Talk:Kashmarya
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Kashmarya |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Gmelina arborea L. |
| Family | Verbenaceae (now placed in Lamiaceae in current plant classification) |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Gmelina arborea L. (commonly known as Kashmarya, Gambhari, Candhar tree, comb teak, or Kashmiri tree) is a deciduous tree native to South and Southeast Asia. In Ayurveda it is a member of the Brihat Panchamula group and is used in swelling, burning sensation, fever, thirst and haemorrhoids.
English name
Candhar tree, comb teak, Kashmiri tree
Therapeutic Uses
Sotha (swelling), daha (burning sensation), jwara (fever), trushna (thirst), arsha (hemorrhoids)[1]
Other Varieties / Other Botanical names
- Gmelina asiatica L.
- Premna arborea Roxb.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Kashmarya, Gambhari, Bhadraparni (leaves of gambhari are beautiful), Shriparni (beautiful leaves), Madhuparnika.
Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu
Kashmiri, hira, pitarohini (bark is yellow in colour), krushnavrunta (leaf has got blackish petiole)[2]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Heavy (guru) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify vata, pitta and kapha |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 | Asthapana |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) | Virechanopagmahakashaya (helping purgation) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) | Shwayathuharamahakashaya (relieving oedema) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) | Dahaprashamanamahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation) |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 | Management of obesity |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/135 | Phala Varga (class of fruits) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 | Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/20 | Preparations of Trivritta |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/30 | Preparations of Trivritta Awaleha |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 | As an ingredient of Madhookadi kashaya |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/253 | As an ingredient of Chandanadi snehabasti (unctuous enema) |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 | As an ingredient of Chandanadi taila |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 | As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/39 | As pathya ahara (wholesome diet) |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 | To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 | Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/52 | Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 | Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/29 | Ingredient in Vata-pittaj Apasmar nashak Ghrita |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/44 | Ingredient in Shvadamshtradi Ghrita |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 | Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 | Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/67 | As a Snan dravya for Bahyaprayogarth (external application) |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 | In treatment of vatodara for anuvasan basti |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/113 | As an ingredient of panchkolaghrita |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/117 | As an ingredient of yavadi ghrita |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 | In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka) |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 | As an ingredient of dantyarista |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/202 | Dadhisara yoga is used in raktarsha |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 | As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 | As an ingredient of Mulasava |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 | Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 | Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa. |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 | As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 | Use as a mrudu sodhana |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/39 | As a ghrita dravya |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/83 | Use for vaman in treatment of pittaja kasa |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 | As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/197 | Used in the treatment of Mandali sarpa damsha |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 | Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 | As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 | As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 | As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/96 | Used in the treatment of Garbhashaya–gata vata |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/120 | As an ingredient of Dashamuladi ghrita |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/59 | Bhavana dravya of Parushaka Ghrita |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 | As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 | As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 | As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/97,98 | As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/105 | As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/112 | As an ingredient of Mahapadma taila |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/115 | As an ingredient of Shatapaka madhuka taila |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/52 | As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/100 | Used in the treatment of Raktaja yoni, Arajaska, Putraghni |
Dose
- 20-30 gm of drug for decoction[1]
Important formulation
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Dashamularishta
- Dashamulaharitaki
- Dashamula ghrita
Current availability
Available
- India – hilly regions of south India, Himalayan regions
Current researches
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Gmelina%20arborea
Phytoconstituents
Phytochemical studies report several classes of compounds from different parts of Gmelina arborea. Only constituents supported by a checked primary reference are listed below (one reference per class).
| Class | Reported constituents | Plant part | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acylated iridoid glycosides | Gmelinosides A–L | Not confirmed in source checked | [3] |
| Lignans, neolignans and phenolics | Gmelinol, (+)-balanophonin, tyrosol, a phenylethanoid glycoside, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol | Bark | [4] |
| Coumarin glycoside | Apiose-containing coumarin glycoside | Root | [5] |
Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy
All findings below are from animal or in vitro experiments; no controlled human clinical trial was identified during reference checking.
Hepatoprotective Activity
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were tested in rats given paracetamol (hepatic injury) or cisplatin (renal injury). The extracts significantly lowered serum SGOT and SGPT activities and serum creatinine and urea levels, indicating a protective effect on liver and kidney in these models.[6]
Antioxidant Activity
Bark and fruit extracts protected liver cells from oxidative stress in an in vitro liver-slice culture model.[7]
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark (500 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema of 30.15% and 31.21% respectively. In mice, both extracts prolonged hot-plate latency, and the aqueous extract inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing by 84.3% (methanol extract 77.9%) at 500 mg/kg. The authors suggest inhibition of prostaglandins and other autacoids as a possible mechanism; this was not directly tested.[8]
Wound Healing
An alcoholic extract of the dried leaf powder (200 mg/kg) was studied in incision, excision and dead-space wound models in rats. It increased wound contraction rate, skin and granuloma breaking strength, hydroxyproline content and dry granuloma weight, and shortened the epithelization period, consistent with increased collagen deposition.[9]
Antiulcer Activity
Leaves of Gmelina arborea have been evaluated for anti-ulcer activity in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats.[10]
Antidiabetic Activity
Aqueous bark extract (1.00 g/kg, 30 days) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats lowered fasting blood glucose by 37%, reduced HbA1c and fructosamine, raised serum insulin (57%) and C-peptide (39%), improved serum lipids, and histology and immunohistochemistry showed β-cell regeneration in the pancreas.[11]
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Acute and repeated-dose toxicity: Methanol extract of stem bark given orally to mice (300–5000 mg/kg) caused no mortality or significant clinical signs. In a 28-day study in rats (300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) there were no significant changes in body and organ weights, haematology, clinical chemistry or histology; the reported NOAEL was 5000 mg/kg.[12]
- Precautions: Reproductive and human safety data were not found in the sources checked; use under clinical supervision, particularly in pregnancy and lactation.
- Classical dose: 20–30 g of crude drug for decoction (see Dose above).
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication / Model | Part and extract | Principal finding |
|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol / cisplatin-induced hepatic and renal injury (rat) | Stem bark, aqueous and ethanolic | Lower SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea |
| Oxidative stress in liver cells (in vitro) | Bark and fruit | Protection of liver cells |
| Inflammation and pain (Sotha) (rat, mouse) | Stem bark, aqueous and methanol | Reduced paw oedema, hot-plate and writhing responses |
| Wound healing (rat) | Leaf, alcoholic | Faster contraction and epithelization, higher breaking strength |
| Ulcer (rat) | Leaf | Anti-ulcer activity reported |
| Diabetes (STZ rat) | Bark, aqueous | Lower glucose, higher insulin, β-cell regeneration |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :24
- ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-14,15
- ↑ Hosny M, Rosazza JP. Gmelinosides A-L, twelve acylated iridoid glycosides from Gmelina arborea. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(6):734–742. doi:10.1021/np970447u
- ↑ Falah S, Katayama T, Suzuki T. Chemical constituents from Gmelina arborea bark and their antioxidant activity. J Wood Sci. 2008;54(6):483–489.
- ↑ Satyanarayana P, Subrahmanyam P, Kasai R, Tanaka O. An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from Gmelina arborea root. Phytochemistry. 1985;24(8):1862–1863.
- ↑ Anthony OE, Francis MA, Philippe EM. Phytochemical screening, and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012;25(2):457–461.
- ↑ Sinha S, Dixit P, Bhargava S, Devasagayam TP, Ghaskadbi S. Bark and fruit extracts of Gmelina arborea protect liver cells from oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(4):237–243.
- ↑ Kulkarni YA, Panjabi R, Patel V, Tawade A, Gokhale A. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb in experimentally induced inflammation and nociception. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2013;4(3):152–157. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.118697
- ↑ Shirwaikar A, Ghosh S, Padma GM Rao. Effect of Gmelina arborea Roxb. leaves on wound healing in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2003;3(1):45–48. doi:10.18311/jnr/2003/362
- ↑ Giri M, Divakar K, Goli D, Dighe SB. Anti ulcer activity of leaves of Gmelina arborea plant in experimentally induced ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:102–110.
- ↑ Attanayake AP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Family: Verbenaceae) extract upregulates the β-cell regeneration in STZ induced diabetic rats. 2016 (published 6 Jan 2016), article 4513871. doi:10.1155/2016/4513871. PMCID: PMC4736759
- ↑ Kulkarni YA, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological evaluation of the methanol extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark in mice and rats. Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):125–131. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.97203