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Jwara (view source)

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'''Jwara (different types of fever)'''

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Jwara is an important disease. The term ‘Jwara’ implies the ability of a disease to cause anguish to body and mind. [SAT-C.7]<ref>http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> This suggests suffering or illness. Based on the similarity in clinical features, Jwara is often considered as fever or pyrexia in medical terminologies. However, according to Ayurveda, the classical description of jwara includes variety of other clinical conditions with or without rise in body temperature. Therefore, fever or hyperpyrexia is considered as only one among the many features of jwara.

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Jwara is an important disease. The term ‘Jwara’ implies the ability of a disease to cause anguish to body and mind. [SAT-C.7]<ref>http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> This suggests suffering or illness. Based on the similarity in clinical features, Jwara is often considered as fever or pyrexia in medical terminologies. However, according to [[Ayurveda]], the classical description of jwara includes variety of other clinical conditions with or without rise in body temperature. Therefore, fever or hyperpyrexia is considered as only one among the many features of jwara.

{{Infobox

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As per conventional medical literature, the word fever has its etymological basis in Latin, meaning simply ‘heat’, and pyrexia comes from the Greek ‘pyr’, meaning fire or fever. It is caused by pyrogenic and non-pyrogenic conditions. Micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses etc. cause infection and body temperature is raised as an immune response to fight infection. Inflammatory chemicals like prostaglandins, cytokines play key role in pathophysiology of fever.<ref>Walter EJ, Hanna-Jumma S, Carraretto M, Forni L. The pathophysiological basis and consequences of fever. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):200. Published 2016 Jul 14. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1375-5</ref>

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Considering conventional literature on fever and ayurvedic perspective of jwara, similarities about involvement of thermoregulatory mechanisms are observed in etiopathogenesis and clinical features. However, the treatment measures are different. The conventional measures focus on reducing body temperature and removing the origin of infection using anti-biotic medicines. Ayurveda medical literature emphasizes on strengthening the host immune response or defense mechanism, correcting the equilibrium of body components and preservation of health.

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Considering conventional literature on fever and ayurvedic perspective of jwara, similarities about involvement of thermoregulatory mechanisms are observed in etiopathogenesis and clinical features. However, the treatment measures are different. The conventional measures focus on reducing body temperature and removing the origin of infection using anti-biotic medicines. [[Ayurveda]] medical literature emphasizes on strengthening the host immune response or defense mechanism, correcting the equilibrium of body components and preservation of health.

This article describes general etiology, premonitory features, clinical features, pathogenesis, and management principles of jwara. Classification of the disease is also highlighted. Specific types of jwara like acute stage (nava jwara), chronic stage (jeerna jwara), irregular pattern (vishama jwara), jwara involving all three [[dosha]] (sannipataja jwara), jwara affecting body components (dhatugata jwara) are dealt in separate articles.

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*Dietary: Unwholesome food habits, taking meals during indigestion, irregular dietary habits

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*Lifestyle: Excessive physical activities, exercise, fatigue, not following the seasonal regimens (ritucharya)

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*Lifestyle: Excessive physical activities, exercise, fatigue, not following the seasonal regimens ([[ritucharya]])

*Psychological: Sudden change in emotional status, grief, excess indulgence in any activity

*Others: Sudden change in season or abnormal climatic conditions, improper or excessive administration of purificatory procedures, trauma, degenerative conditions, infectious diseases, suppurations, exposure to poisonous gases, toxins; improper management of pregnancy, prenatal and postnatal care, abnormal changes in spiritual, lunar, planetary and constellation cosmic energies (nakshatra peeda)[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana. 39/19-22]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

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1. Endogenous

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#[[Vata~~]][[~~dosha]] dominant

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#[[Vata dosha]] dominant

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#[[Pitta~~]][[~~dosha]] dominant

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#[[Pitta dosha]] dominant

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#[[Kapha~~]][[~~dosha]] dominant

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#[[Kapha dosha]] dominant

#[[Vata]] [[pitta]][[dosha]] dominant

#[[Pitta]] [[kapha]][[dosha]] dominant

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#[[Vata]] [[pitta]] [[kapha]][[dosha]] dominant [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/17]

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2. Exogenous [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/111]

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2. Exogenous [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/111]

#Owing to injury (abhihataja)

#Owing to emotions like fear, anger (abhishangaja)

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II. Based on the severity of symptoms

#Mild/low grade due to dominance of soma (saumya)

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#High grade or severe due to dominance of agni(agneya) [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/32]

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#High grade or severe due to dominance of [[agni]] (agneya) [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/32]

III. Based on site of origin

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2. Incurable [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/33]

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VII. Based on frequency of episodes [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/34]

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VII. Based on frequency of episodes [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/34]

It is of 5 types.

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====General premonitory features====

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Premonitory features of jwara include abnormal taste in the mouth, heaviness in the body, aversion to food, restless eyes, lacrimation, excessive sleep, restlessness, yawning, bending, shivering, exhaustion (without physical activity), giddiness, delirium, sometimes sleeplessness, horripilation, oversensitive teeth; tolerance and intolerance to sound, cold, wind and heat; anorexia, indigestion, weakness, body-ache, malaise, reduced vitality, mental agitation, lethargy, idleness, lack of natural activities, apathy to daily regimen, disrespect to the words of elders, agitation with children, aversion to doing work, uncomfortable with flowers and perfumes, aversion to sweet edibles, and desirous for sour, salty and pungent things. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/33]

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Premonitory features of jwara include abnormal taste in the mouth, heaviness in the body, aversion to food, restless eyes, lacrimation, excessive sleep, restlessness, yawning, bending, shivering, exhaustion (without physical activity), giddiness, delirium, sometimes sleeplessness, horripilation, oversensitive teeth; tolerance and intolerance to sound, cold, wind and heat; anorexia, indigestion, weakness, body-ache, malaise, reduced vitality, mental agitation, lethargy, idleness, lack of natural activities, apathy to daily regimen, disrespect to the words of elders, agitation with children, aversion to doing work, uncomfortable with flowers and perfumes, aversion to sweet edibles, and desirous for sour, salty and pungent things. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/33]

{| class="wikitable"

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! Jwara !! Specific premonitory feature

|-

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| | [[Vata~~]][[~~dosha]] || Excessive yawning

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| | [[Vata dosha]] || Excessive yawning

|-

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| | [[Pitta~~]][[~~dosha]] || Burning in eyes

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| | [[Pitta dosha]] || Burning in eyes

|-

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| | [[Kapha~~]][[~~dosha]] || Dislike for food

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| | [[Kapha dosha]] || Dislike for food

|-

|}

*[Su.Sa.Uttara sthana.39/27]<ref name=Susruta/>

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Exogenous fever (agantuja jwara) manifests directly without any prodromal symptoms. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/30]

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Exogenous fever (agantuja jwara) manifests directly without any prodromal symptoms. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/30]

===General clinical features===

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Absence of perspiration, feeling of heat or raised body temperature and generalized body ache.[Su.Sa.~~Uttarasthana~~ 39/13]<ref name=Susruta/> Discomfort in body and mind[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/31], anorexia, morbid thirst and pain in cardiac region. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/26-27]

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Absence of perspiration, feeling of heat or raised body temperature and generalized body ache.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 39/13]<ref name=Susruta/> Discomfort in body and mind[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/31], anorexia, morbid thirst and pain in cardiac region. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/26-27]

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'''Features of manasajwara (mental origin):''' Mental instability (vaichitya), dislike for everything (arati) and feeling of weakness in the body (glani) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/36]

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'''Features of manasajwara (mental origin):''' Mental instability (vaichitya), dislike for everything (arati) and feeling of weakness in the body (glani) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/36]

'''Features of internal feeling (antarvegi):''' Excessive burning sensation inside the body, morbid thirst, delirium, dyspnoea, giddiness, pain in bones and joints, absence of sweating, obstruction of [[dosha]] and feces.

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'''Features of external manifestation (bahirvegi):''' Excessive rise in the body temperature and other features of internal feeling in mild form.

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'''Seasonal manifestation:''' The seasonal changes cause [[dosha]] aggravation leading to [[kapha]] dominant jwara in spring (vasanta), [[pitta]] dominant jwara in autumn (sharada) and [[vata]] dominant jwara in rains (varsha). These are natural (prakrit) disequilibrium and do not need any treatment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/42] [A.Hr Nidana Sthana.2/50]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>

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'''Seasonal manifestation:''' The seasonal changes cause [[dosha]] aggravation leading to [[kapha]] dominant jwara in spring (vasanta), [[pitta]] dominant jwara in autumn (sharada) and [[vata]] dominant jwara in rains (varsha). These are natural (prakrit) disequilibrium and do not need any treatment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/42] [A.Hr Nidana Sthana.2/50]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>

'''Severe manifestation with deep affliction of body tissues (gambhiradhatugata):''' Sensation of internal heat, excess thirst, retention of faeces and flatus, severe dyspnoea and cough. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/92]<ref name=Susruta/>

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*Excessive tearing of nails, etc.

*Debilitating pain radiating from the toe to upper body, with various sensations felt at various parts as the pain travels – numbness in feet, cramps in the calves, looseness in knee joints (and also in all other joints), weakness in thighs, excruciating pain in the waist region, aching in the sides, pressure sensation in back, churning in shoulder, cutting sensation in arms and scapular region and constricting feeling in chest, inability to move the jaws, tinnitus, and piercing pain in the temple region.

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*Astringent taste or lack of taste in the mouth (distaste), dryness of mouth, palate and throat; thirst, catching pain (grabbing pain) in the heart, dry vomiting, dry cough, loss of sneezing and eructation, aversion to the taste, salivation, anorexia, diminished digestive power, malaise, increased yawning, bending, shivering, exhaustion, giddiness, delirium, insomnia, horripilation, sensitivity in teeth, and the desire for hot things. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/21]

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*Astringent taste or lack of taste in the mouth (distaste), dryness of mouth, palate and throat; thirst, catching pain (grabbing pain) in the heart, dry vomiting, dry cough, loss of sneezing and eructation, aversion to the taste, salivation, anorexia, diminished digestive power, malaise, increased yawning, bending, shivering, exhaustion, giddiness, delirium, insomnia, horripilation, sensitivity in teeth, and the desire for hot things. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/21]

====[[Pitta]] dominant jwara====

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*High intensity

*Increase during digestion of meals, midday, mid night or in the autumn season.

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*Pungent taste in the mouth, ulceration or inflammation of the nose, mouth, throat, lips and palate, unquenchable thirst,

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*Pungent taste in the mouth, ulceration or inflammation of the nose, mouth, throat, lips and palate, unquenchable thirst

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*Narcosis, giddiness, fainting, vomiting of bile ([[pitta]]), diarrhea, aversion to food, malaise, dejection, delirium, appearance of reddish patches in the body, green or yellow coloration in nails, eyes, mouth, urine, faeces and skin, excessive migraine and burning sensation, desire for cold things.[Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/22-24]

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*Narcosis, giddiness, fainting, vomiting of bile ([[pitta]]), diarrhea, aversion to food, malaise, dejection, delirium, appearance of reddish patches in the body, green or yellow coloration in nails, eyes, mouth, urine, faeces and skin, excessive migraine and burning sensation, desire for cold things.[Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/22-24]

====[[Kapha]] dominant jwara====

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*Mild intensity

*Increase after taking meals, forenoon, early night or spring season.

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*Heaviness in the body, less desire to eat, excess secretion of phlegm, sweet taste in the mouth, nausea, wrapped feeling in the heart, wheezing, vomiting, mild appetite, excessive sleep or narcolepsy, stiffness, drowsiness, cough, dyspnea, coryza, coldness, whiteness of nails, eyes, face, urine and skin, urticarial patches, desire of hot things and surroundings. [Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/27]

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*Heaviness in the body, less desire to eat, excess secretion of phlegm, sweet taste in the mouth, nausea, wrapped feeling in the heart, wheezing, vomiting, mild appetite, excessive sleep or narcolepsy, stiffness, drowsiness, cough, dyspnea, coryza, coldness, whiteness of nails, eyes, face, urine and skin, urticarial patches, desire of hot things and surroundings. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/27]

====[[Vata]] [[pitta]] dominant jwara====

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*Desire of cold things [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/37]

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*Desire of cold things [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/37]

*Headache, breaking pain in joints, burning sensation, horripilation, dryness of throat and mouth, nausea, thirst, fainting, giddiness, anorexia, sleeplessness, talkativeness.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/85-86]

====[[Vata]][[kapha]] dominant jwara====

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*Desire of hot things [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 3/37]

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*Desire of hot things [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/37]

*Feeling of cold, heaviness, drowsiness, timidity, pain in joints, feeling of stiffness of head (shirograha), coryza, cough, impaired sweating and moderate rise in temperature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/86-87]

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'''Severe manifestation affecting [[ojas]] (hatojas jwara):'''

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*Displacement of [[ojas]] due to aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]]

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*Displacement of [[ojas]] due to aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]]

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*Stiffness or rigors in the body, desire to sleep, loss of consciousness, drowsy, delirium, feeling of horripilation, mild rise in temperature associated with body ache. [Su.Sa.~~Uttarasthana.~~39/43-44]<ref name=Susruta/>

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*Stiffness or rigors in the body, desire to sleep, loss of consciousness, drowsy, delirium, feeling of horripilation, mild rise in temperature associated with body ache. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 39/43-44]<ref name=Susruta/>

==Pathogenesis==

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*[[Dosha]]: [[Pitta]] dominance associated with [[vata]] and [[kapha]]

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*[[Dushya]]: Nutritive body fluids ([[Rasa~~]] [[~~dhatu]])

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*[[Dushya]]: Nutritive body fluids ([[Rasa dhatu]])

*[[Agni]]: Jatharagni

*[[Srotasa]]: Channels of transportation of nutrient fluids and sweat (rasavaha, swedavaha)

*Site of origin: stomach (amashaya)

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*Site of manifestation/clinical presentation: Whole body and mind [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/30]

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*Site of manifestation/clinical presentation: Whole body and mind [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/30]

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*Type of pathogenesis: Obstruction (sanga)[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/ 129-132] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/24]<ref name=Susruta/> [A.Hr Nidana Sthana 2/3-5]<ref name=Hridaya/>

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*Type of pathogenesis: Obstruction (sanga)[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/ 129-132] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/24]<ref name=Susruta/> [A.Hr Nidana Sthana 2/3-5]<ref name=Hridaya/>

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*In jwara due to trauma (abhighata), blood (rakta) is the vitiated primarily;

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*In jwara due to trauma (abhighata), blood ([[rakta]]) is the vitiated primarily;

*In jwara due to negative energies (abhishangaja), [[vata]] and [[pitta]] are vitiated

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*In jwara due to fascination (abhichara) and wrath (abhishapaja), all [[dosha]] are vitiated. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/30]

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*In jwara due to fascination (abhichara) and wrath (abhishapaja), all [[dosha]] are vitiated. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/30]

===Biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of efficacy===

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===Easily curable (sukhasadhya)===

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*External manifestation (bahirvegi) of jwara [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/41]

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*External manifestation (bahirvegi) of jwara [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/41]

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*Seasonal manifestation [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/42]

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*Seasonal manifestation [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/42]

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*Jwara in a person with good physical and mental strength, or if caused by the vitiation of lesser amount of [[dosha]] and without any complications. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/50]

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*Jwara in a person with good physical and mental strength, or if caused by the vitiation of lesser amount of [[dosha]] and without any complications. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/50]

===Difficult to cure and poor prognosis===

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*Jwara in a weak and emaciated person (kshina), associated with edema (shuna), seated in deeper body tissues (gambhira), severe (balvan) and persistent for long durations (dirgharatrika) are incurable. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/52-53]

*Jwara due to psycho-spiritual factors like allure and wrath is incurable. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/30]

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*Jwara caused by [[vata~~]][[~~dosha]] is difficult to treat in any season [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/49] Pitta dominant jwara occurring in seasons other than autumn and [[kapha]] dominant jwara occurring in seasons other than spring are difficult to treat. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/49]

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*Jwara caused by [[vata dosha]] is difficult to treat in any season. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/49] [[Pitta]] dominant jwara occurring in seasons other than autumn and [[kapha]] dominant jwara occurring in seasons other than spring are difficult to treat. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/49]

==Management==

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===In premonitory or preclinical stage===

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*Therapeutic fasting and measures to create lightness in body ([[langhana]]) is highly effective in early stages of jwara and prevents further progression. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/36]

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*Therapeutic fasting and measures to create lightness in body ([[langhana]]) is highly effective in early stages of jwara and prevents further progression. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/36]

*If the [[dosha]] are not afflicted with [[ama]], then administration of cow ghee in [[vata]] dominant jwara, mild purgation in [[pitta]] dominant jwara and therapeutic emesis in [[kapha]] dominant jwara are prescribed on observation of premonitory features. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 39/97-98]<ref name=Susruta/>

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Fasting or lightening therapy ([[langhana]]) is the first line of treatment. It promotes digestion of toxins, produces lightness and alleviates raised body heat.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/103]<ref name=Susruta/>

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Hydration is maintained by advising hot water consumption. Hot water stimulates digestion, disintegrates [[kapha]] and [[ama]], helps in the normal functioning of [[vata]] and [[pitta]], quenches thirst and produces lightness in body. It is helpful in dominance of [[kapha]] and [[vata~~]][[~~dosha]]. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/106-107]<ref name=Susruta/>

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Hydration is maintained by advising hot water consumption. Hot water stimulates digestion, disintegrates [[kapha]] and [[ama]], helps in the normal functioning of [[vata]] and [[pitta]], quenches thirst and produces lightness in body. It is helpful in dominance of [[kapha]] and [[vata dosha]]. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/106-107]<ref name=Susruta/>

These measures are intended to remove obstruction in channels, improve digestion and pacification of vitiated [[dosha]] to their normal state. [A.Hr Chikitsa Sthana 1/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>

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'''Contraindications of fasting:'''

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Fasting is contraindicated in jwara caused by aggravated [[vata~~]][[~~dosha]] or by exertion or by traumatic or psychic causes,and in chronic conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/272] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/102]<ref name=Susruta/>

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Fasting is contraindicated in jwara caused by aggravated [[vata dosha]] or by exertion or by traumatic or psychic causes, and in chronic conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/272] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/102]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Contraindications of hot water:'''

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Hot water is contraindicated in conditions occurring due to [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]], , burning sensation of eyes and whole body; delusion and diarrhoea, poisoning and alcoholic intoxication; in summer season, in emaciation and bleeding disorders.[A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.1/14]<ref name=Hridaya/>

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Hot water is contraindicated in conditions occurring due to [[pitta dosha]], , burning sensation of eyes and whole body; delusion and diarrhoea, poisoning and alcoholic intoxication; in summer season, in emaciation and bleeding disorders.[A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.1/14]<ref name=Hridaya/>

−

If the strength of the individual is normal, then the medicines are administered at a suitable stage and only if required. The general period for natural remission is one week. If jwara does not subside and deterioration in condition is observed due to acute aggravation of [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]], then medicines are prescribed. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/119]<ref name=Susruta/>

+

If the strength of the individual is normal, then the medicines are administered at a suitable stage and only if required. The general period for natural remission is one week. If jwara does not subside and deterioration in condition is observed due to acute aggravation of [[pitta dosha]], then medicines are prescribed. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/119]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Consumption of ghee'''

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*The disease jwara causes excess dryness and increased heat in the body. This further aggravates [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]]. Ghee is administered to pacify [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]]. It also nourishes [[dhatu]] and prevents depletion. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/133]<ref name=Susruta/>

+

*The disease jwara causes excess dryness and increased heat in the body. This further aggravates [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]]. Ghee is administered to pacify [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]]. It also nourishes [[dhatu]] and prevents depletion. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/133]<ref name=Susruta/>

'''Administration of milk'''

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*In chronic stages, if the patient suffers from excessive burning sensation and thirst due to [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]], milk is advised.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/167-68]

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*In chronic stages, if the patient suffers from excessive burning sensation and thirst due to [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]], milk is advised.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/167-68]

−

'''Indications of pacifying therapy (shamana)'''

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'''Indications of pacifying therapy ([[shamana]])'''

*If [[dosha]] is in less amount or if patient is emaciated, then [[dosha]] pacifying measures are advised instead of lightning measures. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/134]<ref name=Susruta/>

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*Meat soup is advised if digestive capacity is normal in emaciated and [[vata]] predominant conditions. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/136]<ref name=Susruta/> If the patient is not habituated to meat, then black gram soup is advised.

−

'''Medicinal herbs used in jwara:''' Tinospora cordifolia(guduchi), Zingiber officinale (nagara), Terminalia chebula (haritaki), Fumaria parviflora (parpata), Aconitum ferox (vatsanabha), Piper nigrum (maricha)

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'''Medicinal herbs used in jwara:''' Tinospora cordifolia(guduchi), Zingiber officinale ([[nagara]]), Terminalia chebula (haritaki), Fumaria parviflora (parpata), Aconitum ferox (vatsanabha), Piper nigrum ([[maricha]])

'''Herbal formulations:''' Amrutotaram decoction (kwatha) <ref> Nishteswar K, Vidyanath R, Sahasrayogam, Kashaya kalpana, In:Nishteswar K , Vidyanath R, Editor. Sahasrayoga. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2014.p.4</ref>, Guduchyadi kwatha [B.R.5/156]<ref name=Ratnavali/>, Samshamani vati, Sudarshana churna [B.R.5/445-54]<ref name=Ratnavali/>, Amritarista [B.R.5/1257-60]<ref name=Ratnavali> Govindadas. Bhaishajyaratnavali. Translated from Sanskrit by Kanjiv Lochan. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit sansthan;2008.</ref>, Pathyadi kwatha

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Generally, [[panchakarma]] procedures are indicated when the [[dosha]] are free from affliction of [[ama]] state. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/124-125]<ref name=Susruta/>

−

*'''Fomentation ([[swedana]]):''' Different fomentation techniques are used judiciously in jwara patients. Mild fomentation by covering the body with thick blanket (guru pravarana) is indicated in initial stage. It clears obstruction in sweat channels and normalizes body temperature. If the patient is experiencing excess cold, rhinitis, dyspnoea, pain in calves, joints and bones,fomentation is indicated. After the elimination of [[dosha]], if residual [[kapha]] and [[vata~~]][[~~dosha]] are causing jwara,fomentation and massage is indicated.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/319]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana 1/20]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

*'''Fomentation ([[swedana]]):''' Different fomentation techniques are used judiciously in jwara patients. Mild fomentation by covering the body with thick blanket (guru pravarana) is indicated in initial stage. It clears obstruction in sweat channels and normalizes body temperature. If the patient is experiencing excess cold, rhinitis, dyspnoea, pain in calves, joints and bones, fomentation is indicated. After the elimination of [[dosha]], if residual [[kapha]] and [[vata dosha]] are causing jwara, fomentation and massage is indicated.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/319]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana 1/20]<ref name=Hridaya/>

−

*'''Therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]):''' If [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]] is in excess aggravated state, emesis is administered. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/227][Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/98]<ref name=Susruta/> It is also indicated in the initial phase, conditions of nausea, excessive salivation, aversion to food, cough, simultaneous occurrence of vomiting and diarrhoea. It is ideal treatment if jwara manifests immediately after meals. [A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

*'''Therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]):''' If [[kapha dosha]] is in excess aggravated state, emesis is administered. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/227][Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/98]<ref name=Susruta/> It is also indicated in the initial phase, conditions of nausea, excessive salivation, aversion to food, cough, simultaneous occurrence of vomiting and diarrhoea. It is ideal treatment if jwara manifests immediately after meals. [A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.1/5]<ref name=Hridaya/>

−

*'''Therapeutic purgation:''' It is prescribed in case of aggravated [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]] conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/227] It should be performed only in later stage of jwara and if jwara does not respond to medicines; provided the patient is having good strength and digestive capacity. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/168-69] If [[dosha]] are free from [[ama]] state and retained in digestive tract (koshtha), purgative medication can be given even in acute stage of fever. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/124]<ref name=Susruta/>

+

*'''Therapeutic purgation:''' It is prescribed in case of aggravated [[pitta dosha]] conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/227] It should be performed only in later stage of jwara and if jwara does not respond to medicines; provided the patient is having good strength and digestive capacity. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/168-69] If [[dosha]] are free from [[ama]] state and retained in digestive tract (koshtha), purgative medication can be given even in acute stage of fever. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/124]<ref name=Susruta/>

−

*'''Medicated enema (basti):''' If the [[dosha]] are lodged in colon (pakwashaya) medicated enemas can be used.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/240]

+

*'''Medicated enema ([[basti]]):''' If the [[dosha]] are lodged in colon (pakwashaya) medicated enemas can be used.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/240]

−

*'''Intra nasal drug administration ([[nasya]]):''' Purificatory nasal medication is indicated for chronic conditions with heaviness, headache and impaired sensorium. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].1/173-74] If patient feels emptiness of head, have burning sensation, unctuous nasal medication which mitigates [[pitta]] should be administered. [A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.3/126]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

*'''Intra nasal drug administration ([[nasya]]):''' Purificatory nasal medication is indicated for chronic conditions with heaviness, headache and impaired sensorium. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/173-74] If patient feels emptiness of head, have burning sensation, unctuous nasal medication which mitigates [[pitta]] should be administered. [A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana.3/126]<ref name=Hridaya/>

*'''Bloodletting ([[raktamokshana]]):''' If the jwara is not responding to either cold or hot therapies or to unctuous or ununctuous therapies, bloodletting therapy should be performed. Here the [[dosha]] are located in the peripheral tissues, which can be eliminated only through bloodletting. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/289-90]

Line 332: Line 332:

===Unwholesome diet and lifestyle===

−

*Diet items that are heavy to digest, unwholesome, mutually contradictory and cause burning sensation (vidahi) are contraindicated in jwara. Sexual intercourse, excessive physical activities,exhaustive works and head bath should be avoided. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/330-32]

+

*Diet items that are heavy to digest, unwholesome, mutually contradictory and cause burning sensation (vidahi) are contraindicated in jwara. Sexual intercourse, excessive physical activities, exhaustive works and head bath should be avoided. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/330-32]

===Preventive aspects of recurrence===

−

*If Jwara is not managed properly, it may recur due to residual [[dosha]]. Therefore, purification or pacification therapy should be done properly to prevent recurrence. A type of decoction enemas like ‘yapana basti’ and mild elimination therapies for the complete evacuation of [[dosha]] are advised to prevent recurrence. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/339]

+

*If Jwara is not managed properly, it may recur due to residual [[dosha]]. Therefore, purification or pacification therapy should be done properly to prevent recurrence. A type of decoction enemas like ‘yapana basti’ and mild elimination therapies for the complete evacuation of [[dosha]] are advised to prevent recurrence. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/339]

==Clinical features observed during remission of jwara==

−

*During sudden remission, [[dosha]] undergo acute physiological transformation. Vomiting, increased respiration, profuse perspiration, tremors, delirium, altered state of consciousness are observed. The person expels foul smelling liquid feaces. [A.Hr Nidana Sthana 2/76-78]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

*During sudden remission, [[dosha]] undergo acute physiological transformation. Vomiting, increased respiration, profuse perspiration, tremors, delirium, altered state of consciousness are observed. The person expels foul smelling liquid feaces. [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 2/76-78]<ref name=Hridaya/>

==Clinical features after recovery==

−

*Lightness of head and body, perspiration, slightly pale face with boils, sneezing, desire towards food; [Su.Sa.~~Uttarasthana~~.39/318<ref name=Susruta/> absence of exhaustion and discomfort, ulceration in mouth, itching in head and normal functioning of sense organs are observed after recovery from jwara. [A.Hr Nidana Sthana 2/79]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

*Lightness of head and body, perspiration, slightly pale face with boils, sneezing, desire towards food; [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/318]<ref name=Susruta/> absence of exhaustion and discomfort, ulceration in mouth, itching in head and normal functioning of sense organs are observed after recovery from jwara. [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 2/79]<ref name=Hridaya/>

==List of research works done==

−

*Mathew Soosan (1983): Latakaranjabeeja ka ~~VishamaJvarameinkriyatmakaanvekshana~~,Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Mathew Soosan (1983): Latakaranjabeeja ka Vishama Jvaramein kriyatmaka anvekshana, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Dal D K (1981): Vishamajvara (malaria) ~~chikitsatmakaadhyayana~~, Department of Kayachikitsa and Panchakarma, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Dal D K (1981): Vishamajvara (malaria) chikitsatmaka adhyayana, Department of Kayachikitsa and Panchakarma, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

*Kishan T (1982): Effect of Bhoomyamalaki in Jvara (w.s.r to vishamajvara), Department of Kaumarabhritya, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

*Kashaih M (1983): A study on effect of certain indigenous drug in Vishamajvara, Department of Kaumarabhritya, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Sarvaiya D B (1987): Dravyavigyana of Bhramara-Challika and its therapeutic effect on Vishamajvara,Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Sarvaiya D B (1987): Dravyavigyana of Bhramara-Challika and its therapeutic effect on Vishamajvara, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Varsha Solanki (1998): A comparative study of ~~Clerodendroninermes~~ and Leucas cephalotes on Vishamajvara, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Varsha Solanki (1998): A comparative study of Clerodendron inermes and Leucas cephalotes on Vishamajvara, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Sudha Menon (2003): Clinical study of aetio-pathogenesis of AIDS and assessment of the efficacy of ~~IndukantaGhrita~~ on its symptoms Jvara (pyrexia), Department of Roganidan&Vikriti Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Sudha Menon (2003): Clinical study of aetio-pathogenesis of AIDS and assessment of the efficacy of Indukanta Ghrita on its symptoms Jvara (pyrexia), Department of Roganidan & Vikriti Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

*Rimpal Virsodiya (2006): Effect of Siddharthakadi Agada in the management of Malaria (Jvara), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Kapil Lathiya (2014): A study on ~~GomutrabhavitaPippaliw~~.s.r to its antipyretic and analgesic activity, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Kapil Lathiya (2014): A study on Gomutrabhavita Pippali w.s.r to its antipyretic and analgesic activity, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

−

*Shweta R Vekariya (2015): Pharmacological evaluation of Mahanimba (Melia Azedarach Linn.) with special reference to analgesic and antipyrectic activities.Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

+

*Shweta R Vekariya (2015): Pharmacological evaluation of Mahanimba (Melia Azedarach Linn.) with special reference to analgesic and antipyrectic activities. Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.

==Case reports and research updates==

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#In another study on vishama jwara, 34 patients were treated with Leucas cephalotes (dronapushpi) in the dosage 3 -6 gm for 20 days. Total 76.47% of patients were completely cured.<ref>Kashaih M (1983): A study on effect of certain indigenous drug in Vishamajvara, Department of Kaumarabhritya, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar</ref>

#Powder of Hymenodictyon excelsum (Bhramara Challika) was given to 25 patients of vishama jwara in a dosage of 2gm thrice a day for 5 – 15 days. This drug is found more effective in anyedyushka jwara than santata jwara.<ref>Sarvaiya D B (1987): Dravyavigyana of Bhramara-Challika and its therapeutic effect on Vishamajvara,Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar</ref>

−

#Clerodendron inermes and Leucas cephalotes were given in dosage of 3gm for 10 days. Significant results were obtained on cardinal symptoms of jwara for both these drugs.<ref>Varsha Solanki (1998): A comparative study of ~~Clerodendroninermes~~ and Leucas cephalotes on Vishamajvara, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar</ref>

+

#Clerodendron inermes and Leucas cephalotes were given in dosage of 3gm for 10 days. Significant results were obtained on cardinal symptoms of jwara for both these drugs.<ref>Varsha Solanki (1998): A comparative study of Clerodendron inermes and Leucas cephalotes on Vishamajvara, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar</ref>

#Total 23 patients with positive peripheral smear test for Plasmodium vivax were selected and treated with Siddharthakadi agada 3gm thrice a day for 1 week. Control group was treated with Chloroquine phosphate and Primaquine. Siddharthakadi agada has provided significant results in reducing the fever, rigor with chill, headache, bodyache, sweating, anorexia, weakness and cough. On comparison the patients treated with Siddharthakadi agada showed better results in controlling anorexia, headache and body ache. Peripheral smear test after seven days of treatment with agada was negative for all patients.<ref>Rimpal Virsodiya (2006): Effect of Siddharthakadi Agada in the management of Malaria (Jvara), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.</ref>

#Powder of leaves and root of Melia Azedaracta Linn.(mahanimba) were administered to experimental models of induced pyrexia in albino rats. Root powder showed better antipyretic effect than leaf powder.<ref>Shweta R Vekariya (2015): Pharmacological evaluation of Mahanimba (Melia Azedarach Linn.) with special reference to analgesic and antipyrectic activities. Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, IPGT&RA, Jamnagar.</ref>

Line 372: Line 372:

Inflammatory mediators released by peripheral mononuclear phagocytes and other immune cells induces fever. Fever inducing cytokines are transported from blood to brain. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the brain is believed to be the principle downstream mediator of fever. Inhibiting the production of PGE2 is a well known mechanism of antipyretics.<ref name=AshokBK>Ashok BK, Ravishankar B, Prajapati PK, Bhat SD. Antipyretic activity of GuduchiGhrita formulations in albino rats. Ayu. 2010 Jul;31(3):367-70. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.77162. PMID: 22131741; PMCID: PMC3221073</ref>

−

Many drugs are reported to be having antipyretic action. A few of them are decoction and alcoholic extract of amlakyadigana (combination of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Amalaki), Terminalia chebulaRetz.(Haritaki), Piper longum L. (Pippali), and Plumbago zeylenica L. (Chitraka);<ref>Timbadiya MJ, Nishteswar K, Acharya R, Nariya MB. Experimental evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activities of AmalakyadiGana: An Ayurvedic formulation. Ayu. 2015 Apr-Jun;36(2):220-4. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.175554. PMID: 27011727; PMCID: PMC4784136</ref> Aeginetia indica<ref>Reza MS, Jashimuddin M, Ahmed J, Abeer M, Naznin NE, Jafrin S, Haque ME, Barek MA, UdDaula AFMS. Pharmacological investigation of analgesic and antipyretic activities of methanol extract of the whole part of Aeginetia indica. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Feb 7;271:113915. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113915. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33567308</ref> , Grapevine leaf extract (Vitis vinifera)<ref>Aouey B, Samet AM, Fetoui H, Simmonds MSJ, Bouaziz M. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of grapevine leaf extract (Vitis vinifera) in mice and identification of its active constituents by LC-MS/MS analyses. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec;84:1088-1098. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.033. Epub 2016 Oct 22. PMID: 27780137.</ref> , Cissampelos pareira Linn. , Cyclea peltata<ref>Singh SG, Nishteswar K, Patel BR, Nariya M. Comparative antipyretic and analgesic activities of Cissampelos pareira Linn. and Cycleapeltata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomas. Ayu. 2016 Jan-Mar;37(1):62-66. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_208_14. PMID: 28827957; PMCID: PMC5541469</ref> and Guduchi ghrita.<ref name=AshokBK/>

+

Many drugs are reported to be having antipyretic action. A few of them are decoction and alcoholic extract of amlakyadigana (combination of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. ([[Amalaki]]), Terminalia chebulaRetz.(Haritaki), Piper longum L. ([[Pippali]]), and Plumbago zeylenica L. ([[Chitraka]]);<ref>Timbadiya MJ, Nishteswar K, Acharya R, Nariya MB. Experimental evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activities of AmalakyadiGana: An Ayurvedic formulation. Ayu. 2015 Apr-Jun;36(2):220-4. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.175554. PMID: 27011727; PMCID: PMC4784136</ref> Aeginetia indica<ref>Reza MS, Jashimuddin M, Ahmed J, Abeer M, Naznin NE, Jafrin S, Haque ME, Barek MA, UdDaula AFMS. Pharmacological investigation of analgesic and antipyretic activities of methanol extract of the whole part of Aeginetia indica. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Feb 7;271:113915. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113915. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33567308</ref> , Grapevine leaf extract (Vitis vinifera)<ref>Aouey B, Samet AM, Fetoui H, Simmonds MSJ, Bouaziz M. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of grapevine leaf extract (Vitis vinifera) in mice and identification of its active constituents by LC-MS/MS analyses. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016 Dec;84:1088-1098. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.033. Epub 2016 Oct 22. PMID: 27780137.</ref> , Cissampelos pareira Linn. , Cyclea peltata<ref>Singh SG, Nishteswar K, Patel BR, Nariya M. Comparative antipyretic and analgesic activities of Cissampelos pareira Linn. and Cycleapeltata (Lam.) Hook. F. & Thomas. Ayu. 2016 Jan-Mar;37(1):62-66. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_208_14. PMID: 28827957; PMCID: PMC5541469</ref> and Guduchi ghrita.<ref name=AshokBK/>

Controlled clinical trials of these medicines are required to establish their efficacy as treatment option to established anti pyretic drugs.

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=Nava jwara (Acute stage)=

−

Jwara in initial and acute stage with recent onset (less than seven days) is nava jwara. The dosha are afflicted with [[ama]].

+

Jwara in initial and acute stage with recent onset (less than seven days) is nava jwara. The [[dosha]] are afflicted with [[ama]].

−

'''Synonyms:''' ~~Tarunajwara~~, ama jwara, acute state

+

'''Synonyms:''' Taruna jwara, ama jwara, acute state

==Clinical features==

Line 389: Line 389:

*Constipation or passage of improperly formed stools, excessive urination.

*Presence of laziness and drowsiness without physical weakness.

−

*Absence of sweating [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/133-136]

+

*Absence of sweating [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/133-136]

==Management==

===Management principles===

−

Therapeutic fasting after considering the strength of patient and severity of disease. This helps to promote digestion, transform [[ama]](undigested toxins) and regain normal states of [[dosha]][Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/140] Hot water, medicated gruels and herbs having bitter taste are prescribed to promote natural process of digestion and transformation of [[ama]] state [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/142]

+

Therapeutic fasting after considering the strength of patient and severity of disease. This helps to promote digestion, transform [[ama]](undigested toxins) and regain normal states of [[dosha]][Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/140] Hot water, medicated gruels and herbs having bitter taste are prescribed to promote natural process of digestion and transformation of [[ama]] state [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/142]

===Medicinal preparations===

Line 400: Line 400:

'''Medicated water with six herbs (shadangapaniya):'''

−

Six herbs viz. Cyperus rotundus (musta), Fumaria parviflora (parpata), Chrysopogon zizanioides (ushira), Santalum album (chandana), Plectranthus vettiveroides (udichya) and Zingiber officinale (nagara) are boiled in water and then cooled. This water is prescribed for drinking. It helps to normalize body temperature and satisfy thirst. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/145]

+

Six herbs viz. Cyperus rotundus ([[musta]]), Fumaria parviflora (parpata), Chrysopogon zizanioides (ushira), Santalum album ([[chandana]]), Plectranthus vettiveroides (udichya) and Zingiber officinale ([[nagara]]) are boiled in water and then cooled. This water is prescribed for drinking. It helps to normalize body temperature and satisfy thirst. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145]

'''Medicated gruels (yavagu):'''

−

Medicated gruels are prescribed after fasting. This dietary preparation is light to digest, promotes sweating, pacifies thirst and sustains vitality by providing nourishment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/152] This can be continued for 6 days.

+

Medicated gruels are prescribed after fasting. This dietary preparation is light to digest, promotes sweating, pacifies thirst and sustains vitality by providing nourishment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/152] This can be continued for 6 days.

−

The medicated gruel is contraindicated in cases of excessive intake of alcohol, bleeding disorders especially through the upper orifices, in summer season and aggravation of [[pitta]] and [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/154] In such conditions, food including powdered roasted grains mixed with fruit juices, sugar or honey are prescribed for nourishment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/155]

+

The medicated gruel is contraindicated in cases of excessive intake of alcohol, bleeding disorders especially through the upper orifices, in summer season and aggravation of [[pitta]] and [[kapha dosha]].[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/154] In such conditions, food including powdered roasted grains mixed with fruit juices, sugar or honey are prescribed for nourishment. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/155]

===Panchakarma procedures===

Line 412: Line 412:

*Fomentation ([[swedana]]): Mild fomentation by using a thick blanket to cover body and induce sweating is advised. It removes obstruction in sweat pores, releases trapped body heat and promotes normal movement of [[dosha]].

−

*Therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]): It is indicated only in conditions of jwara with excessively aggravated [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/147]

+

*Therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]): It is indicated only in conditions of jwara with excessively aggravated [[kapha dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/147]

===Precautions in diet and lifestyle===

−

In this stage, the patient shall avoid daytime sleep, head bath, external application of oils, sexual intercourse, direct exposure to wind, excessive physical activities, heavy to digest food, overuse of astringent and sweet taste, food items with hot potency and unctuous property, anger. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/138-39] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/195]

+

In this stage, the patient shall avoid daytime sleep, head bath, external application of oils, sexual intercourse, direct exposure to wind, excessive physical activities, heavy to digest food, overuse of astringent and sweet taste, food items with hot potency and unctuous property, anger. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/138-39] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/195]

=Jeerna jwara (Chronic stage)=

Line 432: Line 432:

==Management==

−

Fasting is contraindicated in chronic stage. The weakened body tissues do not tolerate fasting. Therefore, nourishing and strength promoting diet is advised. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/292]

+

Fasting is contraindicated in chronic stage. The weakened body tissues do not tolerate fasting. Therefore, nourishing and strength promoting diet is advised. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/292]

−

In chronic stage due to aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]], internal administration of medicated ghee is recommended. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/164] The unctuous property and cold potency of medicated ghee pacifiers [[vata]] and [[pitta]] ~~dosha~~. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]].1/37]

+

In chronic stage due to aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]], internal administration of medicated ghee is recommended. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/164] The unctuous property and cold potency of medicated ghee pacifiers [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/37]

−

Consumption of milk is also indicated in chronic stage. Choice of using it either hot or cold or processed with appropriate herbs depends on dominance of [[dosha]] in conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/239]

+

Consumption of milk is also indicated in chronic stage. Choice of using it either hot or cold or processed with appropriate herbs depends on dominance of [[dosha]] in conditions. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/239]

−

===Panchakarma procedures===

+

===[[Panchakarma]] procedures===

Purification therapies are indicated in chronic stage, only if the patient does not respond to pacification therapies. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/168]

Line 444: Line 444:

Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]): It is indicated only if the patient’s muscle mass, digestion and strength are not depleted. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/169]

−

Decoction enema (niruha basti): It is indicated in chronic debilitated conditions where therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]) and purgation ([[virechana]]) are contraindicated. It promotes strength and power of digestion. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/170]

+

Decoction enema (niruha basti): It is indicated in chronic debilitated conditions where therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]) and purgation ([[virechana]]) are contraindicated. It promotes strength and power of digestion. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/170]

−

Unctuous enema (anuvasana basti): It is indicated in case of aggravation of [[vata~~]] [[~~dosha]], depletion of [[kapha]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]]. It is suitable for those having strong digestive power, but dry stools and difficulty in defecation. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/172-73]

+

Unctuous enema (anuvasana basti): It is indicated in case of aggravation of [[vata dosha]], depletion of [[kapha]] and [[pitta dosha]]. It is suitable for those having strong digestive power, but dry stools and difficulty in defecation. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/172-73]

Intranasal drug administration ([[nasya]]):It is indicated for patients having heaviness, headache and impaired sensoria. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/173-74]

Line 456: Line 456:

=Sannipata jwara (vitiation of all three [[dosha]])=

−

The condition of jwara in which all three [[dosha]] are vitiated simultaneously is known as ~~“sannipatajwara”~~. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/29] The proportion of [[dosha]] involved in the pathogenesis may be different or equal based on exposure to causes.

+

The condition of jwara in which all three [[dosha]] are vitiated simultaneously is known as “sannipata jwara”. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/29] The proportion of [[dosha]] involved in the pathogenesis may be different or equal based on exposure to causes.

==General clinical features==

Line 498: Line 498:

|-

|}

−

*[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/91-109]

+

*[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/91-109]

'''Abhinyasa/hataujasa jwara'''

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Sannipata jwara is incurable or difficult to cure if functions of [[dosha]] are obstructed, digestive capacity is very poor, and the condition is severe with presence of all clinical features.[A.Hr.Nidana Sthana.2/34]<ref name=Hridaya/>

−

Sannipata jwara associated with development of swelling at the parotid site (root of ear) is incurable. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/287]

+

Sannipata jwara associated with development of swelling at the parotid site (root of ear) is incurable. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/287]

==Principles of management==

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#Improve the state of depleted [[dosha]] (by use of property, action, or substances similar to that [[dosha]])

#Decrease the state of aggravated [[dosha]] (either by pacification or by purification treatments)

−

#Target the sites of [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]] primarily [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/286-87]

+

#Target the sites of [[kapha dosha]] primarily [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/286-87]

=Vishama jwara=

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==Causes and pathogenesis==

−

If the initial stage of jwara is not treated well, and aggravated [[dosha]] are not evacuated properly, then the [[dosha]] reside in dormant state in the body channels. Whenever the person is exposed to etiological factors and/or to exogenous causes, the same opportunistic [[dosha]] are aggravated to cause ~~vishamajwara~~. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/292] The episodes of ~~vishamajwara~~ are precipitated during favorable conditions of the [[dosha]] to exhibit its signs and symptoms. When the precipitating factors are absent, [[dosha]] lose their strength, and again attain dormant state at their respective site.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/70]

+

If the initial stage of jwara is not treated well, and aggravated [[dosha]] are not evacuated properly, then the [[dosha]] reside in dormant state in the body channels. Whenever the person is exposed to etiological factors and/or to exogenous causes, the same opportunistic [[dosha]] are aggravated to cause vishama jwara. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/292] The episodes of vishama jwara are precipitated during favorable conditions of the [[dosha]] to exhibit its signs and symptoms. When the precipitating factors are absent, [[dosha]] lose their strength, and again attain dormant state at their respective site.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/70]

The episodic clinical presentation is due to the other variable factors like time, body constitution, digestive capacity etc.[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/124]<ref name=Susruta/>

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==General clinical features==

−

Irregular onset, irregular symptoms and irregular time of appearance may stay for longer duration in ~~vishamajwara~~. [A.Hr.Nidana Sthana 2/69]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

Irregular onset, irregular symptoms and irregular time of appearance may stay for longer duration in vishama jwara. [A.Hr.Nidana Sthana 2/69]<ref name=Hridaya/>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 4: Classification, sites of vitiation and clinical patterns

|-

−

! Type of ~~vishamajwara~~ !! Site !! Tissue ([[dhatu]]) involved !! Pattern of clinical presentation

+

! Type of vishama jwara !! Site !! Tissue ([[dhatu]]) involved !! Pattern of clinical presentation

|-

| | Santata || - || [[Rasa dhatu]] (nutritive fluid), [[Rakta dhatu]] (blood) || Continuously present for 7, 10 or 12 days

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|-

|}

−

*[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/61-62, 73], #[Su.Sa.~~Uttarasthana~~ 39/83-88], $[M.Ni.2/39]<ref name=Madava/>

+

*[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/61-62, 73], #[Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 39/83-88], $[M.Ni.2/39]<ref name=Madava/>

==[[Dosha]] specific presentations==

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It affects different body parts depending on [[dosha]] specific aggravation as below:

−

*When [[kapha]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]] are aggravated, it afflicts the sacral region (trika).

+

*When [[kapha]] and [[pitta dosha]] are aggravated, it afflicts the sacral region (trika).

−

*When the [[vata]] and [[kapha~~]] [[~~dosha]] are aggravated, the upper back (prishtha) is affected.

+

*When the [[vata]] and [[kapha dosha]] are aggravated, the upper back (prishtha) is affected.

−

*The head region is affected in the case of aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/71]

+

*The head region is affected in the case of aggravation of [[vata]] and [[pitta dosha]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/71]

===Chaturthakajwara (every fourth day)===

−

If [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]] is affected, then the calf region is affected initially. In case of [[vata]] dominancy, head region is affected. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/72]

+

If [[kapha dosha]] is affected, then the calf region is affected initially. In case of [[vata]] dominancy, head region is affected. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/72]

===Viparyaya vishamajwara===

−

If vitiated [[dosha]] is situated in two or more than two sites of [[kapha~~]][[~~dosha]], it leads to viparyaya vishamajwara. [Su.Sa.~~Uttarasthana~~.39/55]<ref name=Susruta/>

+

If vitiated [[dosha]] is situated in two or more than two sites of [[kapha dosha]], it leads to viparyaya vishamajwara. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/55]<ref name=Susruta/>

If [[dosha]] is present in chest and stomach, it causes continuous jwara, which remits once in forenoon.

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==Prognosis==

−

Santata jwara is extremely difficult to treat. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/55]

+

Santata jwara is extremely difficult to treat. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/55]

==Management==

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If [[vata]] is predominant in tritiyaka and chaturtakajwara, it is managed by the administration of ghee, medicated unctuous and non-unctuous enema. The diet and drinks administered should be hot in potency and unctuous.

−

If [[pitta~~]] [[~~dosha]] is predominant, therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) is advised. Medicated ghee and milk can be given. The diet should be cold in character and bitter in taste.

+

If [[pitta dosha]] is predominant, therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) is advised. Medicated ghee and milk can be given. The diet should be cold in character and bitter in taste.

−

[[Kapha]] predominant ~~vishamajwara~~ is managed through therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]). Fasting, administration of hot decoction and digestive medicines are done. Diet and drinks should not be unctuous in nature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/293-96]

+

[[Kapha]] predominant vishama jwara is managed through therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]). Fasting, administration of hot decoction and digestive medicines are done. Diet and drinks should not be unctuous in nature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/293-96]

'''Commonly used herbs:'''

−

Phyllanthus emblica (amalaki), Terminalia bellirica (bibitaki), Terminalia chebula (haritaki), Picrorhiza kurroa (katukarohini), Trichosanthes cucumerina (patola), Swertia chirayata (kiratatikta), Holarrhena pubescens (vatsaka).

+

Phyllanthus emblica ([[amalaki]]), Terminalia bellirica (bibitaki), Terminalia chebula (haritaki), Picrorhiza kurroa (katukarohini), Trichosanthes cucumerina ([[patola]]), Swertia chirayata (kiratatikta), Holarrhena pubescens (vatsaka).

−

'''Medicated ghee:''' Shatpala grita [A.Hr Chikitsa Sthana 5/22-23]<ref name=Hridaya/>, Kalyanaka grita [A.Hr ~~Uttaratantra~~ 6/26-31]<ref name=Hridaya/>, Tiktaka grita [A.Hr Chikitsa Sthana 19/2-6]<ref name=Hridaya/>

+

'''Medicated ghee:''' Shatpala grita [A.Hr Chikitsa Sthana 5/22-23]<ref name=Hridaya/>, Kalyanaka grita [A.Hr Uttara Tantra 6/26-31]<ref name=Hridaya/>, Tiktaka grita [A.Hr Chikitsa Sthana 19/2-6]<ref name=Hridaya/>

'''[[Panchakarma]] procedures:'''

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The five types of vishama jwara are managed by five decoctions made from drugs described below:

#In santatajwara, Kalingaka, patola leaves and katukarohini

−

#In satatajwara,Patola, sariva, musta, patha and katukarohini

+

#In satatajwara, Patola, sariva, musta, patha and katukarohini

#In anyedyushkajwara, Nimba, patola, triphala, mrudvika, musta and vatsaka

#In tritiyaka jwara, Kiratatikta, amrita, chandana, vishvabheshaja

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=Jwara affecting body tissues (dhatugata jwara)=

−

When jwara affects body tissues, it produces tissue specific clinical features. These conditions of lodging pathogenic factors of jwara at different tissues ([[dhatu]]) are termed as ~~‘dhatugatajwara’~~. This suggests progressive stages of disease affecting deeper tissues.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/75-82] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/83-88]<ref name=Susruta/>

+

When jwara affects body tissues, it produces tissue specific clinical features. These conditions of lodging pathogenic factors of jwara at different tissues ([[dhatu]]) are termed as ‘dhatugata jwara’. This suggests progressive stages of disease affecting deeper tissues.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/75-82] [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana.39/83-88]<ref name=Susruta/>

==Jwara affecting nutrient fluids ([[rasa dhatu]])==

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Heaviness, miserable feeling, anxiety, exhaustion, vomiting, anorexia, increase in external temperature, body ache and yawning

===Treatment of choice===

−

Therapeutic emesis (vamana) and fasting (langhana)[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Therapeutic emesis ([[vamana]]) and fasting ([[langhana]])[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

−

Drug of choice: Piper longum (pippali) <ref name=Ranade/>

+

Drug of choice: Piper longum ([[pippali]]) <ref name=Ranade/>

==Jwara affecting Blood ([[rakta dhatu]])==

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Increase in body temperature, eruptions, thirst, frequent hemoptysis, burning sensation, discoloration, giddiness, intoxication and incoherent speech

===Treatment of choice===

−

External application of medicaments like pouring decoctions and anointing medicines over body [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

External application of medicaments like pouring decoctions and anointing medicines over body [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

Drug of choice: Hemidesmus indicus (sariva) <ref name=Ranade/>

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Internal feeling of burning, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, bad body odor and abnormal muscle movements like throwing away limbs

===Treatment of choice===

−

Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) and fasting [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) and fasting [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

−

Drug of choice: Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) <ref name=Ranade/>

+

Drug of choice: Tinospora cordifolia ([[guduchi]]) <ref name=Ranade/>

==Jwara affecting Adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]])==

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Excessive sweating, thirst, incoherent speech, frequent vomiting, inability to tolerate own body odor, fatigue and anorexia

===Treatment of choice===

−

Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) and fasting [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) and fasting [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

−

Drug of choice: Azadirachta indica (nimba) <ref name=Ranade/>

+

Drug of choice: Azadirachta indica ([[nimba]]) <ref name=Ranade/>

==Jwara affecting Bone tissue ([[asthi dhatu]]) ==

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Diarrhea, emesis, pain in the bones, cooing sound (kujana), convulsive movements of the body and limbs, dyspnea

===Treatment of choice===

−

Decoction enema and untuous enema [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Decoction enema and untuous enema [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

Drug of choice: Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Treminalia bellirica and Phyllanthus emblica) <ref name=Ranade/>

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==Jwara affecting Bone marrow ([[majja dhatu]])==

===Clinical features===

−

Hiccup, severe dyspnea, cough, feeling of entering into darkness frequently, cutting pain in the vital organs (marma), feeling of cold externally and internal burning sensation

+

Hiccup, severe dyspnea, cough, feeling of entering into darkness frequently, cutting pain in the vital organs ([[marma]]), feeling of cold externally and internal burning sensation

===Treatment of choice===

−

Decoction enema and untuous enema [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Decoction enema and untuous enema [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

Drug of choice: Iron (lauha) <ref name=Ranade/>

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===Treatment of choice===

−

Incurable [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].3/315-17]

+

Incurable [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/315-17]

==Prognosis==

Eganeesh

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