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Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS
{{#seo:
 
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Jambu, Syzygium cumini, Jamun, Jaman, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Jambu (Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS) is traditionally recognized in Ayurveda for its profound role in managing prameha (diabetes) and bleeding disorders, backed by modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Jambu
|title = Jambu
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|data1 = Herb database/Jambu
|data1 = Herb database/Jambu
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Myrtaceae
|data3 = Myrtaceae
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2024
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 20: Line 28:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS]''', popularly known as '''Jambu''' (Jamun or Jaman), is a large evergreen tropical tree native to the Indian subcontinent and neighboring regions of Southeast Asia. It is highly revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its astringent properties, prominent role in metabolic disorders such as [[Prameha]], and valuable fruit and bark pharmacognosy.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
 
Jamun, Java plum
Jaman


==Therapeutic use==
==Therapeutic use==
 
* '''Jambu (Seed):''' Madhumeha, Udakameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus)
Jambu (Seed) – Madhumeha, Udakameha (obstinate urinary disorders including dianetes mellitus)
* '''Jambu (Stem bark):''' Atisara (Diarrhoea), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>
Jambu (Stem bark) – Atisara (Diarrhoea), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>


==Other varieties / Botanical names==
==Other varieties / Botanical names==
* Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia Willd.
* Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia Willd.
* Calyptranthes cumini (L.) Pers.
* Calyptranthes cumini (L.) Pers.
Line 68: Line 75:
* Syzygium tenue (Duthie) N.P.Balakr
* Syzygium tenue (Duthie) N.P.Balakr


==Identification Characters==


== Identification Characters & Botanical Profile ==
* '''Mahaskandha''' – Jambu plant has very big and strong trunk.
* '''Mahaskandha''' – Jambu plant has very big and strong trunk.
* '''Nilanjanacchada''' – Leaves of Jambu are bluish in colour.
* '''Nilanjanacchada''' – Leaves of Jambu are bluish in colour.
Line 78: Line 86:
* '''Maharasa''' – Fruit is juicy.
* '''Maharasa''' – Fruit is juicy.


==Types==
In traditional medicine, Jambu is categorized as having an astringent profile that pacifies [[pitta]] and [[kapha]], while potentially aggravating [[vata]] when used in excess. Its historical indications span metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal flux, and dermal healing.


===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu- 2===
== Types ==
# Raja jambu
=== Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===
# Ksudra jambu
# Raja Jambu
# Ksudra Jambu


===Raja Nighantu2- 4===
=== Raja Nighantu ===
# Jambu
# Jambu
# Maha jambu
# Maha Jambu
# Kaka jambu
# Kaka Jambu
# Bhumi jambu
# Bhumi Jambu


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Jambu, Mahaphala, Phalendra
Jambu, Mahaphala, Phalendra


==dditional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
 
* '''Raja Jambu''' – Nandi, Surabhi patra, Maha Jambu
Raja jambu – Nandi, Surabhi patra, Maha jambu
* '''Ksudra Jambu''' – Sukshma patra, Nadeyi, Jala Jambu
Ksudra jambu – Sukshma patra, Nadeyi, Jala jambu


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties  
Line 115: Line 121:
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], aggravates [[vata]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], aggravates [[vata]]
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
Line 125: Line 129:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28 || Grahiyavagu(gruel for constipation).
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28 || Grahiyavagu (gruel for constipation).
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana (anti emetic) mahakashaya
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(28) || Chhardinigrahana (anti emetic) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya(faecal de – pigmenter) mahakashaya
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(32) || Purishvirajaniya (faecal de – pigmenter) mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(33) || Mootrasangrahaniya(anti – diuretic) mahakashaya
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(33) || Mootrasangrahaniya (anti – diuretic) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]25/40 ||Aggravating vata dosha as per agrya sangraha (from the collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions.
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Aggravating vata dosha as per agrya sangraha.
|-
|-
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/140 ||Phala Varga(class of fruits)
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/140 || Phala Varga (class of fruits)
|-
|-
|7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]26/84 ||Viruddha ahara (as an example of incompatible substance with milk)
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84 || Viruddha ahara (as an example of incompatible substance with milk)
|-
|-
|8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]]2/4 ||Nidana of Raktapitta (bleeding disorders)
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 2/4 || Nidana of Raktapitta (bleeding disorders)
|-
|-
|9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 ||As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
|-
|-
|10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/10 ||Vibhinna aakriti of arsha (resemblance of different shapes of haemorrhoids)
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/10 || Vibhinna aakriti of arsha (resemblance of different shapes of haemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/139 ||As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/139 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 ||As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.  
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.  
|-
|-
|13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 ||As a yoga dravya  
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya  
|-
|-
|14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/30 ||As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/30 || As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|-
|15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38 ||As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38 || As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
|-
|-
|16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/35 ||For lepa(external application) prayoga
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/35 || For lepa (external application) prayoga
|-
|-
|17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113 ||Used for tvak janana(healing of skin).
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/113 || Used for tvak janana (healing of skin).
|-
|-
|18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/76 ||Apathya(unwholesome)in Ashmari(renal stone).
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/76 || Apathya (unwholesome) in Ashmari (renal stone).
|-
|-
|19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272 ||As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/272 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
|-
|-
|20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 ||As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila.
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/79 || As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila.
|-
|-
|21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/82 ||For Yoni prakshalana(vaginal douche).
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/82 || For Yoni prakshalana (vaginal douche).
|-
|-
|22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 ||As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/90 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|-
|23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 ||Used in the treatment of Vipluta.
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/108 || Used in the treatment of Vipluta.
|-
|-
|24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/122 ||Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni(sliminess of genital tract).
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/122 || Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni (sliminess of genital tract).
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
*Jambu (seed) – 3 – 6 gm of the drug in powder form.
* '''Jambu (seed):''' 3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.
*Jambu (stem bark) – 10 – 20 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>
* '''Jambu (stem bark):''' 10–20 gm of the drug for decoction.<ref name="API"/>


==Important formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API"/>
* Pushyanuga Churna
* Ushirasava
 
== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam
* '''Out of India –'''
* '''Southeast Asia –''' Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam
* '''Australia –''' Particularly in the state of Queensland
* '''Pacific Islands –''' Fiji and Hawaii
* '''South America –''' Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela
* '''Africa –''' Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda


*Jambu (seed) – Pushyanuga Churna
== Phytochemical Composition ==
*Jambu (stem bark) - Ushirasava
The therapeutic versatility of ''Syzygium cumini'' arises from its rich secondary metabolite profile across the seeds, bark, and fruit pulp:
* '''Anthocyanins & Flavonoids:''' Abundant cyanidin glycosides, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol responsible for antioxidant capacity and deep purple pigmentation <ref name="Navya2026"/>.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High levels of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and hydrolyzable tannins contributing to prominent astringent and anti-diarrheal actions.
* '''Glycosides & Alkaloids:''' Presence of jamboline and jambosine, particularly in seed matrices, traditionally linked with carbohydrate metabolism regulation <ref name="IJCRT2025"/>.


== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Potential ===
Jambu seeds and pulp are widely recognized for managing metabolic irregularities and hyperglycemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes ($\alpha$-amylase and $\alpha$-glucosidase), thereby delaying intestinal glucose absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that standardized seed extracts significantly reduce blood glucose levels and suppress oxidative stress markers in diabetic models <ref name="Ismail2025"/>.


=== Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Action ===
The high concentration of polyphenols and anthocyanins provides powerful cellular protection against oxidative damage.
* '''Mechanism:''' Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhances endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays demonstrate strong free radical scavenging potential across fruit peel and seed polysaccharide fractions <ref name="Bhattarai2024"/>.


 
=== Gastroprotective and Anti-Diarrheal Efficacy ===
== Current availability==  
The bark and seed extracts exhibit prominent astringent properties that stabilize gastrointestinal mucosa.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins precipitate mucosal proteins, reducing intestinal secretions and suppressing hypermotility.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical trials validate the efficacy of bark decoctions in controlling infectious and non-infectious diarrheal states <ref name="Navya2026"/>.


Available
=== Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Properties ===
Jambu demonstrates inhibitory activity against several pathogenic bacterial strains and reduces acute inflammatory edema.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive flavonoids and essential oils disrupt bacterial cell wall integrity and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Disc diffusion and paw edema assays confirm broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy against strains like *Staphylococcus aureus* alongside significant anti-inflammatory responses <ref name="Bhattarai2024"/>.


*In India – Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
*Out of India –
* '''Toxicity Profile:''' ''Syzygium cumini'' exhibits a strong safety margin in conventional culinary and therapeutic ranges.
*Southest Asia – Malaysia, Thailand, Phillippines, Myannmar, Vietnam
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its strong astringent and Vata-aggravating tendency, individuals with chronic dryness or specific renal conditions (such as *Ashmari*) should exercise caution.
*Australia – Particularly in the state of Queensland
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
*Pacific Islands – Fiji and Hawaii
** *Seed Powder:* 3–6 g daily.
*South America – Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
** *Stem Bark Decoction:* 10–20 g.
*Africa – Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.


== Current researches ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Syzygium cumini''
! Indication / Application
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha)'''
| Jamboline, Ellagic acid, Flavonoids
| $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition, Hypoglycemic
|-
| '''Diarrhea & Bleeding Disorders (Atisara / Raktapitta)'''
| Hydrolyzable tannins, Gallic acid
| Astringent, Mucosal protectant
|-
| '''Oxidative Stress & Inflammation'''
| Anthocyanins, Myricetin
| Free radical scavenger, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Microbial Infections'''
| Essential oils, Phenolic compounds
| Antibacterial membrane disruption
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26</ref>
<ref name="Navya2026">{{cite journal |last1=Navya |first1=H. C. |last2=Krupanidhi |first2=A. M. |last3=Dabadi |last3=P. |year=2026 |title=Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential |journal=World Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Science |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=49–57}}</ref>
<ref name="IJCRT2025">{{cite journal |last1=IJCRT |year=2025 |title=Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Review Of Syzygium Cumini |journal=International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1–10}}</ref>
<ref name="Ismail2025">{{cite journal |last1=Ismail |first1=K. |last2=Ahmad |first2=M. |last3=Zafar |first3=W. |year=2025 |title=Evaluation of In Silico, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Syzygium cumini fruit Extract |journal=Journal of Pharma and Biomedics |volume=3 |issue=2}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhattarai2024">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattarai |first1=B. |last2=Khanal |first2=L. N. |last3=Kalauni |first3=S. K. |year=2024 |title=Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium cumini Seeds |journal=Journal of Nepal Chemical Society |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=153–162}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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Revision as of 17:00, 15 September 2026

Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS

Jambu
Section/Chapter Herb database/Jambu
Botanical name(s) Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS
Family Myrtaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Syzygium cumini (L.) SKEELS, popularly known as Jambu (Jamun or Jaman), is a large evergreen tropical tree native to the Indian subcontinent and neighboring regions of Southeast Asia. It is highly revered in Ayurveda for its astringent properties, prominent role in metabolic disorders such as Prameha, and valuable fruit and bark pharmacognosy.

English name

Jamun, Java plum

Therapeutic use

  • Jambu (Seed): Madhumeha, Udakameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus)
  • Jambu (Stem bark): Atisara (Diarrhoea), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders)[1]

Other varieties / Botanical names

  • Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia Willd.
  • Calyptranthes cumini (L.) Pers.
  • Calyptranthes cuminodora Stokes
  • Calyptranthes jambolana (Lam.) Willd.
  • Calyptranthes jambolifera Stokes
  • Calyptranthes oneillii Lundell
  • Caryophyllus corticosus Stokes
  • Caryophyllus jambos Stokes
  • Eugenia brachiata Roxb.
  • Eugenia calyptrata Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
  • Eugenia caryophyllifolia Lam.
  • Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce
  • Eugenia djouat Perrier
  • Eugenia fruticosa (DC.) Roxb.
  • Eugenia jambolana Lam.
  • Eugenia jambolifera Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
  • Eugenia obovata Poir.
  • Eugenia obtusifolia Roxb.
  • Eugenia odorata Wight
  • Eugenia tenuis Duthie
  • Eugenia tsoi Merr. & Chun
  • Jambolifera chinensis Spreng.
  • Jambolifera coromandelica Houtt.
  • Jambolifera pedunculata Houtt.
  • Myrtus corticosa Spreng.
  • Myrtus cumini L.
  • Myrtus obovata (Poir.) Spreng.
  • Syzygium brachiatum (Roxb.) Miq.
  • Syzygium caryophyllifolium (Lam.) DC.
  • Syzygium fruticosum DC.
  • Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC.
  • Syzygium obovatum (Poir.) DC.
  • Syzygium obtusifolium (Roxb.) Kostel.
  • Syzygium pseudojambolana Miq.
  • Syzygium tenue (Duthie) N.P.Balakr


Identification Characters & Botanical Profile

  • Mahaskandha – Jambu plant has very big and strong trunk.
  • Nilanjanacchada – Leaves of Jambu are bluish in colour.
  • Surabhipatra – Leaves have aroma.
  • Meghamodini – Fruiting season of Jambu is Varsa ritu.
  • Mahaphala – Fruit is relatively big.
  • Nilaphala – Fruit of Jambu is bluish purple in colour.
  • Maharasa – Fruit is juicy.

In traditional medicine, Jambu is categorized as having an astringent profile that pacifies pitta and kapha, while potentially aggravating vata when used in excess. Its historical indications span metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal flux, and dermal healing.

Types

Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  1. Raja Jambu
  2. Ksudra Jambu

Raja Nighantu

  1. Jambu
  2. Maha Jambu
  3. Kaka Jambu
  4. Bhumi Jambu

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Jambu, Mahaphala, Phalendra

Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  • Raja Jambu – Nandi, Surabhi patra, Maha Jambu
  • Ksudra Jambu – Sukshma patra, Nadeyi, Jala Jambu

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify kapha and pitta, aggravates vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/28 Grahiyavagu (gruel for constipation).
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(28) Chhardinigrahana (anti emetic) mahakashaya
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(32) Purishvirajaniya (faecal de – pigmenter) mahakashaya
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(33) Mootrasangrahaniya (anti – diuretic) mahakashaya
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Aggravating vata dosha as per agrya sangraha.
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/140 Phala Varga (class of fruits)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/84 Viruddha ahara (as an example of incompatible substance with milk)
8 Cha.Sa.Nidana Sthana 2/4 Nidana of Raktapitta (bleeding disorders)
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila.
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/10 Vibhinna aakriti of arsha (resemblance of different shapes of haemorrhoids)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/139 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/54 As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara.
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 As a yoga dravya
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/30 As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/38 As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga.
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/35 For lepa (external application) prayoga
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/113 Used for tvak janana (healing of skin).
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/76 Apathya (unwholesome) in Ashmari (renal stone).
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/272 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila.
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/79 As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila.
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/82 For Yoni prakshalana (vaginal douche).
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/90 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/108 Used in the treatment of Vipluta.
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/122 Used in the treatment of Pichhila yoni (sliminess of genital tract).

Dose

  • Jambu (seed): 3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.
  • Jambu (stem bark): 10–20 gm of the drug for decoction.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Pushyanuga Churna
  • Ushirasava

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam
  • Out of India –
  • Southeast Asia – Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam
  • Australia – Particularly in the state of Queensland
  • Pacific Islands – Fiji and Hawaii
  • South America – Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela
  • Africa – Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic versatility of Syzygium cumini arises from its rich secondary metabolite profile across the seeds, bark, and fruit pulp:

  • Anthocyanins & Flavonoids: Abundant cyanidin glycosides, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol responsible for antioxidant capacity and deep purple pigmentation [2].
  • Phenolic Acids & Tannins: High levels of ellagic acid, gallic acid, and hydrolyzable tannins contributing to prominent astringent and anti-diarrheal actions.
  • Glycosides & Alkaloids: Presence of jamboline and jambosine, particularly in seed matrices, traditionally linked with carbohydrate metabolism regulation [3].

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Potential

Jambu seeds and pulp are widely recognized for managing metabolic irregularities and hyperglycemia.

  • Mechanism: Active constituents inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes ($\alpha$-amylase and $\alpha$-glucosidase), thereby delaying intestinal glucose absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that standardized seed extracts significantly reduce blood glucose levels and suppress oxidative stress markers in diabetic models [4].

Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Action

The high concentration of polyphenols and anthocyanins provides powerful cellular protection against oxidative damage.

  • Mechanism: Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhances endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems.
  • Scientific Evidence: DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays demonstrate strong free radical scavenging potential across fruit peel and seed polysaccharide fractions [5].

Gastroprotective and Anti-Diarrheal Efficacy

The bark and seed extracts exhibit prominent astringent properties that stabilize gastrointestinal mucosa.

  • Mechanism: Tannins precipitate mucosal proteins, reducing intestinal secretions and suppressing hypermotility.
  • Scientific Evidence: Preclinical trials validate the efficacy of bark decoctions in controlling infectious and non-infectious diarrheal states [2].

Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Properties

Jambu demonstrates inhibitory activity against several pathogenic bacterial strains and reduces acute inflammatory edema.

  • Mechanism: Bioactive flavonoids and essential oils disrupt bacterial cell wall integrity and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Scientific Evidence: Disc diffusion and paw edema assays confirm broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy against strains like *Staphylococcus aureus* alongside significant anti-inflammatory responses [5].

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Toxicity Profile: Syzygium cumini exhibits a strong safety margin in conventional culinary and therapeutic ranges.
  • Precautions: Due to its strong astringent and Vata-aggravating tendency, individuals with chronic dryness or specific renal conditions (such as *Ashmari*) should exercise caution.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • *Seed Powder:* 3–6 g daily.
    • *Stem Bark Decoction:* 10–20 g.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Syzygium cumini
Indication / Application Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha) Jamboline, Ellagic acid, Flavonoids $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition, Hypoglycemic
Diarrhea & Bleeding Disorders (Atisara / Raktapitta) Hydrolyzable tannins, Gallic acid Astringent, Mucosal protectant
Oxidative Stress & Inflammation Anthocyanins, Myricetin Free radical scavenger, Anti-inflammatory
Microbial Infections Essential oils, Phenolic compounds Antibacterial membrane disruption

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:26
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Navya, H. C.; Krupanidhi, A. M.; P. (2026). "Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential". World Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Science. 2 (6): 49–57. 
  3. ↑ IJCRT (2025). "Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Review Of Syzygium Cumini". International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 13 (8): 1–10. 
  4. ↑ Ismail, K.; Ahmad, M.; Zafar, W. (2025). "Evaluation of In Silico, Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Syzygium cumini fruit Extract". Journal of Pharma and Biomedics. 3 (2). 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bhattarai, B.; Khanal, L. N.; Kalauni, S. K. (2024). "Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium cumini Seeds". Journal of Nepal Chemical Society. 44 (1): 153–162. 

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