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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|title=Talisapatra
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Talisa, Abies webbiana Lindl., Himalayan silver fir* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|keywords=Talisa, Talisapatra, Abies webbiana Lindl., Abies spectabilis, Himalayan silver fir, therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda
|description= Talisa (Abies webbiana Lindl.) is traditionally classified as a kapha-vata hara, deepana (digestive stimulant), and chedana herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing respiratory disorders, cough (kasa), asthma (shwasa), and anorexia.
|description=Talisapatra (Abies webbiana Lindl.) is traditionally classified as kapha-vata hara, deepana (digestive stimulant) and chedana, and is widely used in Ayurveda for respiratory disorders, cough (kasa), asthma (shwasa) and anorexia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|image_alt=charak samhita
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|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl., synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a lofty, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as a premier natural expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative, and Kapha-Vata pacifying medicine, famously constituting the primary bio-enhancer and botanical cornerstone of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
'''Talisapatra''' (Latin: ''Abies webbiana'' Lindl.; synonym: ''Abies spectabilis'' (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a tall, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In [[Ayurveda]], its aromatic leaves are regarded as an important expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative and Kapha-Vata pacifying drug, and are the principal ingredient of ''Talisadi Churna''.<ref name="API" />


== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
Line 44: Line 44:


== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
** ''Talisa'' &ndash; Traditional designation.
** ''Talisa'' &ndash; Traditional designation.
** ''Patradhya'' &ndash; Characterized by dense, abundant, and prominent foliage.
** ''Patradhya'' &ndash; Having abundant, prominent foliage.
** ''Dhatripatra'' &ndash; Pectinate leaf arrangement resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Dhatripatra'' &ndash; Leaves resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (''Phyllanthus emblica'').
** ''Madhurapatra'' &ndash; Leaves possessing an intrinsically faint sweet aftertaste.
** ''Madhurapatra'' &ndash; Leaves with a faint sweet aftertaste.
 


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra possesses hot potency and lightness, making it particularly potent in counteracting obstructive mucus and cold imbalances:<ref name="API" />
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Talisapatra has hot potency and lightness, which makes it useful against obstructive mucus and cold (''sheeta'') conditions:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
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| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
| 5 || '''Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Pacifies Kapha and Vata (''Kapha-Vatahara'')
|-
|-
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Heart congenial / Cardiotonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
| 6 || '''Specific Actions (''[[Karma]]'')''' || Expectorant and anti-tussive (''Kasahara''), Bronchodilatory (''Swasahara''), Digestive stimulant (''Deepana''), Cardiac tonic (''Hrudya''), Carminative (''Vatanulomana'')
|}
|}


== References in Charaka Samhita ==
== References in Charaka Samhita ==
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic yogas (formulations) within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
<!-- VERIFY each verse number below against the Sanskrit text before publication. -->
Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic formulations within the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
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| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41 || Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (''Apara Patana'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Compounded in ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/143 || Ingredient of ''Tejovatyadi Ghrita'' for dyspnea and cough
|-
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Formulated as an ingredient in ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192 || Ingredient of ''Kalaka Churna'' for throat and oral afflictions
|-
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an adjuvant aromatic formulation herb (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and systemic vata disorders
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || Used as an aromatic adjuvant (''Yoga Dravya'') in gastrointestinal and Vata disorders
|}
|}


== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
== Therapeutic Indications (Classical) ==
Bhumipatra/Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in the clinical management of:<ref name="API" />
Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in:<ref name="API" />
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Kasa'' (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Swasa'' (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Hikka'' (Hiccups)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Agnimandhya'' & ''Aruchi'' (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
* ''Amadosha'' (Metabolic endotoxemia / Impaired digestion)
* ''Amadosha'' (Impaired digestion / Metabolic toxins)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal diverticula / Phantom tumors)
* ''Gulma'' (Abdominal lump / Phantom tumor)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Kshaya'' (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Chardi'' (Vomiting / Emesis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Krumi'' (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Periodontal infections / Disorders of the buccal cavity)
* ''Mukharoga'' (Disorders of the oral cavity)


== Dosage & Administration ==
== Dosage & Administration ==
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2 – 3 g of the purified, dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally combined with raw honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />
* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 2&ndash;3 g of dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally taken with honey or warm water.<ref name="API" />


== Classical Formulations ==
== Classical Formulations ==
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== Current Researches ==
== Current Researches ==
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
Phytochemical investigations have shown that the bioactivity of ''Abies webbiana'' leaves is derived from a complex matrix of essential monoterpenes, biflavonoids, and unique alkaloids:
Phytochemical work on ''Abies webbiana'' leaves has reported essential oil, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and an alkaloid:
* '''Essential Oil (0.5%–1.2%):''' Dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes including &alpha;-pinene, &beta;-pinene, limonene, camphene, bornyl acetate, car-3-ene, and &alpha;-terpinolene.
* '''Alkaloid:''' 1-(4&prime;-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine was isolated from the leaf and is the first alkaloid reported from this species.<ref name="Ghosh2010" />
* '''Biflavonoids & Glycosides:''' Bioflavonoids such as **Abiesin** (5,3″,7″-trihydroxy-7,4′,4‴-trimethoxy-(3′,6″)-biflavone), betuloside, and methylquercetin derivatives.
* '''Flavonoids:''' A flavonoid isolated from the leaves (identified as a quercetin derivative) showed hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity in rats.<ref name="Yadav2016" /> The biflavonoid abiesin has also been reported.<ref name="Ghosh2010" />
* '''Alkaloids & Nitrogenous Moieties:''' Isolation of unique natural products including **1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine**.
* '''Other constituents:''' The essential oil is reported to contain monoterpenes such as &alpha;-pinene, &beta;-pinene, limonene and camphene.
* '''Terpenoids & Sterols:''' &beta;-sitosterol, lupeol, ursolic acid derivatives, and taxoid-free diterpene glycosides.


=== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ===
=== Pharmacological Activities ===


==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
==== Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity ====
Classical Ayurveda classifies Talisa as a drug of choice for respiratory constriction (''Swasahara'').
Classical texts describe Talisapatra as ''Swasahara'' (relieving dyspnea).
* '''Mechanism:''' The lipophilic leaf extracts elicit smooth muscle relaxation by functioning as a functional antagonist against calcium mobilization, disrupting voltage-dependent calcium entry pathways in airway smooth muscle.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The crude extract of ''A. webbiana'' caused complete relaxation of spontaneous and K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum, and relaxed carbachol- and K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions in isolated rabbit trachea, comparable to verapamil. The authors proposed calcium-channel blockade as the likely mechanism.<ref name="Yasin2014" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Isolated tissue bath experiments demonstrated that crude extracts of ''A. webbiana'' completely relaxed carbachol- and potassium chloride ($K^+$)-induced contractions in isolated rabbit tracheal preparations in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming an efficacy comparable to standard calcium-channel blockers like verapamil.<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>


==== Antitussive & Mast Cell-Stabilizing Efficacy ====
==== Antitussive Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Volatile terpenes and polyphenols inhibit neurogenic peripheral sensory afferents in the trachea and inhibit degranulation of tissue mast cells.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In mice with sulphur dioxide-induced cough, the oral methanol extract of the leaves (400 and 600 mg/kg) inhibited cough frequency by 71.69% and 78.67% respectively, an effect comparable to codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayak2003" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In animal models of chemical cough challenge, oral administration of methanol extracts of ''A. webbiana'' leaves (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight) produced substantial, dose-dependent reductions in sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)-induced cough reflex, displaying up to 78.67% inhibition—a profile matching standard codeine phosphate.<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref> The plant also exhibits notable compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell-stabilizing properties.


==== Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Actions ====
==== Anti-Platelet Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Flavonoids like abiesin and associated polyphenols curb prostaglandin synthesis by attenuating the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and diminishing neutrophil extravasation into inflamed beds.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The crude extract inhibited ADP- and epinephrine-induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro, suggesting potential against thrombo-embolic conditions.<ref name="Yasin2014" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema testing, methanolic leaf extracts (200–400 mg/kg) caused significant and sustained reductions in edema volumes comparable to standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac sodium at 150 mg/kg).<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>


==== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial & Antifungal Activity ====
==== Antibacterial Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Monoterpenes present in the essential oil (&alpha;-pinene, limonene) disrupt microbial outer membranes and interfere with cell-wall bio-integrity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Antibacterial activity of ''A. webbiana'' has been demonstrated in vitro.<ref name="Vishnoi2007" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro disk and agar-well diffusion assays showed pronounced inhibitory activity against key upper respiratory pathogens, with the greatest growth inhibition observed against ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Salmonella typhi'', ''Bacillus subtilis'', and the fungal strain ''Candida albicans''.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>


==== Anti-Platelet Aggregation Action ====
==== Neuropharmacological Activity ====
* '''Mechanism:''' Constituents modulate surface receptor affinity on thrombocytes, suppressing activation pathways mediated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and catecholamines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts showed antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative, antistress and analgesic activities in rodents. Flavonoids were proposed as the bioactive constituents.<ref name="Parkash2015" />
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Crude extracts demonstrated clear in vitro inhibition of human platelet aggregation provoked by ADP and epinephrine, supporting classical records regarding its cardioprotective (''Hrudya'') and vascular-stabilizing qualities.<ref name="Ghayur" />


==== Neuropharmacological & Anxiolytic Effects ====
<!-- Anti-inflammatory section intentionally omitted: no verified A. webbiana source found. Add only after confirming Nayak et al., J Ethnopharmacol (cited in Ghosh 2010). -->
* '''Mechanism:''' Nitrogenous components and volatile terpenes potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light/dark transition paradigm in rodents, polar extracts displayed significant central anxiolytic, mild sedative, and muscle-relaxant actions without inducing neurotoxic deficits or acute motor ataxia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>


== Safety & Toxicity Profile ==
== Safety & Precautions ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal toxicity screens demonstrate wide therapeutic margins. Median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) assays for polar leaf extracts exceed 1,000–1,500 mg/kg p.o. in mice and rats, placing normal therapeutic intakes (2–3 g dried powder/day) well within safety thresholds.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Because of its hot potency (''Ushna Veerya'') and pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka''), excess dosing may aggravate Pitta, causing heartburn or gastric irritation, particularly in people with peptic ulcer. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
* '''Adverse Effects & Precautions:''' Because of its pungent post-digestive effect (''Katu Vipaka'') and hot potency (''Ushna Veerya''), excessive dosing may aggravate Pitta dosha, manifesting as heartburn, pyrosis, or gastric irritation in individuals with active peptic ulcers.
* '''Toxicity:''' Formal toxicity data for the therapeutic dose in humans are lacking; further safety studies are needed.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=4 |pages=58–59 |edition=Part I}}</ref> <!-- verify volume/pages -->
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Karpuradi varga, verse 114 |edition=Reprint}}</ref> <!-- verify verse -->
<ref name="Ghayur">{{cite journal |last1=Ghayur |first1=M. N. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |last3=Janssen |first3=L. J. |year=2007 |title=Antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=754–759 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2155}}</ref>
<ref name="Yasin2014">{{cite journal |last1=Yasin |first1=M. |last2=Janbaz |first2=K. H. |last3=Imran |first3=I. |last4=Gilani |first4=A. H. |last5=Bashir |first5=S. |year=2014 |title=Pharmacological studies on the antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1182–1187 |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_bbs/193}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayampalli">{{cite journal |last1=Nayampalli |first1=S. |last2=Desai |first2=N. K. |last3=Ainapure |first3=S. S. |year=1998 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana leaves |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=340–342}}</ref>
<ref name="Nayak2003">{{cite journal |last1=Nayak |first1=S. S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=A. K. |last3=Srikanth |first3=K. |last4=Debnath |first4=B. |last5=Jha |first5=T. |year=2003 |title=Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extract against sulphur dioxide-induced cough reflex in mice |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=930–932 |pmid=13680827 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13680827/}}</ref>
<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S. |last2=Thirugnanasambantham |first2=P. |last3=Kannan |first3=R. |last4=Reddy |first4=C. |year=2004 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Abies webbiana Lindl. |journal=Pharmacologyonline |volume=2 |pages=152–158}}</ref>
<ref name="Vishnoi2007">{{cite journal |last1=Vishnoi |first1=S. P. |last2=Ghosh |first2=A. K. |last3=Debnath |first3=B. |last4=Samanta |first4=S. |last5=Gayen |first5=S. |last6=Jha |first6=T. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial activity of Abies webbiana |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=153–155 |url=https://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/47728/}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Chauhan |first2=S. |last3=Grover |first3=G. |year=2013 |title=In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Abies webbiana leaves against pathogenic strains |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=3545–3549}}</ref>
<ref name="Parkash2015">{{cite journal |last1=Parkash |first1=O. |last2=Kumar |first2=D. |last3=Kumar |first3=S. |year=2015 |title=Screening of methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Abies webbiana Lindl. for neuropharmacological activities |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=536–541 |url=https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/screening-of-methanol-extract-and-ethyl-acetate-fraction-of-abies-webbiana-lindl-for-neuropharmacological-activities.html}}</ref>
<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R. |last2=Dixit |first2=V. K. |year=2008 |title=Neuropharmacological actions of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extracts |journal=Journal of Natural Medicines |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1007/s11418-008-0238-z}}</ref>
<ref name="Ghosh2010">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=A. K. |last2=Sen |first2=D. |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=S. |year=2010 |title=A new alkaloid isolated from Abies webbiana leaf |journal=Pharmacognosy Research |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=186–189 |doi=10.4103/0974-8490.65516 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3141312}}</ref>
<ref name="Yadav2016">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=D. K. |last2=Ali |first2=M. |last3=Ghosh |first3=A. K. |last4=Kumar |first4=B. |year=2016 |title=Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=341–345 |doi=10.5530/pj.2016.4.6 |url=https://phcogj.com/node/159}}</ref>
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 05:08, 6 October 2026


Abies webbiana Lindl.

Talisapatra (Talisa)
Section/Chapter Herb database/Talisa
Botanical name(s) Abies webbiana Lindl.
Family Pinaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Talisapatra (Latin: Abies webbiana Lindl.; synonym: Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Spach; family: Pinaceae) is a tall, evergreen coniferous tree native to the high-altitude Himalayan belt. In Ayurveda, its aromatic leaves are regarded as an important expectorant, bronchodilator, carminative and Kapha-Vata pacifying drug, and are the principal ingredient of Talisadi Churna.[1]

Botanical & Vernacular Names

  • Botanical Name: Abies webbiana Lindl. / Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Spach
  • Family: Pinaceae (Coniferae)
  • English Names: Himalayan silver fir, East Himalayan fir, Indian silver fir
  • Sanskrit / Classical Names: Talisapatra, Talisa, Patradhya
  • Hindi: Talispatra, Chilrow
  • Bengali: Talishpatra, Talish
  • Tamil: Talisapatri
  • Telugu: Taleesapatri

Synonyms in Classical Texts

  • Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:[2]
    • Talisa – Traditional designation.
    • Patradhya – Having abundant, prominent foliage.
    • Dhatripatra – Leaves resembling the feathery foliage of Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica).
    • Madhurapatra – Leaves with a faint sweet aftertaste.

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Talisapatra has hot potency and lightness, which makes it useful against obstructive mucus and cold (sheeta) conditions:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Sweet (Madhura), Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Pungent (Katu)
4 Qualities (Guna) Light (Laghu), Sharp / Penetrating (Tikshna)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata (Kapha-Vatahara)
6 Specific Actions (Karma) Expectorant and anti-tussive (Kasahara), Bronchodilatory (Swasahara), Digestive stimulant (Deepana), Cardiac tonic (Hrudya), Carminative (Vatanulomana)

References in Charaka Samhita

Talisapatra is documented in several therapeutic formulations within the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Context / Formulation / Application
1 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 Indicated in fumigation and therapeutic pastes during post-delivery management for placenta expulsion (Apara Patana)
2 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/143 Ingredient of Tejovatyadi Ghrita for dyspnea and cough
3 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/192 Ingredient of Kalaka Churna for throat and oral afflictions
4 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/30 Used as an aromatic adjuvant (Yoga Dravya) in gastrointestinal and Vata disorders

Therapeutic Indications (Classical)

Talisapatra is traditionally indicated in:[1]

  • Kasa (Cough / Bronchitis / Tracheitis)
  • Swasa (Dyspnea / Asthma / COPD)
  • Hikka (Hiccups)
  • Agnimandhya & Aruchi (Hypochlorhydria / Anorexia / Loss of taste)
  • Amadosha (Impaired digestion / Metabolic toxins)
  • Gulma (Abdominal lump / Phantom tumor)
  • Kshaya (Phthisis / Chronic pulmonary debility / Wasting disease)
  • Chardi (Vomiting / Emesis)
  • Krumi (Intestinal parasites / Helminthiasis)
  • Mukharoga (Disorders of the oral cavity)

Dosage & Administration

  • Powder (Churna): 2–3 g of dried leaf powder daily in divided doses, traditionally taken with honey or warm water.[1]

Classical Formulations

  • Talisadi Churna
  • Talisadi Modaka
  • Drakshadi Churna
  • Bhaskara Lavana
  • Pranada Gutika
  • Jatiphaladi Churna
  • Puga Khanda

Current Researches

Phytochemical Composition

Phytochemical work on Abies webbiana leaves has reported essential oil, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and an alkaloid:

  • Alkaloid: 1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-aziridine was isolated from the leaf and is the first alkaloid reported from this species.[3]
  • Flavonoids: A flavonoid isolated from the leaves (identified as a quercetin derivative) showed hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity in rats.[4] The biflavonoid abiesin has also been reported.[3]
  • Other constituents: The essential oil is reported to contain monoterpenes such as α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene and camphene.

Pharmacological Activities

Bronchodilator & Antispasmodic Activity

Classical texts describe Talisapatra as Swasahara (relieving dyspnea).

  • Scientific Evidence: The crude extract of A. webbiana caused complete relaxation of spontaneous and K+-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum, and relaxed carbachol- and K+-induced contractions in isolated rabbit trachea, comparable to verapamil. The authors proposed calcium-channel blockade as the likely mechanism.[5]

Antitussive Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: In mice with sulphur dioxide-induced cough, the oral methanol extract of the leaves (400 and 600 mg/kg) inhibited cough frequency by 71.69% and 78.67% respectively, an effect comparable to codeine phosphate.[6]

Anti-Platelet Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: The crude extract inhibited ADP- and epinephrine-induced aggregation of human platelets in vitro, suggesting potential against thrombo-embolic conditions.[5]

Antibacterial Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: Antibacterial activity of A. webbiana has been demonstrated in vitro.[7]

Neuropharmacological Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts showed antianxiety, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sedative, antistress and analgesic activities in rodents. Flavonoids were proposed as the bioactive constituents.[8]


Safety & Precautions

  • Adverse Effects: Because of its hot potency (Ushna Veerya) and pungent post-digestive effect (Katu Vipaka), excess dosing may aggravate Pitta, causing heartburn or gastric irritation, particularly in people with peptic ulcer. This is a classical rationale rather than a clinical finding.
  • Toxicity: Formal toxicity data for the therapeutic dose in humans are lacking; further safety studies are needed.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. 4 (Part I ed.). Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. 1986. pp. 58–59. 
  2. ↑ Chunekar, K. C. (2020). Bhavaprakash Nighantu (Reprint ed.). Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. pp. Karpuradi varga, verse 114. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ghosh, A. K.; Sen, D.; Bhattacharya, S. (2010). "A new alkaloid isolated from Abies webbiana leaf". Pharmacognosy Research. 2 (3): 186–189. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.65516. 
  4. ↑ Yadav, D. K.; Ali, M.; Ghosh, A. K.; Kumar, B. (2016). "Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity". Pharmacognosy Journal. 8 (4): 341–345. doi:10.5530/pj.2016.4.6. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yasin, M.; Janbaz, K. H.; Imran, I.; Gilani, A. H.; Bashir, S. (2014). "Pharmacological studies on the antispasmodic, bronchodilator and anti-platelet activities of Abies webbiana". Phytotherapy Research. 28 (8): 1182–1187. 
  6. ↑ Nayak, S. S.; Ghosh, A. K.; Srikanth, K.; Debnath, B.; Jha, T. (2003). "Antitussive activity of Abies webbiana Lindl. leaf extract against sulphur dioxide-induced cough reflex in mice". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (8): 930–932. PMID 13680827. 
  7. ↑ Vishnoi, S. P.; Ghosh, A. K.; Debnath, B.; Samanta, S.; Gayen, S.; Jha, T. (2007). "Antibacterial activity of Abies webbiana". Fitoterapia. 78 (2): 153–155. 
  8. ↑ Parkash, O.; Kumar, D.; Kumar, S. (2015). "Screening of methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Abies webbiana Lindl. for neuropharmacological activities". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77 (5): 536–541. 
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