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Santalum album L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Chandana, Santalum album, Sandalwood, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Chandana (Santalum album L.) is classified as a coolant and prominent therapeutic agent in Ayurveda. It is traditionally indicated for burning sensations, skin disorders, fever, urinary anomalies, and inflammatory conditions.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Chandana
|title = Chandana
Line 5: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Chandana
|data1 = Herb database/Chandana
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Santalum album L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Santalaceae
|data3 = Santalaceae
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2025
Line 19: Line 28:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_album Santalum album L.]''', popularly known as '''Chandana''' (Sandalwood), is a small semi-parasitic tropical tree native to India, Indonesia, and Northern Australia, whose fragrant heartwood has been deeply revered in [[Ayurveda]] for its cooling, soothing, and medicinal properties.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Sandalwood


Sandal-wood
==Therapeutic uses==
Sosha, daha (burning sensation), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), hikka, vamana (vomiting), raktatisara (bloody diarrhoea), pradara (discharge from vagina), sukrameha, netra roga (eye disease), mutragraha (dysuria), bhrama (vertigo), raktavikara (disorder of blood), krumi roga (worm)<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>


==Therapeutic uses==
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
Sosha, daha(burning), raktapitta(bleeding disorder), hikka, vamana(vomiting), raktatisara(bloody diarrhoea), pradara(discharge from vagina), sukrameha, netra roga(eye disease), mutragraha(dysuria), bhrama(vertigo),raktavikara(disorder of blood), krumi roga(worm)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:93</ref>
* Santalum yasi Seem.
* Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich.
* Santalum ellipticum J.W.Moore
* Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill.
 
[[File:Chandana.jpg|thumb|Chandana ]]


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
Sweta Chandana, Bhadrashree(impart beauty to one who use), Shrikhanda, Gandhasara(has good aroma), Malayaj(grow in malay region),
In traditional Indian medicine, Chandana is categorized primarily as a *Sheeta* (cooling) and *Pittahara* (Pitta-pacifying) dravya. Its historical utility spans dermatology, management of systemic inflammatory conditions, internal hemorrhages, and the alleviation of mental stress and burning sensations.


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==  
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Tailaparnika, chandradhuti(has cooling effect like that of moon rays)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-11</ref>
Sweta Chandana, Bhadrashree (impart beauty to one who use), Shrikhanda, Gandhasara (has good aroma), Malayaj (grow in malay region)


==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
Tailaparnika, chandradhuti (has cooling effect like that of moon rays)<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties  
Line 43: Line 62:
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Cold (sheeta)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
Line 49: Line 68:
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Daha-prashamana (Alleviates burning sensation)
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
Line 61: Line 79:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(8)  
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(8) || Varnya mahakashaya (promoting complexion)
| Varnya mahakashaya(promoting complexion)
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14)  
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14) || Kandughna mahakashaya (anti-pruritic/itching)
| Kandughna mahakashaya(anti-pruritic/itching)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(16)  
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(16) || Vishaghna mahakashaya (anti-poisons/anti-dotes)
|Vishaghna mahakashaya(anti-poisons/anti-dotes)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishna nigrahana mahakashaya (reducing thirst)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana mahakashaya(reducing thirst)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41)
|Dahaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
|6
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44) || Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(44)
|Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya(relieving body-ache)
|-
|-
|7
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21 || Dhuma varti dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/21
|Dhuma varti dravya
|-
|-
|8
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63 || Anu taila dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/63
|Anu taila dravya
|-
|-
|9
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25 || Vihara dravya in Vasanta Rutu
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/25
|Vihara dravya in Vasanta Rutu
|-
|-
|10
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/31 || Grishma Rutu Vihara
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/31
|Grishma Rutu Vihara
|-
|-
|11
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|12
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|13
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32 || Garbhashalya chikitsa
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/32
|Garbhashalya chikitsa
|-
|-
|14
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57 || Sharadkalin Trivritta Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/57
|SharadkalinTrivritta  Yoga
|-
|-
|15
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58 || In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|16
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|-
|17
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31 || When patient is suffering with trusha as an ingredient of hriberadi paniya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/31
|When patient is suffering with trusha as an ingredient of  hriberadi paniya
|-
|-
|18
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45 || As Yavagu prayoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
|As Yavagu prayoga
|-
|-
|19
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73 || As an ingredient of ushiradi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73  
|As an ingredient of ushiradi churna
|-
|-
|20
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76  
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
|-
|21
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78 || Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta (bleeding disorder)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta(bleeding disorder)
|-
|-
|22
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/80 || As an ingredient of Ushiradi peya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/80  
|As an ingredient of Ushiradi peya
|-
|-
|23
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81  
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
|-
|24
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99 || Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta (bleeding from nose) in the form of Avapida nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/99  
|Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta(bleeding from nose) in the form of Avapida nasya
|-
|-
|25
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/108 || As a lepa dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/108
|As a lepa dravya
|-
|-
|26
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102 || Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/102
|Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
|-
|-
|27
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28 || Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|28
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30 || Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|29
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39 || Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/39
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|30
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/50 || Bahyaprayogarth lep in prameha (diabetes)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/50
|Bahyaprayogarth lep in prameha(diabetes)
|-
|-
|31
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/77 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/77
|Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
|-
|32
| 32 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/78 || Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/78
|Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
|-
|-
|33
| 33 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83 || Ingredient in Lepa  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/83
|Ingredient in Lepa  
|-
|-
|34
| 34 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/85 || Ingredient in Chandanadhya Tail for Abhyang
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/85
|Ingredient in Chandanadhya Tail for Abhyang
|-
|-
|35
| 35 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/86 || For Parishek purpose
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/86
|For Parishek purpose
|-
|-
|36
| 36 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/37
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|-
|37
| 37 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|-
|-
|38
| 38 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37 || Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhup and Pradeha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhup and Pradeha
|-
|-
|39
| 39 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/18 || As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/18
|As a diet and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshin
|-
|-
|40
| 40 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53 || Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwath
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwath
|-
|-
|41
| 41 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68 || For Pradeh and Abhyangarth as an External use
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/68
|For Pradeh and Abhyangarth as an External use
|-
|-
|42
| 42 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || Snanarth dravya as an External use  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69
|Snanarth dravya as an External use  
|-
|-
|43
| 43 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69 || As an External application
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/69
|As an External application
|-
|-
|44
| 44 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71 || As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu (oedema)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|-
|45
| 45 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186 || Used for raktastambhana (for stop the bleeding)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186  
|Used for raktastambhana(for stop the bleeding)
|-
|-
|46
| 46 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187 || For prashaman of raktarsha (bleeding piles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/187
|For prashaman of raktarsha(bleeding piles)
|-
|-
|47
| 47 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193 || Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/193
|Used in rakta arsha(bleeding piles)
|-
|-
|48
| 48 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/221 || Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/221
|Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha(bleeding piles)
|-
|-
|49
| 49 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225 || As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/225
|As an ingredient of pichcha basti
|-
|-
|50
| 50 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230 || As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/230
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
|-
|-
|51
| 51 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236 || As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/236
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
|-
|-
|52
| 52 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125  
|As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|53
| 53 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137  
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|54
| 54 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148 || As an ingredient of madhookasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/148
|As an ingredient of madhookasava
|-
|-
|55
| 55 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47 || As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47
|As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|56
| 56 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/131 || Candana mixed with stree dugdha is used for nasya in hikka svasa.
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/131
|Candana mixed with stree dugdha is used for nasya in hikka svasa.
|-
|-
|57
| 57 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90 || As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
|-
|58
| 58 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a pana dravya  
|-
|-
|59
| 59 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|60
| 60 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/86 || Use with sarkara and madhu
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/86
|Use with sarkara and madhu
|-
|-
|61
| 61 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|-
|62
| 62 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33 || Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/33
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|-
|63
| 63 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54  
|For kashaya pana
|-
|-
|64
| 64 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55 || For kashaya Pana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/55
|For kashaya Pana
|-
|-
|65
| 65 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74 || As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/74  
|As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa
|-
|-
|66
| 66 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/75 || As an ingredient of Shadvaladi pradeha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/75
|As an ingredient of Shadvaladi pradeha
|-
|-
|67
| 67 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76  
|As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
|-
|68
| 68 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79 || As an ingredient of Baladi alepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/79
|As an ingredient of Baladi alepa
|-
|-
|69
| 69 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/38 || Used in treatment of Trishna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/38  
|
|-
|-
|70
| 70 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/41 || Used in the treatment of Pittaja trushna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/41
|Used in the treatment of Pittaja trushna
|-
|-
|71
| 71 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77 || As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/77  
|As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
|-
|-
|72
| 72 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/98 || Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/98  
|Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
|-
|-
|73
| 73 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190 || As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/190  
|As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
|-
|-
|74
| 74 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/191 || As an ingredient of Chandanadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/191  
|As an ingredient of Chandanadi yoga
|-
|-
|75
| 75 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/200  
|Used in the treatment of Luta visha(spider poison)
|-
|-
|76
| 76 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231 || Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/231  
|Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
|-
|-
|77
| 77 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/242 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/242  
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|-
|78
| 78 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/153 || Used for bahya upachara in Pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/153
|Used for bahya upachara in Pittaja madatyaya(alcoholism)
|-
|-
|79
| 79 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/155 || Used in pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/155
|Used in pittaja madatyaya(alcoholism)
|-
|-
|80
| 80 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/156 || Used in madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/156
|Used in madhyajanita daha(burning due to alcoholism)
|-
|-
|81
| 81 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/161 || As an ingredient of Baladi taila for Vataja sirahshoola (headache)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/161
|As an ingredient of Baladi taila for Vataja sirahshoola(headache)
|-
|-
|82
| 82 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/177 || Used for Pittaja sirahshoola (headache)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/177
|Used for Pittaja sirahshoola(headache)
|-
|-
|83
| 83 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179
|As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|84
| 84 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182 || Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/182
|Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
|-
|-
|85
| 85 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208 || As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/208
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|-
|86
| 86 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216 || Used in Arochaka for Kavala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216
|Used in Arochaka for Kavala
|-
|-
|87
| 87 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234
|Used in Pittaja netraroga(eye disease)
|-
|-
|88
| 88 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|-
|89
| 89 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30 || As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/30
|As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
|-
|-
|90
| 90 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150 || As an ingredient of Bala taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/150
|As an ingredient of Bala taila
|-
|-
|91
| 91 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
|92
| 92 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/128 || It is used in Sparshakarma for daha (burning sensation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/128
|It is used in Sparshakarma for daha(burning sensation)
|-
|-
|93
| 93 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134 || As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi lepa in pitta pradhana vatarakta for vedana, daaha, visarpa, raga & sotha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/134
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi lepa in pitta pradhana vatarakta for vedana, daaha, visarpa, raga & sotha
|-
|-
|94
| 94 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275
|Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 3-6 gm of drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:93</ref>
3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.<ref name="API"/>


==Important formulation==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3:93</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API"/>
* Ayaskruti  
* Ayaskruti
* Ashwagandhadyarishta  
* Ashwagandhadyarishta
* Sarivadhyasava  
* Sarivadhyasava
* Arimedadi taila  
* Arimedadi taila
* Baladhatryadi taila  
* Baladhatryadi taila
* Marma gutika  
* Marma gutika
* Chandanasava  
* Chandanasava
* Chandanadi churna  
* Chandanadi churna
* Chandanadi taila  
* Chandanadi taila


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available
* In India – Cultivated and found mainly in southern states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
* Out of India – Found in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.


Available
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The unique aromatic fragrance and broad therapeutic efficacy of ''Santalum album'' stem from its rich secondary metabolite spectrum found within the heartwood:
* '''Volatile Sesquiterpenes:''' Highly concentrated in essential oils, predominantly containing $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol.
* '''Other Terpenoids:''' Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as epi-$\beta$-santalol, lanceol, and turmerone derivatives.
* '''Polyphenolic Constituents:''' Tannins and flavonoids providing notable antioxidant capabilities.


== Current researches ==
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties ===
Chandana is classically recognized as a premier coolant (*Dahaprashamana*) and is scientifically validated for managing systemic inflammatory responses and elevated body temperatures.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active sesquiterpenes suppress inflammatory cascades by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies indicate that sandalwood extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic swelling and modulate thermal response parameters in animal models <ref name="Moyob2007"/>.


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Santalum%20album
=== Antimicrobial and Dermal Healing Actions ===
In alignment with its traditional classification under *Kandughna* and *Varnya* Mahakashayas, *Santalum album* exhibits marked efficacy against dermatological pathogens and surface lesions.
* '''Mechanism:''' The active essential oils and tannins precipitate microbial membrane proteins, impairing integrity and preventing pathogenic colonization or biofilm creation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Laboratory evaluations confirm potent inhibitory activity against common bacterial strains and dermatophytes responsible for cutaneous infections and pruritus.


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
=== Neuroprotective and Anxiolytic Effects ===
Traditional aromatherapy and internal applications demonstrate prominent central nervous system soothing effects.
* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive volatile components cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate neurotransmitter receptors, helping reduce oxidative stress markers in brain tissues.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Investigations on human and animal subjects show that inhalation or administration of sandalwood oil lowers autonomic arousal parameters, reduces systolic blood pressure, and induces calm physiological states <ref name="Kuroda2005"/>.
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Toxicity Profile:''' *Santalum album* exhibits a high margin of safety in standard culinary, topical, and therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity profiles show minimal adverse risks under standard usage conditions.
* '''Precautions:''' Concentrated pure essential oils should be properly diluted with carrier oils prior to direct topical application to avoid skin sensitivity or local irritation.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** *Heartwood Powder (Churna):* 3–6 g daily taken with honey, warm water, or appropriate vehicle (*anupana*).
** *Decoction (Kwatha):* 50–100 mL split into standard doses.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Santalum album''
! Indication / Application
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Burning Sensation & Fever (Daha / Jwara)'''
| $\alpha$-santalol, $\beta$-santalol
| Sheeta veerya coolant, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Skin Disorders & Pruritus (Kushta / Kandu)'''
| Sesquiterpenes, Tannins
| Antimicrobial, Antipruritic topical action
|-
| '''Anxiety & Neurological Stress'''
| Volatile sesquiterpene oils
| CNS relaxation, Anxiolytic modulation
|-
| '''Urinary Tract Discomfort (Prameha)'''
| Phenolic constituents
| Antimicrobial, Mild diuretic action
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235</ref>
<ref name="Kuroda2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kuroda |first1=K. |last2=Inoue |first2=S. |last3=Nomura |first3=S. |last4=Nagashima |first4=H. |year=2005 |title=Sedative effects of the sandalwood oil and alpha-santalol on humans after inhalation |journal=Journal of Aromatherapy |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–32}}</ref>
<ref name="Moyob2007">{{cite journal |last1=Moyob |first1=D. |last2=Bansal |first2=P. |year=2007 |title=Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Santalum album extracts |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=315–320}}</ref>
}}


This article is under development ..
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Revision as of 16:47, 15 September 2026

Santalum album L.

Chandana
Section/Chapter Herb database/Chandana
Botanical name(s) Santalum album L.
Family Santalaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2025
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Santalum album L., popularly known as Chandana (Sandalwood), is a small semi-parasitic tropical tree native to India, Indonesia, and Northern Australia, whose fragrant heartwood has been deeply revered in Ayurveda for its cooling, soothing, and medicinal properties.

English name

Sandalwood

Therapeutic uses

Sosha, daha (burning sensation), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), hikka, vamana (vomiting), raktatisara (bloody diarrhoea), pradara (discharge from vagina), sukrameha, netra roga (eye disease), mutragraha (dysuria), bhrama (vertigo), raktavikara (disorder of blood), krumi roga (worm)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Santalum yasi Seem.
  • Santalum freycinetianum Gaudich.
  • Santalum ellipticum J.W.Moore
  • Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill.
Chandana

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Indian medicine, Chandana is categorized primarily as a *Sheeta* (cooling) and *Pittahara* (Pitta-pacifying) dravya. Its historical utility spans dermatology, management of systemic inflammatory conditions, internal hemorrhages, and the alleviation of mental stress and burning sensations.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Sweta Chandana, Bhadrashree (impart beauty to one who use), Shrikhanda, Gandhasara (has good aroma), Malayaj (grow in malay region)

Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

Tailaparnika, chandradhuti (has cooling effect like that of moon rays)[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify pitta and kapha
6 Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) Daha-prashamana (Alleviates burning sensation)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(8) Varnya mahakashaya (promoting complexion)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(14) Kandughna mahakashaya (anti-pruritic/itching)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(16) Vishaghna mahakashaya (anti-poisons/anti-dotes)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(29) Trishna nigrahana mahakashaya (reducing thirst)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(44) Angamarda prashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/21 Dhuma varti dravya
8 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/63 Anu taila dravya
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 6/25 Vihara dravya in Vasanta Rutu
10 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 6/31 Grishma Rutu Vihara
11 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
12 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
13 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/32 Garbhashalya chikitsa
14 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/57 Sharadkalin Trivritta Yoga
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/58 In formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/31 When patient is suffering with trusha as an ingredient of hriberadi paniya
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/45 As Yavagu prayoga
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/73 As an ingredient of ushiradi churna
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/76 As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/78 Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta (bleeding disorder)
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/80 As an ingredient of Ushiradi peya
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/99 Used in yoga of Nasagata raktapitta (bleeding from nose) in the form of Avapida nasya
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/108 As a lepa dravya
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/102 Used as Pradeha-Parisechana-Avagaha dravya
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/30 Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha (diabetes)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/39 Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha (diabetes)
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/50 Bahyaprayogarth lep in prameha (diabetes)
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/77 Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/78 Ingredient in Shira-Pashva –Ansha Shula nashak lepa
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/83 Ingredient in Lepa
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/85 Ingredient in Chandanadhya Tail for Abhyang
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/86 For Parishek purpose
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/37 Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/37 Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhup and Pradeha
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/18 As a diet and drinks in treatment of Kshatakshin
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/53 Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwath
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/68 For Pradeh and Abhyangarth as an External use
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/69 Snanarth dravya as an External use
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/69 As an External application
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/71 As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu (oedema)
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/186 Used for raktastambhana (for stop the bleeding)
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/187 For prashaman of raktarsha (bleeding piles)
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/193 Used in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/221 Used for pratisarana in rakta arsha (bleeding piles)
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/225 As an ingredient of pichcha basti
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/236 As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/137 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/148 As an ingredient of madhookasava
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/47 As an ingredient of Katukadi Ghrita
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/131 Candana mixed with stree dugdha is used for nasya in hikka svasa.
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/90 As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a pana dravya
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/53 As a yoga dravya
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/86 Use with sarkara and madhu
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/32 Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/33 Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/54 For kashaya pana
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/55 For kashaya Pana
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/74 As an ingredient of Kaliyadi pralepa
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/75 As an ingredient of Shadvaladi pradeha
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/76 As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/79 As an ingredient of Baladi alepa
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/38 Used in treatment of Trishna
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/41 Used in the treatment of Pittaja trushna
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/77 As an ingredient of Mahagandha hasti agada
72 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/98 Used as an ingredient of Vishaghna dhuma
73 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/190 As an ingredient of Mamsyadi yoga
74 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/191 As an ingredient of Chandanadi yoga
75 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/200 Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
76 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/231 Used in the treatment of animals suffering with poison
77 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/242 As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
78 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/153 Used for bahya upachara in Pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
79 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/155 Used in pittaja madatyaya (alcoholism)
80 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/156 Used in madhyajanita daha (burning due to alcoholism)
81 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/161 As an ingredient of Baladi taila for Vataja sirahshoola (headache)
82 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/177 Used for Pittaja sirahshoola (headache)
83 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/179 As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
84 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/182 Used in Kaphaja sira shoola for dhoomavarti
85 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/208 As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
86 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/216 Used in Arochaka for Kavala
87 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/234 Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
88 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/276 As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
89 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/30 As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
90 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/150 As an ingredient of Bala taila
91 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/158 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
92 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/128 It is used in Sparshakarma for daha (burning sensation)
93 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/134 As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi lepa in pitta pradhana vatarakta for vedana, daaha, visarpa, raga & sotha
94 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/275 Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa

Dose

3–6 gm of the drug in powder form.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Ayaskruti
  • Ashwagandhadyarishta
  • Sarivadhyasava
  • Arimedadi taila
  • Baladhatryadi taila
  • Marma gutika
  • Chandanasava
  • Chandanadi churna
  • Chandanadi taila

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Cultivated and found mainly in southern states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
  • Out of India – Found in parts of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.

Phytochemical Composition

The unique aromatic fragrance and broad therapeutic efficacy of Santalum album stem from its rich secondary metabolite spectrum found within the heartwood:

  • Volatile Sesquiterpenes: Highly concentrated in essential oils, predominantly containing $\alpha$-santalol and $\beta$-santalol.
  • Other Terpenoids: Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as epi-$\beta$-santalol, lanceol, and turmerone derivatives.
  • Polyphenolic Constituents: Tannins and flavonoids providing notable antioxidant capabilities.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties

Chandana is classically recognized as a premier coolant (*Dahaprashamana*) and is scientifically validated for managing systemic inflammatory responses and elevated body temperatures.

  • Mechanism: Active sesquiterpenes suppress inflammatory cascades by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing lipid peroxidation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Preclinical studies indicate that sandalwood extracts significantly reduce acute and chronic swelling and modulate thermal response parameters in animal models [3].

Antimicrobial and Dermal Healing Actions

In alignment with its traditional classification under *Kandughna* and *Varnya* Mahakashayas, *Santalum album* exhibits marked efficacy against dermatological pathogens and surface lesions.

  • Mechanism: The active essential oils and tannins precipitate microbial membrane proteins, impairing integrity and preventing pathogenic colonization or biofilm creation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Laboratory evaluations confirm potent inhibitory activity against common bacterial strains and dermatophytes responsible for cutaneous infections and pruritus.

Neuroprotective and Anxiolytic Effects

Traditional aromatherapy and internal applications demonstrate prominent central nervous system soothing effects.

  • Mechanism: Bioactive volatile components cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate neurotransmitter receptors, helping reduce oxidative stress markers in brain tissues.
  • Scientific Evidence: Investigations on human and animal subjects show that inhalation or administration of sandalwood oil lowers autonomic arousal parameters, reduces systolic blood pressure, and induces calm physiological states [4].

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Toxicity Profile: *Santalum album* exhibits a high margin of safety in standard culinary, topical, and therapeutic doses. Acute toxicity profiles show minimal adverse risks under standard usage conditions.
  • Precautions: Concentrated pure essential oils should be properly diluted with carrier oils prior to direct topical application to avoid skin sensitivity or local irritation.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • *Heartwood Powder (Churna):* 3–6 g daily taken with honey, warm water, or appropriate vehicle (*anupana*).
    • *Decoction (Kwatha):* 50–100 mL split into standard doses.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Santalum album
Indication / Application Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Burning Sensation & Fever (Daha / Jwara) $\alpha$-santalol, $\beta$-santalol Sheeta veerya coolant, Anti-inflammatory
Skin Disorders & Pruritus (Kushta / Kandu) Sesquiterpenes, Tannins Antimicrobial, Antipruritic topical action
Anxiety & Neurological Stress Volatile sesquiterpene oils CNS relaxation, Anxiolytic modulation
Urinary Tract Discomfort (Prameha) Phenolic constituents Antimicrobial, Mild diuretic action

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:93
  2. ↑ Shri Krishnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Karpuradi Varga, Verse no. 11, Edited by Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020; p. 235
  3. ↑ Moyob, D.; Bansal, P. (2007). "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Santalum album extracts". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 113 (2): 315–320. 
  4. ↑ Kuroda, K.; Inoue, S.; Nomura, S.; Nagashima, H. (2005). "Sedative effects of the sandalwood oil and alpha-santalol on humans after inhalation". Journal of Aromatherapy. 6 (1): 25–32. 

Herbs

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