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|title=Charak Samhita | |title=Charak Samhita | ||
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|keywords=Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., Indian Atees | |keywords= *Ativisha, Aconitum heterophyllum WALL.,Indian Atees* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | ||
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{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
Revision as of 17:45, 30 September 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Ativisha |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Aconitum heterophyllum WALL. |
| Family | Ranunculaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Aconitum heterophyllum WALL., popularly known as Ativisha or Indian Atees, is a perennial herb native to the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Himalayas. In Ayurveda, it is highly valued as a prominent drug for managing fevers (*Jvara*), digestive ailments, and pediatric disorders, acting as a powerful *Ama*-pachana and Kapha-Pitta pacifying medicine.[1]
English Name
Indian Atees
Therapeutic Use
Worms (Krimiroga), Fever (Jvara), Cough (Kasa), Vomiting (Chhardi), Amatisara[1]
Other Varieties / Other Botanical names
- Aconitum heterophyllum Wallich
- Aconitum palmatum
- Aconitum kashmiricum
Identification Characters
- Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
- Shrungi – Root tubers are horn shaped.
Types
Based on colours of root tubers as per Raja Nighantu:[2]
- Rakta – Red tubers
- Sweta – White tubers
- Krisna – Black tubers
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
- Ativisha
- Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
- Virupa
- Pittadivallabha – Efficacious in Pittaja roga.
- Shwetvaca
- Visha
- Maadri – Plant grows in Maadra desh.
Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
- Visha – It assimilates quickly.
- Ativisha
- Vishva
- Shrungi – Root tubers are horn-shaped.
- Prativisha
- Aruna
- Shuklakanda – Root tubers are white in colour.
- Upavisha
- Bhangura
- Dhunavallabha – Root tubers are quickly infested.[3]
Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Ativisha has the following properties:[1]
| Sr. No. | Pharmacological Criteria | Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (Rasa) | Bitter (Tikta), Pungent (Katu) |
| 2 | Potency (Veerya) | Hot (Ushna) |
| 3 | Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) | Pungent (Katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (Guna) | Light (Laghu), Rough (Ruksha) |
| 5 | Dosha Action (Karma) | Reduces Vata, Pitta, and Kapha |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions
Ativisha is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:
| Sr. No. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(3) | Lekhaniya mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of emaciation) |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(12) | Arshoghna mahakashay (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of piles) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/19 | Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa (management of over-nutrition disease) |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 | Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs) |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 | Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/204 | As an ingredient of Vatsakadi kashaya |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 | As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/38 | Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/42 | Ingredient in Madhvasava |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/16 | As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshina |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/44 | Ingredient in Kshar Gudika |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/159 | In formulation of Pippalyadi lavana |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/187 | Used for raktastambhana |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 | As an ingredient of Hriberadi ghrita |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/236 | As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrita |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/98 | Kalka of this drug is used for Aampachan (with usnodaka) |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/99 | Churna of this drug with combination of vaca, musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/101 | Churna with hingu, abhaya, vaca etc. used in Sama and Vatakapha adhika grahani with kostha shola |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/105 | Used in Kaphapittaja grahani |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 | As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/134, 15/138 | As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chikitsa) |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/165 | As an ingredient of Madhvarista |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/173 | As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/186 | Used in preparation of Chaturtha Kshara |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/61 | As an ingredient of Vishaladi Phanta |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/115 | As an ingredient of Nagaradi yoga |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/22 | As an ama pachak dravya |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/51 | As an ingredient of Ativishadi yoga |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 | As a kwatha dravya |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/108 | As an ingredient of Rasanjanadi yoga |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/21 | As an ingredient of Vachadi churna |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/97 | As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/101 | Used in Hrudshoola |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/201 | As an ingredient of Katukadi kashaya |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/35 | As an ingredient of Murvadi Choorna |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/36 | As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Choorna |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/151 | As an ingredient of Bala taila |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/168 | As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila |
Purification (Shodhana)
Ativisha tuberous roots are cut into pieces and kept in Gomutra kvatha for 3 hours and then dried in sunlight.[4]
Dose
- Powder (Churna): 0.6 – 2 g daily.[1]
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Mahavisagarbha Taila
- Rodhrasava
- Siva gulika
- Laksmi narayana rasa
- Rasnaerandadi kvatha Churna
- Sudarshana Churna
- Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita
- Bala Chaturbhadra Churna
Current Availability
Available
- In India: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
- Out of India: Northern Pakistan, Nepal
Major Phytoconstituents
The pharmacological properties of Aconitum heterophyllum are primarily attributed to its complex alkaloidal and active constituents concentrated in the root tubers:
- Diterpenoid Alkaloids: Atisine, heterophylline, heterophylloidine, atidine, fischimine, and aconine derivatives.
- Lactones & Flavonoids: Bitter principles and phenolic compounds contributing to its digestive and anti-inflammatory actions.
Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research
Modern pharmacological evaluations and experimental research validate several traditional therapeutic indications of *Aconitum heterophyllum*:
1. Anti-diarrheal and Antidysenteric Action (Atisara)
- Traditional Use: Widely used for *Amatisara* (diarrhea associated with toxic metabolic wastes) and pediatric gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Pharmacological studies confirm that root extracts exhibit significant anti-secretory and anti-motility effects. The bitter alkaloids inhibit intestinal hypermotility and suppress common enteric bacterial pathogens responsible for infectious diarrhea.[5]
2. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties (Jvara)
- Traditional Use: Indicated in *Jvara* (fever) and chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: In vivo evaluations demonstrate that extracts of *A. heterophyllum* possess notable antipyretic efficacy comparable to standard reference drugs, acting by modulating body temperature regulation and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways.[6]
3. Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activity
- Traditional Use: Used to combat infections and normalize bodily humors.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Alkaloidal constituents like atisine exhibit significant inhibitory activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the extracts enhance cellular and humoral immune responses in experimental models.[7]
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Diarrhea & Dysentery (*Atisara*) | Diterpenoid alkaloids, Bitter principles | Anti-motility, Anti-secretory, Enteric pathogen inhibition |
| Fever & Inflammation (*Jvara*) | Atisine, Heterophylline | Antipyretic, Pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression |
| Microbial Infections (*Krimiroga*) | Alkaloidal fractions | Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity |
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Precautions: Raw or unpurified roots contain potent aconite-type alkaloids that can be toxic; hence, strict adherence to classical purification (*Shodhana*) processes is mandatory prior to therapeutic usage.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Root Powder (Churna): 0.6–2 g daily.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:14
- ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 136, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.
- ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 186 - 187, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.
- ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 137, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.
- ↑ Mehta, D. C., et al. "Evaluation of anti-diarrheal activity of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts in experimental models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
- ↑ Sharma, R., et al. "Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root extracts." Phytotherapy Research.
- ↑ Gupta, V., et al. "Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Aconitum heterophyllum roots." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.
This article is under development ..