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Cuminum cyminum L. | {{#seo: | ||
|title=Charak Samhita | |||
|titlemode=append | |||
|keywords= *Jeeraka, Cuminum cyminum L., Cuminum seeds, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | |||
|description= Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. It acts as a carminative, digestive aid, and pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas. | |||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |||
|image_alt=charak samhita | |||
|type=article | |||
}} | |||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
|title = Jeeraka | |title = Jeeraka | ||
| Line 5: | Line 14: | ||
|data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka | |data1 = Herb database/Jeeraka | ||
|label2 = Botanical name(s) | |label2 = Botanical name(s) | ||
|data2 = Cuminum cyminum L. | |data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.] | ||
|label3 = Family | |label3 = Family | ||
|data3 = Apiaceae | |data3 = Apiaceae | ||
| Line 11: | Line 20: | ||
|data4 = Available | |data4 = Available | ||
|label5 = Contributors | |label5 = Contributors | ||
|data5 = | |data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]] | ||
|label6 = Year of publication | |label6 = Year of publication | ||
|data6 = | |data6 = 2026 | ||
|label7 = Publisher | |label7 = Publisher | ||
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | |data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]] | ||
|label8 = DOI | |label8 = DOI | ||
|data8 = | |data8 = {{DoiWithLink}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminum_cyminum Cuminum cyminum L.]''', popularly known as '''Jeeraka''' (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in [[Ayurveda]] for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders. | |||
==English name == | ==English name == | ||
Cumin seeds | |||
==Therapeutic Uses== | |||
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref> | |||
==Therapeutic | |||
Agnimandya, | |||
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ==Synonyms in Charak Samhita== | ||
| Line 32: | Line 42: | ||
==Varieties== | ==Varieties== | ||
===Bhavprakasa nighantu=== | ===Bhavprakasa nighantu=== | ||
Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu | Mentioned 3 types of varieties<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref> | ||
# Jiraka | # Jiraka | ||
# | # Krishnajeeraka | ||
# Kalajaji | # Kalajaji | ||
| Line 42: | Line 52: | ||
# Suklajiraka | # Suklajiraka | ||
# Krishnajirak | # Krishnajirak | ||
# | # Bruhatpali | ||
[[File:Cuminum_cyminum_seeds.jpg|thumb|Cumin seeds (Jeeraka)]] | |||
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context == | |||
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni). | |||
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | == Ayurvedic pharmacological properties == | ||
| Line 54: | Line 68: | ||
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) | | 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) | | 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) | | 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) | ||
| Line 63: | Line 77: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions == | == Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions == | ||
| Line 86: | Line 101: | ||
|6 | |6 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21 | ||
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika | |Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7 | |7 | ||
| Line 114: | Line 129: | ||
|13 | |13 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88 | ||
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna | |As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14 | |14 | ||
| Line 133: | Line 148: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|18 | |18 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/78 | ||
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada | |As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada | ||
|- | |- | ||
|19 | |19 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95 | ||
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada | |As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 161: | Line 176: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|25 | |25 | ||
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 | |Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22 | ||
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna | |As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 187: | Line 202: | ||
==Dose== | ==Dose== | ||
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/> | |||
==Important | ==Important Formulations== | ||
As per A.P.I.<ref | As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
* Hingvadi churna | * Hingvadi churna | ||
* Jirakadyarishta | * Jirakadyarishta | ||
* Jirakadi modak | * Jirakadi modak | ||
== Current availability== | == Current availability== | ||
Available | |||
* In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab. | |||
== Phytochemical Composition == | |||
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Cuminum cyminum'' is attributed to its rich volatile oil and bioactive secondary metabolite profile, which includes: | |||
* '''Volatile Oils:''' Cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, and β-pinene. | |||
* '''Flavonoids & Polyphenols:''' Apigenin, luteolin, and various glycosides. | |||
* '''Other Constituents:''' Fixed oils, proteins, and essential minerals. | |||
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy == | |||
=== Gastrointestinal and Carminative Effects === | |||
Jeeraka is traditionally and scientifically validated for its powerful carminative and digestive properties. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile acids, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving abdominal distension. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies demonstrate that cumin extracts significantly reduce gastric acidity and protect against mucosal damage<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref> | |||
=== Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties === | |||
Modern pharmacological studies show that cumin helps manage blood glucose and lipid profiles. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' Its active constituents improve insulin sensitivity and exhibit antioxidant activity that protects pancreatic beta cells. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research indicates that oral administration of cumin seed powder lowers fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels in diabetic models<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref> | |||
=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Actions === | |||
Cumin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial and fungal strains. | |||
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components like cuminaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membranes, inhibiting pathogen growth. | |||
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations confirm significant inhibitory zones against foodborne pathogens and multi-drug resistant strains<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref> | |||
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage == | |||
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Cumin is safe for culinary and therapeutic consumption with a high safety profile. | |||
* '''Precautions:''' Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency. | |||
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:''' | |||
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey<ref name="ref1"/>. | |||
== | == Summary of Therapeutic Profile == | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" | |||
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Cuminum cyminum'' | |||
! Indication | |||
! Active Biomolecules | |||
! Primary Pharmacological Action | |||
|- | |||
| '''Indigestion / Agnimandya''' | |||
| Cuminaldehyde, Terpenes | |||
| Digestive stimulant, Carminative | |||
|- | |||
| '''Diarrhoea / Atisara''' | |||
| Tannins, Volatile oils | |||
| Astringent, Antimicrobial | |||
|- | |||
| '''Hyperglycemia''' | |||
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids | |||
| Insulin sensitization, Antioxidant | |||
|} | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref2">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref3">Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref4">Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref5">Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.</ref> | |||
}} | |||
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:57, 16 September 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Jeeraka |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Cuminum cyminum L. |
| Family | Apiaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | -- |
Cuminum cyminum L., popularly known as Jeeraka (Cumin), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its seeds are extensively used as a spice and a prominent medicinal herb in Ayurveda for treating various gastrointestinal ailments and metabolic disorders.
English name
Cumin seeds
Therapeutic Uses
Agnimandya (digestive impairment), Atisara (diarrhoea), Krumiroga (worms)[1]
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Jeeraka, Ajaji, Jirana, Kana, Kasmiri-jirak, Bahugandha
Varieties
Bhavprakasa nighantu
Mentioned 3 types of varieties[2]
- Jiraka
- Krishnajeeraka
- Kalajaji
Dhanvantari nighantu
Mentioned 4 types of varieties
- Jiraka
- Suklajiraka
- Krishnajirak
- Bruhatpali
Botanical Profile & Traditional Context
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Jeeraka is classified under dipaniya (digestive stimulant) and pachana (carminative) groups. It helps balance Vata and Kapha doshas while promoting digestive fire (Agni).
Ayurvedic pharmacological properties
| Sr.no. | Pharmacological criteria | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (rasa) | Pungent (katu) |
| 2 | Potency (veerya) | Hot (ushna) |
| 3 | Post digestion effect (vipaka) | Pungent (katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (guna) | Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha) |
| 5 | Actions (karma) | Pacify Kapha and Vata, Helps in digestion (Dipana and Pachana) |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/40 | Kalyanaka Guda |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/53 | Trivrritadi Modaka |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/58 | Hemantkalina Trivrit Yoga |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/43 | Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/4/16 | Ingredient in Vrushya Mahish Ras |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/4/21 | Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/142 | Ingredient in Yavani shadav |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/41 | Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 | Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/60 | Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/103 | In treatment of Kaphaja udara roga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen) |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 | As an ingredient of narayana churna |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/102 | In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/113 | Ajaji should be given with Marica, etc |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/27 | As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/107 | As an ingredient of ajajyadi yoga dravya |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/78 | As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/95 | As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/231 | Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/121 | Used as churna mixed with lavana & sneha in Vataja madatyaya |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/177 | As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana. (Kaphaja madatyaya) |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/181 | Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/183 | Used in pachana(digestive) |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/22 | As an ingredient of 2nd Dviruttarahingvadi churna |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/85 | As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/138 | Used in Vataja pratishyaya for Nasya karma |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/216,217 | Used in Kavala (gargles/keeping thin paste of drugs in the mouth) in Arochaka. (anorexia) |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/219 | Used in arochaka nashaka vati(Medicine for treatment of anorexia) |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/54 | As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga |
Dose
1-3 gm of the drug in powder form[1]
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Hingvadi churna
- Jirakadyarishta
- Jirakadi modak
Current availability
Available
- In India – Cultivated widely across India, with major production in Rajasthan and Punjab.
Phytochemical Composition
The therapeutic efficacy of Cuminum cyminum is attributed to its rich volatile oil and bioactive secondary metabolite profile, which includes:
- Volatile Oils: Cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, and β-pinene.
- Flavonoids & Polyphenols: Apigenin, luteolin, and various glycosides.
- Other Constituents: Fixed oils, proteins, and essential minerals.
Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy
Gastrointestinal and Carminative Effects
Jeeraka is traditionally and scientifically validated for its powerful carminative and digestive properties.
- Mechanism: It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile acids, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving abdominal distension.
- Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate that cumin extracts significantly reduce gastric acidity and protect against mucosal damage[3]
Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties
Modern pharmacological studies show that cumin helps manage blood glucose and lipid profiles.
- Mechanism: Its active constituents improve insulin sensitivity and exhibit antioxidant activity that protects pancreatic beta cells.
- Scientific Evidence: Research indicates that oral administration of cumin seed powder lowers fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels in diabetic models[4]
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Actions
Cumin exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial and fungal strains.
- Mechanism: Essential oil components like cuminaldehyde disrupt microbial cell membranes, inhibiting pathogen growth.
- Scientific Evidence: In vitro evaluations confirm significant inhibitory zones against foodborne pathogens and multi-drug resistant strains[5]
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Acute Toxicity: Cumin is safe for culinary and therapeutic consumption with a high safety profile.
- Precautions: Use with caution in high Pitta conditions or excessive bleeding disorders due to its hot (ushna) potency.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Seed Powder (Churna): 1–3 g daily with warm water or honey[1].
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Indigestion / Agnimandya | Cuminaldehyde, Terpenes | Digestive stimulant, Carminative |
| Diarrhoea / Atisara | Tannins, Volatile oils | Astringent, Antimicrobial |
| Hyperglycemia | Polyphenols, Flavonoids | Insulin sensitization, Antioxidant |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34
- ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Haritakyadi varga, verse no.-81,82
- ↑ Johri, R. K. (2011). Cuminum cyminum and sa-jeera: a review of their antidiabetic, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. *Pharmacognosy Reviews*, 5(9), 63–72.
- ↑ Jagtap, A. G., & Patil, P. B. (2010). Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Cuminum cyminum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. *Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology*, 62(7), 917–923.
- ↑ Beigi, M., & Tavakoli, H. (2018). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cuminum cyminum essential oil. *Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants*, 21(4), 1052–1060.