Charak Samhita

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Achyranthes aspera L.
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Apamarga, Achyranthes aspera L., Prickly Chaff Flower, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|description=Monograph on Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Apamarga - Achyranthes aspera
|type=article
}}
</noinclude>
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Apamarga
|title = Apamarga
Line 5: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|data1 = Herb database/Apamarga
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Achyranthes aspera L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Amarantheceae
|data3 = Amaranthaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyranthes_aspera Achyranthes aspera L.]''', popularly known as '''Apamarga''' or '''Prickly Chaff Flower''', is a rigid, erect annual or perennial herb distributed widely throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly valued for its scraping (*Lekhana*), purgative support, and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>


== English Name ==
Prickly Chaff Flower
Prickly Chaff Flower


==Therapeutic use==
== Therapeutic Use ==
Sula(pain), udararoga , apachi, arsha, kandu, medoroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
Sula (pain), Udararoga (abdominal disorders), Apachi (cervical lymphadenitis), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Kandu (pruritus), Medoroga (disorders of fat metabolism)<ref name="API" />
 
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
* Pratyakpushpi &ndash; Deflexed flowers.
* Kharapushpa
* Shikhari &ndash; Bears terminal spike inflorescence.
* Durgraha &ndash; Difficult to hold.
* Adhashalya &ndash; Spinous bracteols and pointed perianth.
* Karmanjri


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu ==
Pratyakpushpi(deflexed flowers), Kharapushpa, Shikhari(bears terminal spike inflorescence), Durgraha(difficult to hold), Adhashalya(spinuous bracteols and pointed perianth), Karmanjri
* Mayuraka &ndash; Anti-poisonous or cures many diseases.
* Markati
* Kinihi
* Kharamanjari &ndash; Inflorescence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
== Varieties ==
Mayuraka(it is anti-poisonous or cure many diseases), markati, kinihi, kharamanjari (inflorence has spinous bracteols and pointed perianth, hence prickly to touch)<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-219,220,221</ref>
=== Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu ===
* Sweta
* Rakta


==Varieries==
=== Kaiyadeva Nighantu ===
==Bhavaprakasa nighantu , Dhanvantari nighantu, Raja nighantu== 
* Apamarga
# Sweta
* Vasira
# Rakta
* Ramatha
==Kaiyadeva nighantu==
# Apamarga
# Vasira
# Ramatha


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (''Rasa Panchaka''), Apamarga has the following properties:<ref name="API" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Properties
! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta)  
| 1 || Taste (''[[Rasa]]'') || Pungent (''Katu''), Bitter (''Tikta'')
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency (''[[Veerya]]'') || Hot (''Ushna'')
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post-digestion Effect (''[[Vipaka]]'') || Pungent (''Katu'')
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu),  Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
| 4 || Qualities (''[[Guna]]'') || Light (''Laghu''), Rough (''Ruksha''), Sharp (''Tikshna'')
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|-
|-
| 5 || Dosha Action (''[[Karma]]'') || Pacifies Kapha and Vata, Purification of Kapha and Pitta
|}
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions ==
Apamarga is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 
! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33 || Phalini (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 1
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23) || Vamanopag mahakashaya (group of herbs helping emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82, 2/3, 2/33
| Phalini  (Nasya) (Errhine therapy)
|-
|-
| 2
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors, and drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(23)
|Vamanopag  mahakashaya(helping emesis)
|-
|-
|3
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worm infestation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|4
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vaman dravyani (emetic drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi  Chikitsa(trearment of worm infestation)
|-
|-
|5
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19 || Punsavan Karma
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(emetic dravya)
|-
|-
|6
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 || Vamanarth (for therapeutic emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/19
|Punsavan Karma
|-
|-
|7
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176 || As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanarth(for emesis)
|-
|-
|8
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66 || Used as Nasya and Anjana prayogarth
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/176
|As a Utsadan dravya Bahyaprayogarth(external application)
|-
|-
|9
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/66
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogarth
|-
|-
|10
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|-
|11
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171 || In formulation of Kshara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|12
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/126 || As an ingredient of Muktadhya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/171
|In  formulation of kshara
|-
|-
|13
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57 || As an ingredient of Agastya haritaki leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 17/126
|As an ingredient of  muktadhya churna
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/57
|As an ingredient of agastya haritaki leha
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 26/184
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya
|-
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
* 20-50 gm of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 50 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />
==Important formulation==
 
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API" />
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara
* Apamargakshara taila
* Apamargakshara taila
Line 142: Line 128:
* Jyotishmati taila
* Jyotishmati taila


== Current Availability ==
Available
* '''In India:''' Found abundantly as a weed throughout India up to 900 meters altitude.


== Current availability==  
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological profile of *Achyranthes aspera* is characterized by several active secondary metabolites:
* '''Triterpenoid Saponins:''' Achyranthine and related oleanolic acid glycosides.
* '''Alkaloids & Steroids:''' Betaine, ecdysterone (a prominent insect molting hormone with biological activity), and D-sitosterol.
* '''Minerals & Watersoluble Ash:''' High potassium content, which forms the core of its alkaline ash (*Kshara*) preparation.


Available
== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern scientific evaluations validate various traditional indications associated with *Achyranthes aspera*:


== Current researches ==
=== 1. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity ===
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Achyranthes%20aspera
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied for pain (*Sula*) and inflammatory conditions.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Whole plant and leaf extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models, reducing edema and inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis pathways.<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
 
=== 2. Diuretic and Renal Support ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Employed in urinary disorders and abdominal swelling (*Udararoga*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibit marked diuretic activity, increasing sodium and potassium excretion, which validates its traditional role in clearing fluid retention.<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Used topically for skin disorders, wounds, and localized infections (*Kandu*).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Plant extracts show potent broad-spectrum activity against bacterial pathogens like *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*, while topical preparations significantly accelerate wound contraction and tensile strength.<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
 
=== 4. Hypolipidemic and Metabolic Effects ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Medoroga* (obesity and lipid disorders).
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Administration of plant extracts significantly lowers serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids in experimental hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Achyranthes aspera*
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Pain & Inflammation (*Sula*)'''
| Saponins, Ecdysterone
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
|-
| '''Renal & Urinary Conditions'''
| Water-soluble ash, Alkaloids
| Diuretic, Electrolyte excretion modulation
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation (*Kandu*)'''
| Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds
| Antimicrobial, Wound contraction acceleration
|-
| '''Metabolic Disorders (*Medoroga*)'''
| Active glycosides, Sterols
| Hypolipidemic, Lipid profile normalization
|}
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its sharp (*Tikshna*) and hot (*Ushna*) properties, high doses should be avoided during pregnancy or by individuals with severe Pitta disorders.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–50 ml.<ref name="API" />
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:04</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 219-221.</ref>
<ref name="Vijaya2012">Vijaya, Padma V., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Achyranthes aspera extracts." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.</ref>
<ref name="Gokhale2002">Gokhale, A. B., et al. "Preliminary evaluation of anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Barua2010">Barua, C. C., et al. "Evaluation of the wound healing activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn. leaf extract in rats." Fitoterapia.</ref>
<ref name="Khan2009">Khan,uja, et al. "Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of Achyranthes aspera root extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
}}


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