. 1981 May; 7(5):673-9. </ref>

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Bile, to some extent acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested leading to steatorrhea and vitamin deficiency.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> Thus ''sama pitta'' (''pitta'' that is not formed well) can be due to improper functions of biliary system that can not digest fats properly and produce severe symptoms. Moreover, fats boiled with some medicines may cause correction in this metabolic defect thus advocated in ''sama pitta'' condition.

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All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. (C. Su. 2/30.Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.

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All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. (Cha. Su. 2/30.Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.[verse 70-79]

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==== ''Shodhana'' (purification) after oleation ~~[verse 80-81]~~ ====

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==== ''Shodhana'' (purification) after oleation ====

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''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. (Cha. Si. 1/ 8-9)., Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''.

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''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. (Cha. Si. 1/ 8-9)., Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''.[verse 80-81]

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==== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration)~~[82-88]~~ ====

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==== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration) ====

''Sneha'' consumption alone is generally associated with considerable degree of nausea. Also, persons living luxurious lifestyles hate therapeutic fat consumption. Those habitual to fatty diets need larger doses of fats which in turn results in nausea. Soft bowel persons are naturally have rapid intestinal transit rate. Due to this, less fat absorption occurs and excreted without digestion. Those who cannot tolerate exertion also suffer from nausea due to ''sneha'' administration. Those having alcohol addiction can not suddenly discontinue their habit and thus they need fats to be given in some form of alcoholic preparation.

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Some important properties of ''vicharana'' have been enumerated in the following table:

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'''Table 2: Details of ''Pravicharana'''''

{| class="wikitable"

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In patients suffering from skin diseases, edema, diabetes, meat of domesticated animals and animals from marshy lands , or of aquatic animals is contraindicated. Moreover, jaggery, curd, milk and sesame are also not suitable for ''vicharana''. All these articles increase moisture content in body causing aggravation of symptoms.

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==== Mode of action of ''sneha'' ~~[verse 96-97]~~ ====

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==== Mode of action of ''sneha'' ====

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''Sneha'' acts as a solvent and it increases ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body which ultimately leads to ''utklesha'' (aggravation of ''dosha'' for removal).

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''Sneha'' acts as a solvent and it increases ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body which ultimately leads to ''utklesha'' (aggravation of ''dosha'' for removal).[verse 96-97]

===== I. Action as a solvent =====

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</div>

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==== ''Sadya snehana'' (instant oleation) and salt with fats for early oleation ~~[verse 89-98]~~ ====

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==== ''Sadya snehana'' (instant oleation) and salt with fats for early oleation ====

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Instant oleation is required in some conditions requiring immediate purification therapy. In exacerbation of ''asthma sadya snehana'' is done and ''vamana'' is performed to remove ''avarana'' (obstruction) by ''kapha''. Salt is having hygroscopic nature,<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> thus when consumed with fats it increases moisture content in the body, that eventually results in early oleation.

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Instant oleation is required in some conditions requiring immediate purification therapy. In exacerbation of ''asthma sadya snehana'' is done and ''vamana'' is performed to remove ''avarana'' (obstruction) by ''kapha''. Salt is having hygroscopic nature,<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> thus when consumed with fats it increases moisture content in the body, that eventually results in early oleation.[verse 89-98]

==== Common method followed for oleation purpose before purification therapies ====

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=== ~~Advanced researches~~ ===

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=== Research works done ===

There are several research work carried out in field of oleation therapies which are as follows:

Agnivesha

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