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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|title=Jyotishmati
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|keywords= *Jyotishmati, Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Staff tree, Intellect tree, Malkangani, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, textbook charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory enhancement, neurological disorders (Vatavyadhi), and skin ailments.
|description= Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) is classified as a Medhya (nootropic) herb. It is traditionally indicated for memory loss, Vatavyadhi, and Svitra; preclinical studies report cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|image_alt=charak samhita
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|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff Tree or Intellect Tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a potent *Medhya* (intellect-promoting) and neuroprotective herb, traditionally used for sharpening memory and treating cognitive and neurological dysfunctions.
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrus_paniculatus Celastrus paniculatus Willd.]''', popularly known as '''Jyotishmati''' (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as a ''Medhya'' (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.


==English name ==  
==English name==
Staff tree, Intellect tree
Staff tree, Intellect tree


==Therapeutic Use==
==Therapeutic Use==
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>
Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)<ref name="ref1" />


==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
==Other varieties / Other botanical names==
Line 47: Line 47:
==Identification characters==
==Identification characters==
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
* '''Lata''' – Jyotishmati is a climber.
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resemble legs of pigeon.
* '''Paravatapadi''' – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
* '''Sphutatvacha''' – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
* '''Suvarnalatika''' – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
* '''Sukshmaphala'''– Fruits are small in size.
* '''Sukshmaphala''' – Fruits are small in size.
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati are resembling eggs of crow.
* '''Kakandi''' – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati will be having yellow colour.
* '''Pitataila''' – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.


[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]
[[File:Celastrus_paniculatus.jpg|thumb|Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)]]


== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
==Traditional Context==
In traditional medicine, Jyotishmati is categorized as a powerful nervine tonic, stimulant, and rejuvenative. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is especially celebrated for its capacity to pacify Vata and Kapha doshas while stimulating intellect, enhancing comprehension, and alleviating chronic neurological complaints.
In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and ''Medhya'' drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jyotishmati
Jyotishmati


==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani<ref name="ref2" />


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
==Ayurvedic pharmacological properties==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post-digestion effects ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Sharp (tikshna)  
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
| 6 || Extraordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Promotes intellect (medhya)
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/78 || Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/26 || Vairechanikadhumavarti
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1"/>
* Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm<ref name="ref1" />
* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1"/>
* Oil – 5 to 15 drops<ref name="ref1" />


==Important Formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1" />
 
* Smritisagara rasa
* Smritisagara rasa
* Jyotishmati taila
* Jyotishmati taila


== Current availability==  
==Current availability==
Available
Available
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
* '''In India –''' Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.
* '''Out of India –''' Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.


== Phytochemical Composition ==
==Phytoconstituents==
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' seed and root extracts is attributed to a dense cluster of secondary metabolites:
Seeds, seed oil and other parts of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:<ref name="Nagpal2022" />
* '''Alkaloids & Sesquiterpenes:''' Celapanin, celapangine, celapagin, and paniculatine.
* '''Sesquiterpenes:''' β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
* '''Polyesters & Polyalcohols:''' Agigenin and related sesquiterpene polyol esters.
* '''Alkaloids:''' celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
* '''Flavonoids & Phenolics:''' Quercetin and kaempferol derivatives with high antioxidant capacity.
* '''Triterpenoids:''' β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils containing rich fatty acid profiles (linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids).
* '''Sterols and tocopherols:''' β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
* '''Fatty acids:''' palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
* '''Flavonoids and phenolics''', and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.
 
==Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy==
All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.
 
===Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)===
Chronic oral administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.<ref name="Gattu1997" />


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
===Neuroprotective activity===
=== Nootropic and Cognitive Enhancement Properties ===
Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.<ref name="Godkar2004" />
Jyotishmati is classically designated as a premier *Medhya* drug, highly effective for boosting memory retention and learning capacities.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active sesquiterpenes modulate central neurotransmitter systems, upregulating acetylcholine levels and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity in cortical and hippocampal regions.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies reveal that chronic administration of ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil significantly improves spatial memory acquisition and cognitive performance in rat models, while reversing experimentally induced memory deficits.<ref name="Gattu2004"/>


=== Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Actions ===
===Antioxidant activity===
The herb exhibits profound protective effects against oxidative neuronal injury and neurodegeneration.
The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.<ref name="Kumar2002" />
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and prevents lipid peroxidation in brain tissues.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro and in vivo models confirm that seed extracts protect neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress pathways implicated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease models.<ref name="Nalini1995"/>


=== Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties ===
===Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity===
Traditional claims supporting its use in *Vatavyadhi* (pain and neuromuscular conditions) are backed by scientific evaluations of its anti-inflammatory capacity.
The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful ''Vata'' disorders.<ref name="Kulkarni2015" />
* '''Mechanism:''' Suppresses the expression of key inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts demonstrate significant dose-dependent reductions in acute and chronic inflammation parameters, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema.<ref name="Ahmad2013"/>


=== Wound Healing and Dermatological Efficacy ===
===Wound-healing activity===
Topical formulations containing Jyotishmati oil are traditionally used for skin disorders like *Svitra* and difficult wounds.
Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.<ref name="Harish2008" />
* '''Mechanism:''' Stimulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and local microcirculation due to its sharp (*tikshna*) and hot (*ushna*) properties.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies on excision and incision wound models show a marked decrease in epithelialization time and enhanced wound breaking strength following topical seed oil treatment.<ref name="Karan2004"/>


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
==Safety, Toxicity and Dosage==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' While therapeutic dosages are safe, high-dose ingestion can cause gastric irritation or emesis due to its sharp (*tikshna*) attribute.
* '''Toxicity:''' In an OECD-guideline study in rats, ''C. paniculatus'' seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Mishra2020" />
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation, or in individuals with high Pitta constitutions or severe hyperacidity.
* '''Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited):''' Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ''ushna'' and ''tikshna'' attributes.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard therapeutic dose:''' Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–2 g daily<ref name="ref1"/>.
** ''Seed Oil (Taila):'' 5–15 drops daily or as directed by an Ayurveda physician<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
==Summary of Therapeutic Profile==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus''
|+ Therapeutic applications of ''Celastrus paniculatus'' (preclinical evidence)
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Part / preparation studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Principal finding
|-
| '''Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya'''
| Seed oil
| Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats
|-
|-
| '''Memory Loss / Smruti Dourbalya'''
| '''Neuroprotection'''
| Celapanin, Sesquiterpene polyols
| Water-soluble seed extracts
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Nootropic
| Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro
|-
|-
| '''Neurological Pain / Vatavyadhi'''
| '''Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi'''
| Alkaloids, Flavonoids
| Alcoholic seed extract
| Anti-inflammatory, Neuroprotective
| Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents
|-
|-
| '''Skin Disorders / Svitra'''
| '''Wounds'''
| Fixed oil fractions, Polyphenols
| Lupeol (leaf-derived)
| Immunomodulatory, Microcirculation stimulant
| Enhanced wound healing in rats
|}
|}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
<ref name="Gattu2004">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Tossali |first2=L. |last3=Kallakunta |first3=B. V. |last4=Ilango |first4=K. |year=2004 |title=The neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil exteriorized in animal models |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=92 |issue=2-3 |pages=339–345}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Nalini1995">{{cite journal |last1=Nalini |first1=K. |last2=Karanth |first2=K. S. |last3=Rao |first3=A. |year=1995 |title=Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant effects of Celastrus paniculatus seeds in rats |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=255–260}}</ref>
<ref name="Nagpal2022">{{cite journal |last1=Nagpal |first1=K. |last2=Garg |first2=M. |last3=Arora |first3=D. |last4=Dubey |first4=A. |last5=Grewal |first5=A. S. |year=2022 |title=An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1930–1951 |doi=10.1002/ptr.7424}}</ref>
<ref name="Ahmad2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=M. |last2=Husain |first2=S. |last3=Mujeeb |first3=M. |year=2013 |title=Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Celastrus paniculatus seed extracts |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=723–728}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Karan2004">{{cite journal |last1=Karan |first1=M. |last2=Vasisht |first2=K. |last3=Handa |first3=S. S. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=494–496}}</ref>
<ref name="Gattu1997">{{cite journal |last1=Gattu |first1=M. |last2=Boss |first2=K. L. |last3=Terry |first3=A. V. Jr |last4=Buccafusco |first4=J. J. |year=1997 |title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=793–799 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Godkar2004">{{cite journal |last1=Godkar |first1=P. B. |last2=Gordon |first2=R. K. |last3=Ravindran |first3=A. |last4=Doctor |first4=B. P. |year=2004 |title=Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=213–219}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. H. V. |last2=Gupta |first2=Y. K. |year=2002 |title=Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=302–311 |doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00136}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kulkarni2015">{{cite journal |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Y. A. |last2=Agarwal |first2=S. |last3=Garud |first3=M. S. |year=2015 |title=Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.146540}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Harish2008">{{cite journal |last1=Harish |first1=B. G. |last2=Krishna |first2=V. |last3=Santosh Kumar |first3=H. S. |last4=Khadeer Ahamed |first4=B. M. |last5=Sharath |first5=R. |last6=Kumara Swamy |first6=H. M. |year=2008 |title=Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=763–767}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Mishra2020">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=B. |last2=John |first2=E. |year=2020 |title=Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study |journal=Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=13 |issue=7 |doi=10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Revision as of 17:31, 9 October 2026


Jyotishmati
Section/Chapter Herb database/Jyotishmati
Botanical name(s) Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
Family Celastraceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Celastrus paniculatus Willd., popularly known as Jyotishmati (Staff tree, Intellect tree), is a large woody climbing shrub native to the hills of India. It is regarded in Ayurveda as a Medhya (intellect-promoting) herb and is traditionally used for memory loss, diseases of the nervous system and skin disorders.

English name

Staff tree, Intellect tree

Therapeutic Use

Vatavyadhi (diseases of nervous system), Smruti dourbalya (memory loss), Svitra (hypopigmentation disorder of skin)[1]

Other varieties / Other botanical names

  • Celastrus dependens Wall.
  • Celastrus montana
  • Celastrus multiflora
  • Celastrus nutans
  • Celastrus senegelensis
  • Celastrus spinoses

Identification characters

  • Lata – Jyotishmati is a climber.
  • Paravatapadi – Root of Jyotishmati resembles legs of pigeon.
  • Sphutatvacha – Stem bark has shining white dots over its surface.
  • Suvarnalatika – Jyotishmati has yellow coloured flowers.
  • Sukshmaphala – Fruits are small in size.
  • Kakandi – Fruits of Jyotishmati resemble eggs of crow.
  • Pitataila – The oil prepared from Jyotishmati is yellow in colour.
File:Celastrus paniculatus.jpg
Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus)

Traditional Context

In Ayurveda, Jyotishmati is categorized as a nervine tonic and Medhya drug. Its seed oil (Jyotishmati taila) is used for Vata disorders and for sharpening intellect.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Jyotishmati

Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Katabhi, Jyotishka, Kangani, Paravatapadi, Panya, Lata, Kakundani[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post-digestion effects (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata and kapha
6 Extraordinary effect (prabhava) Promotes intellect (medhya)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/78 Mulini (Shirovirecha) (Errhine therapy)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(27) Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/26 Vairechanikadhumavarti
4 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/23 Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)

Dose

  • Seed powder – 1 to 2 gm[1]
  • Oil – 5 to 15 drops[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Smritisagara rasa
  • Jyotishmati taila

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman Islands.
  • Out of India – Australia, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam.

Phytoconstituents

Seeds, seed oil and other parts of Celastrus paniculatus contain the following major classes of secondary metabolites:[3]

  • Sesquiterpenes: β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene polyol esters (e.g. malkanguniol, malkangunin).
  • Alkaloids: celastrine, celapanin, celapagin, paniculatin.
  • Triterpenoids: β-amyrin, lupeol, pristimerin.
  • Sterols and tocopherols: β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol.
  • Fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids.
  • Flavonoids and phenolics, and non-fatty acids such as benzoic and cinnamic acid.

Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Efficacy

All studies below are preclinical (animal or in vitro). No controlled human clinical trial is cited in this monograph.

Nootropic / Memory-enhancing activity (Medhya)

Chronic oral administration of C. paniculatus seed oil (50, 200 or 400 mg/kg for 14 days) completely reversed scopolamine-induced deficits in the Morris water maze in rats, whereas a single acute dose did not. The effect was not related to an anticholinesterase-like action.[4]

Neuroprotective activity

Water-soluble extracts of the seed significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death in rat forebrain neuronal cultures; the protection was linked to modulation of glutamate (NMDA) receptor function.[5]

Antioxidant activity

The aqueous seed extract (200 mg/kg for 14 days) improved learning and memory in rats, and an antioxidant effect was suggested to be involved in this cognitive enhancement.[6]

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity

The alcoholic seed extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) showed antinociceptive activity in mice (tail immersion and hot plate tests) and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats, supporting the traditional use in painful Vata disorders.[7]

Wound-healing activity

Lupeol, a triterpenoid isolated from the petroleum-ether extract of the leaves, applied as 0.2% gel promoted healing in excision, incision and dead-space wound models in rats; docking with glycogen synthase kinase-3β supported the finding. This study used the leaf-derived compound, not the seed oil.[8]

Safety, Toxicity and Dosage

  • Toxicity: In an OECD-guideline study in rats, C. paniculatus seed oil was found safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.[9]
  • Precautions (Ayurvedic, no experimental reference cited): Use under physician supervision in pregnancy, lactation, and in persons with Pitta aggravation or hyperacidity, in view of its ushna and tikshna attributes.
  • Standard therapeutic dose: Seed powder 1–2 g; seed oil 5–15 drops, or as directed by an Ayurvedic physician (see Dose above).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic applications of Celastrus paniculatus (preclinical evidence)
Indication Part / preparation studied Principal finding
Memory loss / Smruti dourbalya Seed oil Reversal of scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats
Neuroprotection Water-soluble seed extracts Attenuation of glutamate-induced neuronal death in vitro
Neurological pain / Vatavyadhi Alcoholic seed extract Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in rodents
Wounds Lupeol (leaf-derived) Enhanced wound healing in rats

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:29
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 150 - 151, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;
  3. ↑ Nagpal, K.; Garg, M.; Arora, D.; Dubey, A.; Grewal, A. S. (2022). "An extensive review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus Willd". Phytotherapy Research. 36 (5): 1930–1951. doi:10.1002/ptr.7424. 
  4. ↑ Gattu, M.; Boss, K. L.; Terry, A. V. Jr; Buccafusco, J. J. (1997). "Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 57 (4): 793–799. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00391-7. 
  5. ↑ Godkar, P. B.; Gordon, R. K.; Ravindran, A.; Doctor, B. P. (2004). "Celastrus paniculatus seed water soluble extracts protect against glutamate toxicity in neuronal cultures from rat forebrain". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 93 (2-3): 213–219. 
  6. ↑ Kumar, M. H. V.; Gupta, Y. K. (2002). "Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: a possible mechanism in enhancing cognition". Phytomedicine. 9 (4): 302–311. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00136. 
  7. ↑ Kulkarni, Y. A.; Agarwal, S.; Garud, M. S. (2015). "Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 6 (2): 82–88. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.146540. 
  8. ↑ Harish, B. G.; Krishna, V.; Santosh Kumar, H. S.; Khadeer Ahamed, B. M.; Sharath, R.; Kumara Swamy, H. M. (2008). "Wound healing activity and docking of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3-β-protein with isolated triterpenoid lupeol in rats". Phytomedicine. 15 (9): 763–767. 
  9. ↑ Mishra, B.; John, E. (2020). "Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: a preclinical study". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 13 (7). doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37803. 

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