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'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is an annual or perennial shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions, widely distributed throughout India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (*Balya*), rejuvenative (*Rasayana*), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:13</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_indicum Abutilon indicum L.]''', popularly known as '''Atibala''', is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as a potent tonic (''Balya''), rejuvenative (''Rasayana''), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.<ref name="API" />


== English Name ==
== English Name ==
Line 103: Line 103:
== Current Availability ==
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
* '''In India:''' Found all over India, particularly in waste places, roadsides, and tropical regions.
* '''In India:''' Distributed throughout India.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />


== Major Phytoconstituents ==
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Abutilon indicum* is attributed to its diverse secondary metabolites distributed across roots, leaves, and seeds:
The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reviewed.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> Across the genus ''Abutilon'', reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />
* '''Flavonoids & Alkaloids:''' Contains active flavonoids, glycosides, and various alkaloidal constituents.
* '''Mucilage & Carbohydrates:''' High concentrations of mucilage present in leaves and roots contributing to demulcent properties.
* '''Sterols & Fatty Acids:''' Beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, and essential oils.


== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental studies validate several traditional therapeutic uses of *Abutilon indicum*:
Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum''.<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.


=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Vatarakta* (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in ''Vatarakta'' (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.<ref name="API" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that root and leaf extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and prostaglandin synthesis. The anti-nociceptive profile helps mitigate pain responses in animal models.<ref name="Kasimala2013">Kasimala, M. B., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts." International Journal of Pharmacology.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' extracts in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> and for the genus ''Abutilon'' in general.<ref name="Gomaa2018" />


=== 2. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties ===
=== 2. Hepatoprotective Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Plant extracts demonstrate substantial free-radical scavenging capacity and restoration of hepatic enzymes. In vivo studies confirm protection against toxin-induced liver damage by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.<ref name="Seetharam2002">Seetharam, Y., et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Hepatoprotective activity of ''Abutilon indicum'' has been reported in experimental studies.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />


=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Efficacy ===
=== 3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*. Furthermore, topical applications accelerate wound contraction and collagen deposition in dermal models.<ref name="Kiran2008">Kiran, K., et al. "Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial activity of Abutilon indicum Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial and wound healing activities of ''Abutilon indicum'' have been reported in the literature.<ref name="Kaushik2009" />


=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
=== 4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under *Meha* conditions.
* '''Traditional Use:''' Traditionally managed under ''Meha'' conditions.<ref name="API" />
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of aqueous extracts results in significant blood glucose reduction in diabetic experimental models, acting partly by improving insulin sensitivity and inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzymes.<ref name="Palanivel2012">Palanivel, M., et al. "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Abutilon indicum leaf extract in experimental diabetes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Leaf extracts of ''A. indicum'' showed hypoglycemic activity in rats.<ref name="Seetharam2002" /> The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.<ref name="Krisanapun2009" /> In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPAR&gamma; and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.<ref name="Krisanapun2011" />


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Abutilon indicum*
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Abutilon indicum''
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Reported Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
|-
| '''Inflammation & Gout (*Vatarakta*)'''
| '''Inflammation & Gout (''Vatarakta'')'''
| Flavonoids, Sterols
| Anti-inflammatory, analgesic<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
| Anti-inflammatory, Prostaglandin inhibition
|-
|-
| '''Liver Health & Oxidative Stress'''
| '''Liver Health'''
| Phenolic compounds, Antioxidants
| Hepatoprotective<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
| Free-radical scavenging, Hepatoprotection
|-
|-
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| '''Wound Healing & Infections'''
| Mucilage, Tannins, Alkaloids
| Antibacterial, wound healing<ref name="Kaushik2009" />
| Antimicrobial, Dermal collagen deposition
|-
|-
| '''Metabolic Support (*Meha*)'''
| '''Metabolic Support (''Meha'')'''
| Glycosides, Active principles
| Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic<ref name="Seetharam2002" /><ref name="Krisanapun2009" />
| Hypoglycemic, Enzyme modulation
|}
|}


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Generally safe at standard therapeutic doses; high doses should be avoided during early pregnancy unless guided by an Ayurvedic physician.
* '''Precautions:''' Antifertility activity has been reported for ''Abutilon indicum'' in the literature,<ref name="Kaushik2009" /> so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />
** ''Root/Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.<ref name="API" />
Line 161: Line 153:
== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:13</ref>
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=Part I |volume=I |pages=13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kasimala2013">Kasimala, M. B., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts." International Journal of Pharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Kaushik2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=P. |last2=Kaushik |first2=D. |last3=Khokra |first3=S. |last4=Chaudhary |first4=B. |year=2009 |title=Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |url=https://www.lavierebelle.org/IMG/pdf/abutilon_indicum_atibala_ethno-botany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacology-_a_review.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">Seetharam, Y., et al. "Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
<ref name="Gomaa2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gomaa |first1=A. A.-R. |last2=Samy |first2=M. N. |last3=Desoukey |first3=S. Y. |last4=Kamel |first4=M. S. |year=2018 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015) |journal=Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=56–74 |doi=10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000 |url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_14982.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Kiran2008">Kiran, K., et al. "Evaluation of wound healing and antimicrobial activity of Abutilon indicum Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Seetharam2002">{{cite journal |last1=Seetharam |first1=Y. N. |last2=Chalageri |first2=G. |last3=Setty |first3=S. R. |last4=Bheemachar |year=2002 |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=156–159 |url=https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/11572/}}</ref>
<ref name="Palanivel2012">Palanivel, M., et al. "Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Abutilon indicum leaf extract in experimental diabetes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2009">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Peungvicha |first2=P. |last3=Temsiririrkkul |first3=R. |last4=Wongkrajang |first4=Y. |year=2009 |title=Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents |journal=Nutrition Research |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=579–587 |url=https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/27166}}</ref>
<ref name="Krisanapun2011">{{cite journal |last1=Krisanapun |first1=C. |last2=Lee |first2=S.-H. |last3=Peungvicha |first3=P. |last4=Temsiririrkkul |first4=R. |last5=Baek |first5=S. J. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3094712}}</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 06:48, 6 October 2026

Atibala
Section/Chapter Herb database/Atibala
Botanical name(s) Abutilon indicum L.
Family Malvaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Abutilon indicum L., popularly known as Atibala, is a shrub of the Malvaceae family distributed throughout India.[1] In Ayurveda, it is highly revered as a potent tonic (Balya), rejuvenative (Rasayana), and Vata-Pitta pacifying medicine.[2]

English Name

Indian mallow

Therapeutic Use

Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Vatarakta (gout), Meha (obstinate urinary disorders)[2]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Atibala
  • Rishyaprokta – Grows wild, so liked by sages and animals.
  • Kankatika – Fruits resemble a comb.
  • Balika
  • Vatyapushpa – Flowers of atibala resemble flowers of bala.
  • Bhuribala

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Atibala has the following properties:[2]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Sweet (Madhura)
2 Potency (Veerya) Cold (Sheeta)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Sweet (Madhura)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Unctuous (Snigdha), Slimy (Pichhila)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Vata and Pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Atibala is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(7) Balya mahakashaya (group of tonics)
2 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
3 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/24 Garbhini paricharya (antenatal care)
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/2/4 In formulation of Amalaka ghrita
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a yavagu (gruel) dravya
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/159 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/56 As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/62 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/72 As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila

Dose

  • Powder (Churna): 3 – 6 g daily.[2]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[2]

  • Bala taila
  • Narayana taila
  • Mahanarayana taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Distributed throughout India.[1]

Major Phytoconstituents

The ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Abutilon indicum have been reviewed.[1] Across the genus Abutilon, reported secondary metabolites include flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, triterpenes, coumarins and alkaloids.[3]

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Reviews of the literature report antibacterial, antipyretic, antimalarial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and wound healing activities of Abutilon indicum.[1] The following sections summarise the studies that support the traditional uses.

1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Indicated in Vatarakta (gout) and inflammatory joint discomforts.[2]
  • Scientific Evidence: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity has been reported for Abutilon indicum extracts in the literature,[1] and for the genus Abutilon in general.[3]

2. Hepatoprotective Activity

  • Traditional Use: Used in tissue rejuvenation and general debility.
  • Scientific Evidence: Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum has been reported in experimental studies.[1]

3. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Activity

  • Traditional Use: Applied locally for skin ulcers, boils, and infections.
  • Scientific Evidence: Antibacterial and wound healing activities of Abutilon indicum have been reported in the literature.[1]

4. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Effects

  • Traditional Use: Traditionally managed under Meha conditions.[2]
  • Scientific Evidence: Leaf extracts of A. indicum showed hypoglycemic activity in rats.[4] The aqueous extract reduced plasma glucose in diabetic rats during an oral glucose tolerance test (0.5 and 1 g/kg), by inhibiting glucose absorption and stimulating insulin secretion.[5] In cell studies, the butanol fraction bound to PPARγ and promoted adipocyte differentiation, and the crude extract activated the GLUT1 promoter.[6]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Abutilon indicum
Indication Reported Pharmacological Action
Inflammation & Gout (Vatarakta) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic[1]
Liver Health Hepatoprotective[1]
Wound Healing & Infections Antibacterial, wound healing[1]
Metabolic Support (Meha) Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic[4][5]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Antifertility activity has been reported for Abutilon indicum in the literature,[1] so use during pregnancy should be under the guidance of an Ayurvedic physician. Clinical safety data in humans are lacking.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root/Plant Powder (Churna): 3–6 g daily.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Kaushik, P.; Kaushik, D.; Khokra, S.; Chaudhary, B. (2009). "Abutilon indicum (Atibala): ethno-botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology – a review" (PDF). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 1 (1): 4–9. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. I (Part I ed.). New Delhi: Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. p. 13. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gomaa, A. A.-R.; Samy, M. N.; Desoukey, S. Y.; Kamel, M. S. (2018). "Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of genus Abutilon: a review (1972–2015)". Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1 (2): 56–74. doi:10.21608/jabps.2018.3333.1000. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Seetharam, Y. N.; Chalageri, G.; Setty, S. R.; Bheemachar (2002). "Hypoglycemic activity of Abutilon indicum leaf extracts in rats". Fitoterapia. 73 (2): 156–159. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Krisanapun, C.; Peungvicha, P.; Temsiririrkkul, R.; Wongkrajang, Y. (2009). "Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum Sweet inhibits glucose absorption and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents". Nutrition Research. 29 (8): 579–587. 
  6. ↑ Krisanapun, C.; Lee, S.-H.; Peungvicha, P.; Temsiririrkkul, R.; Baek, S. J. (2011). "Antidiabetic activities of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet are mediated by enhancement of adipocyte differentiation and activation of the GLUT1 promoter". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011. 

Herbs

This article is under development ..

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