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===Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity=== | ===Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity=== | ||
The 70% aqueous-ethanolic extract of the black variety of the root protected mice against castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, relaxed isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig trachea, and these effects were attributed possibly to Ca<sup>++</sup> antagonist-like constituents.<ref name="Shareef2014" /> | The 70% aqueous-ethanolic extract of the black variety of the root protected mice against castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, relaxed isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig trachea, and these effects were attributed possibly to Ca<sup>++</sup> antagonist-like constituents.<ref name="Shareef2014" />The research findings are not in accordance with the classical purgative action of the herb. The reasons behind this needs further exploration and study. | ||
===Hepatoprotective activity=== | ===Hepatoprotective activity=== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:53, 10 October 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Trivrut |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso |
| Family | Convolvulaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso, popularly known as Trivrut (Indian Jalap, Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb of the family Convolvulaceae. It is regarded in Ayurveda as one of the foremost Virechana (therapeutic purgation) drugs.
English name
Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod
Therapeutic Uses
Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)[1]
Other Varieties / Other Botanical names
- Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.
- Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br.
Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
Mentioned 2 types[2]
- Sweta trivrut
- Syama trivrut
Raja Nighantu
Mentioned 2 types[3]
- Trivrut
- Rakta trivrut
Dhanwantari Nighantu
Mentioned 2 types[4]
- Shyama Trivrut
- Shukla Bhandi
Kaiyadeva Nighantu
Mentioned 2 types[5]
- Trivrut
- Shyama
Traditional Context
In Ayurvedic therapeutics Trivrut is a primary Shodhana drug used for Virechana (therapeutic purgation). It acts mainly on Pitta and Kapha doshas.
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth
Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
- Shveta Trivrut: Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
- Shyama Trivrut: Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika[6]
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify Kapha and Pitta |
| 6 | Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) | Helps in purgation (virechana) |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/77 | Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/9 | Churna pradeha (external application) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/5 | Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) | Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/17 | Dravya for Virechana (purgation) |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/18 | Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 | Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/6 | Shodhanartha (for purification) |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/3-4 | Shodhanartha (for purification) |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/04 | Trivritta Synonyms |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/11 | Aragvadha Yoga |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/12 | Aragvadha Avaleha |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 10/14 | Panaka Yoga |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 10/15 | Nasya Yoga |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/209 | Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/231 | Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/299 | Used in Vishama jwara (fever) |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/57 | As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation) |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/44 | As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation) |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/56 | For scrapping action |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/69 | Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/85 | Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease) |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/124 | Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease) |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/153 | Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/20 | Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/44 | As a Nasya dravya |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/21 | In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling) |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/24 | In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling) |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/25 | In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling) |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/69 | Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana) |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/138 | In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna) |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/120 | As an ingredient of Patoladi churna |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/126 | As an ingredient of Narayana churna |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/134 | As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/155 | Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/164 | In formulation of ksharvatika |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/167 | In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/181 | In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga) |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/54 | Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids) |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/55 | Used as lepa |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/66 | Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/122 | Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids) |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/231 | Used in treatment of tikshnagni |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/57 | Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/59 | Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/66 | Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/93 | As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/135 | Used in chikitsa of halimaka |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/85 | As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/121 | As a yoga dravya |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 | As a mrudu sodhana dravya |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/26 | For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting) |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/64 | For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/66 | For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/67 | In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/203 | As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/241 | As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita |
| 58 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/85 | Used as vranashodhaka lepa |
| 59 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/12 | Used to make udavarta varti |
| 60 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/14 | Used in udavarta for pradhamana |
| 61 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/98 | As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha |
| 62 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/110 | Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta |
| 63 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/254 | Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk) |
Dose
- 1–3 g of the drug in powder form[1]
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.
- Hrudyavirechana leha
- Ashwagandharishta
- Avipatikara churna
- Manibhadra guda
Current availability
Available
- In India – Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
- Out of India – Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.
Phytoconstituents
The roots and other parts of Operculina turpethum have been reported to contain the following constituents:[7]
- Resin glycosides and related: α- and β-turpethein, turpethinic acids A, B, C, D and E.
- Coumarins: scopoletin and other coumarins.
- Sterols and triterpenoids: β-sitosterol, cycloartenol, lanosta-5-ene, 24-methylene-δ-5-lanosterol, lupeol, betulin, and the glucosides stigma-5,22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside and 22,23-dihydro-α-spinosterol-β-D-glucoside.
- Others: α- and β-rhamnose, acrylamide derivative, salicylic acid.
Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.
Purgative (Virechana) action
The purgative action of Trivrut is established in Ayurvedic classics (see Charak Samhita table above). No primary experimental study of its purgative effect could be verified for this monograph, so no modern reference is given for this topic.
Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity
The 70% aqueous-ethanolic extract of the black variety of the root protected mice against castor-oil-induced diarrhoea, relaxed isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig trachea, and these effects were attributed possibly to Ca++ antagonist-like constituents.[8]The research findings are not in accordance with the classical purgative action of the herb. The reasons behind this needs further exploration and study.
Hepatoprotective activity
The ethanolic root extract (200 mg/kg, oral) significantly lowered the raised SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin in paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats, and histology showed less hepatocellular damage.[9]
Anti-inflammatory activity
Operculina turpethum roots were shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models without cytotoxicity, and the activity was attributed to the β-sitosterol isolated from the roots.[10]
Safety, Toxicity and Dosage
- Toxicity: The methanolic root extract was devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino rats.[10]
- Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited): Being a strong Virechana drug it should be used with care in pregnancy, severe debility and acute inflammatory bowel conditions, and only under the supervision of an Ayurvedic physician.
- Standard therapeutic dose: Root powder 1–3 g, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Part / preparation studied | Principal finding |
|---|---|---|
| Constipation / Malabandha | Root (classical use) | Classical Virechana drug; no verified experimental study cited |
| Diarrhoea / gut spasm | 70% aqueous-ethanolic root extract | Antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity in mice and isolated tissues |
| Liver disorders | Ethanolic root extract | Reduced paracetamol-induced liver enzyme elevation in rats |
| Inflammation / Kustha | Root extract, β-sitosterol | Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.
- ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.
- ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.
- ↑ Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.
- ↑ Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.
- ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.
- ↑ Gupta, S.; Ved, A. (2017). "Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso as a medicinal plant species: a review on bioactive components and pharmacological properties". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 11 (22): 158–166. doi:10.4103/phrev.phrev_6_17.
- ↑ Suresh Kumar, S. V.; Sujatha, C.; Syamala, J.; Nagasudha, B.; Mishra, S. H. (2006). "Protective effect of root extract of Operculina turpethum Linn. against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 68 (1): 32–35. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.22960.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ved, A.; Gupta, S.; Singh, N.; Shukla, K. S.; Prakash, O.; Gaur, N. (2022). "Pharmacognostical standardization, isolation of phytoconstituents (β-sitosterol), HPTLC analysis of extracts of Operculina turpethum (Linn.) roots and evaluation of cytotoxic, in vitro, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities". Letters in Organic Chemistry. 19 (8): 636–650. doi:10.2174/1570178618666210413143914.