Talk:Bhumyamalaki: Difference between revisions

Line 1:

{{~~Infobox plant~~

{{#seo:

| ~~name~~ = Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki)

|title=Charak Samhita

| image = ~~Phyllanthus_amarus~~.jpg

|titlemode=append

| ~~image_caption~~ = ~~Habit and foliage of ''~~Phyllanthus amarus'' (Bhumyamalaki)

|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,

| ~~binomial_name~~ = ''Phyllanthus amarus''

|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.

| ~~family~~ = Phyllanthaceae

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

| ~~common_names~~ = ~~Carry me seed, Gale~~ of ~~the wind~~, ~~Bhumyamalaki~~

|image_alt=charak samhita

| ~~synonyms~~ = ~~''Shiva'', ''Tamalaki'', ''Bahupatra'', ''Bahuphala'', ''Bahuvirya''~~

|type=article

}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

{{Infobox

|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = Phyllanthaceae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = 2026

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 70.</ref>

==English name ==

Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

==Therapeutic Use==

Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />

* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)

* ''Kasa'' (Cough)

* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)

* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)

* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)

* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)

* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)

* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

'''~~Bhumyamalaki~~''' ~~(also known as~~ '''~~Tamalaki~~'''~~; Latin:~~ ''Phyllanthus ~~amarus~~''~~) is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae~~. ~~Highly revered in Ayurveda, it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (~~''~~Mutrala~~''~~), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying~~ (~~''Pittasamana'') properties~~.~~<ref name="API">Anonymous~~. ~~''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 70.</ref>~~

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.

* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster

* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.

* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.

* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze

~~== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==~~

[[File:watermarked_img_6111021256528253381.png|thumb|Habit, foliage, and abaxial fruit arrangement of Phyllanthus amarus (Bhumyamalaki)]]

* '''Latin Name:~~''' ''~~Phyllanthus amarus''

* '''Family:''' Phyllanthaceae

* '''English Name:''' Carry me seed / Gale of the wind

* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' Bhumyamalaki~~, Tamalaki~~

== ~~Synonyms in Classical Texts~~ ==

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ~~''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020~~, ~~Chaukhambha Bharati Academy~~, ~~Guduchyadi varga, verse no~~. ~~277.</ref>~~

In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.

** ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and ~~regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs~~.

** ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and ~~tender herb.~~

** ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.

** ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.

** ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and ~~multi-faceted medicinal efficacy~~.

== Ayurvedic ~~Pharmacological Properties~~ ==

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

* ''Shiva'' – Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 277.</ref>

* ''Tamalaki'' – A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

* ''Bahupatra'' – Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

* ''Bahuphala'' – Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

* ''Bahuvirya'' – Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)

Line 42:

Line 82:

|}

== ~~References~~ in ~~Charaka~~ Samhita ==

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"

! Sr. No. !! Reference in ~~Charaka~~ Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation

! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation

|-

| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')

Line 101:

Line 140:

|}

== ~~Therapeutic Uses ==~~

==Dose==

~~Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />~~

* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />

* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />

* ''Kasa'' (Cough)

* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)

* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)

* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)

* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)

* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)

* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)

~~== Dosage & Administration~~ ==

* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 ~~–~~ 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />

* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 ~~–~~ 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />

== Important Formulations ==

==Important Formulations==

* ''Chyavanprasha''

* ''Chitraka Haritaki''

* ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''

* ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''

* ''Shatavari Guda'' ~~<ref name="API" />~~

* ''Shatavari Guda''

== ~~Habitat & Availability~~ ==

== Current availability==

* '''Status:''' ~~Available~~

Available

* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.

* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.

== Current ~~Research~~ ==

== Current researches ==

* ~~Phytochemical profile~~ & research ~~database~~: ~~[https~~://cb.~~imsc~~.~~res~~.in/~~imppat~~/~~phytochemical~~/~~Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT Phytochemical~~ Profile: Phyllanthus amarus]

== Phytochemical Composition ==

The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:

* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.

* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.

* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.

* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===

''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.

* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>

=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===

The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.

* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>

=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===

In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===

The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.

* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===

Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.

* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>

* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.

** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.

** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''

| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin

| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration

|-

| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''

| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids

| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance

|-

| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''

| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans

| α-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering

|-

| '''Chronic Inflammation'''

| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin

| NF-κB inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression

|}

== References ==

<~~references~~ />

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>

<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>

<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>

<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>

<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>

<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>

<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>

}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox plant
+{{#seo:
-| name               = Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki)
+|title=Charak Samhita
-| image              = Phyllanthus_amarus.jpg
+|titlemode=append
-| image_caption      = Habit and foliage of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' (Bhumyamalaki)
+|keywords=Bhumyamalaki, Phyllanthus amarus, Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
-| binomial_name      = ''Phyllanthus amarus''
+|description=Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is a renowned Ayurvedic herb classified for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, antiviral, and Pitta-pacifying properties. It is indicated in liver diseases, fever, cough, dysuria, and metabolic disorders.
-| family             = Phyllanthaceae
+|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
-| common_names       = Carry me seed, Gale of the wind, Bhumyamalaki
+|image_alt=charak samhita
-| synonyms           = ''Shiva'', ''Tamalaki'', ''Bahupatra'', ''Bahuphala'', ''Bahuvirya''
+|type=article
+}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
+{{Infobox
+|title = Tamalaki (Bhumyamalaki)
+|label1 = Section/Chapter
+|data1 = Herb database/Tamalaki
+|label2 = Botanical name(s)
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.]
+|label3 = Family
+|data3 = Phyllanthaceae
+|label4 = Availability
+|data4 = Available
+|label5 = Contributors
+|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
+|label6 = Year of publication
+|data6 =  2026
+|label7 = Publisher
+|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|label8 = DOI
+|data8  = Awaited
 }}
+'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_amarus Phyllanthus amarus]''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in [[Ayurveda]], it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 70.</ref>
+==English name ==
+Carry me seed / Gale of the wind
+==Therapeutic Use==
+Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />
+* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
+* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
+* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
+* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
+* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
+* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
+* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
+* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)
-'''Bhumyamalaki''' (also known as '''Tamalaki'''; Latin: ''Phyllanthus amarus'') is a small, erect annual herb belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. Highly revered in Ayurveda, it is renowned for its hepatoprotective, diuretic (''Mutrala''), anti-inflammatory, and Pitta-pacifying (''Pittasamana'') properties.<ref name="API">Anonymous. ''The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India''. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 70.</ref>
+==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
+* ''Phyllanthus niruri'' sensu auct. non L.
+* ''Phyllanthus fraternus'' G.L.Webster
+* ''Phyllanthus nanus'' Hook.f.
+* ''Phyllanthus asperulatus'' Hutch.
+* ''Diasperus amarus'' (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze
-== Botanical & Vernacular Names ==
+[[File:watermarked_img_6111021256528253381.png|thumb|Habit, foliage, and abaxial fruit arrangement of Phyllanthus amarus (Bhumyamalaki)]]
-* '''Latin Name:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus''
-* '''Family:''' Phyllanthaceae
-* '''English Name:''' Carry me seed / Gale of the wind
-* '''Sanskrit / Classical Names:''' Bhumyamalaki, Tamalaki
-== Synonyms in Classical Texts ==
+== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
-* '''Synonyms in Bhavaprakash Nighantu:'''<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, ''Bhavaprakash Nighantu''. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 277.</ref>
+In traditional medicine, Bhumyamalaki is regarded as an exceptionally potent cooling, metabolic, and liver-protective herb. It is known to mitigate morbid Pitta and Kapha doshas while cleansing Rakta dhatu (blood tissue) and Mutravaha srotas (urinary tract). Its historical indications span acute and chronic jaundiced states, burning sensations, intermittent fevers, respiratory complaints, and kidney stones.
-** ''Shiva'' &ndash; Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.
-** ''Tamalaki'' &ndash; A very small and tender herb.
-** ''Bahupatra'' &ndash; Characterized by numerous small leaves.
-** ''Bahuphala'' &ndash; Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.
-** ''Bahuvirya'' &ndash; Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.
-== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
+== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
+Tamalaki, Bhumyamalaki
+==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
+* ''Shiva'' &ndash; Highly potent medicine and regarded as one of the best therapeutic herbs.<ref name="Bhavaprakash">Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no. 277.</ref>
+* ''Tamalaki'' &ndash; A very small and tender herb.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
+* ''Bahupatra'' &ndash; Characterized by numerous small leaves.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
+* ''Bahuphala'' &ndash; Yields a large number of tiny fruits along the branchlets.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
+* ''Bahuvirya'' &ndash; Endowed with potent and multi-faceted medicinal efficacy.<ref name="Bhavaprakash" />
+== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 According to Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, the properties (''Rasa Panchaka'') of Bhumyamalaki are summarized below:<ref name="API" />
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
 ! Sr. No. !! Pharmacological Criteria !! Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
@@ Line 42: / Line 82: @@
 |}
-== References in Charaka Samhita ==
+== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
 Bhumyamalaki (Tamalaki) is widely referenced across numerous clinical contexts and therapeutic formulations in the ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'':
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
-! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charaka Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
+! Sr. No. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity / Indication / Formulation
 |-
 | 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/36 || Cough-relieving group (''Kasahara Mahakashaya'')
@@ Line 101: / Line 140: @@
 |}
-== Therapeutic Uses ==
+==Dose==
-Bhumyamalaki is clinically indicated in the management of:<ref name="API" />
+* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 – 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />
-* ''Amlapitta'' (Gastritis / Hyperacidity)
+* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 – 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />
-* ''Kasa'' (Cough)
-* ''Kshaya'' (Chronic debility / Wasting)
-* ''Kushtha'' (Dermatological disorders / Skin diseases)
-* ''Pandu'' (Anemia)
-* ''Prameha'' (Urinary disorders / Diabetes mellitus)
-* ''Trushna'' (Excessive thirst / Polydipsia)
-* ''Mutra Roga'' (Urinary system disorders)
-== Dosage & Administration ==
-* '''Fresh Juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10 &ndash; 20 ml of the expressed juice.<ref name="API" />
-* '''Powder (''Churna''):''' 3 &ndash; 6 g of the dried drug powder.<ref name="API" />
-== Important Formulations ==
+==Important Formulations==
 * ''Chyavanprasha''
 * ''Chitraka Haritaki''
 * ''Madhuyastyadi Taila''
 * ''Pippalyadi Ghrita''
-* ''Shatavari Guda'' <ref name="API" />
+* ''Shatavari Guda''
-== Habitat & Availability ==
+== Current availability==
-* '''Status:''' Available
+Available
+* '''Status:''' Widely distributed and cultivated as a medicinal weed throughout the tropical and subtropical plains of India.
+* '''Global Distribution:''' Indigenous and naturalized across South Asia, Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, and the Caribbean.
-== Current Research ==
+== Current researches ==
-* Phytochemical profile & research database: [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Phyllanthus%20amarus IMPPAT Phytochemical Profile: Phyllanthus amarus]
+== Phytochemical Composition ==
+The therapeutic potential of ''Phyllanthus amarus'' stems from a rich array of secondary metabolites extracted across the aerial and root parts:
+* '''Lignans:''' Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, phyltetralin, niranthin, nirtetralin, and lintetralin.
+* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins & Polyphenols:''' Geraniin, corilagin, amariin, furosin, and gallic acid derivatives.
+* '''Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and rutin.
+* '''Alkaloids & Terpenoids:''' Securinine-type alkaloids (norsecurinine, securinine), lupeol, and lupeol acetate.
+== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
+=== Hepatoprotective and Membrane-Stabilizing Activity ===
+''Phyllanthus amarus'' is globally acknowledged for its capacity to protect the liver parenchyma from acute and chronic insults.
+* '''Mechanism:''' The principal lignans—phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin—inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation, restore reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and preserve membrane ATPase enzymes in damaged hepatocytes.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that standardized extracts markedly attenuate drug-, alcohol-, and chemical-induced increases in serum transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and direct bilirubin, promoting accelerated hepatocellular regeneration.<ref name="Pramyothin2007"/>
+=== Antiviral and Anti-Hepatitis B Activity ===
+The herb possesses pronounced inhibitory properties against pathogenic hepatic and enveloped viruses.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic constituents and ellagitannins disrupt viral replication by downregulating viral mRNA transcription, inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, and blocking core antigen secretion.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Seminal research by Thyagarajan and Blumberg established significant clearance of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic HBV carriers. Subsequent molecular investigations have confirmed down-regulation of the HBV enhancer I/X promoter complex and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.<ref name="Thyagarajan1988"/><ref name="Lee1996"/>
+=== Nephroprotective and Anti-Urolithic Effects ===
+In agreement with its traditional ''Mutrala'' (diuretic) and urinary cleansing classification, ''P. amarus'' serves as an effective anti-stone agent.
+* '''Mechanism:''' It disrupts the aggregation and endocytosis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on tubular epithelium, alters urinary glycosaminoglycan profiles, and downregulates stone matrix crystallization promoters.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical and clinical models demonstrate that administration reduces urinary oxalate, uric acid, and calcium levels, facilitating spontaneous passage and preventing recurrent micro-calculi formation.<ref name="Freitas2002"/>
+=== Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
+The herb exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects that mitigate metabolic and inflammatory tissue destruction.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Bioactive isolates like niranthin inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, notably cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while suppressing the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB).
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo assays demonstrate marked reductions in paw edema, thermal allodynia, and circulating TNF-&alpha; and IL-1&beta; levels following oral extract administration.<ref name="Kassuya2006"/>
+=== Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Efficacy ===
+Corroborating the classical indication for ''Prameha'' (urinary and metabolic syndromes), the herb exerts systemic anti-diabetic and metabolic regulation.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Extracts stimulate pancreatic &beta;-cell insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, and competitively inhibit intestinal &alpha;-amylase and &alpha;-glucosidase enzymes.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Preclinical studies show that continuous administration results in significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, accompanied by improved cellular antioxidant status in pancreatic and vascular beds.<ref name="Adeneye2006"/>
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
+* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Phyllanthus amarus'' demonstrates a remarkably high margin of safety. Acute and subacute animal toxicity studies report no adverse mortality or behavioral alterations at oral doses exceeding 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight.<ref name="Patel2011"/>
+* '''Precautions:''' Due to historical emmenagogue associations at excessive concentrations, caution is advised during early pregnancy unless supervised by an experienced practitioner.
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
+** ''Whole Plant Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily in divided doses.
+** ''Fresh Plant Juice (Swarasa):'' 10–20 ml twice daily before meals.
+** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Phyllanthus amarus''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
+|-
+| '''Hepatotoxicity & Hepatitis'''
+| Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Corilagin
+| Hepatic cytoprotection, DNA polymerase inhibition, GSH restoration
+|-
+| '''Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)'''
+| Ellagitannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids
+| Crystal anti-adherence, Diuresis, Uric acid clearance
+|-
+| '''Metabolic Syndrome / Prameha'''
+| Quercetin, Astragalin, Lignans
+| &alpha;-glucosidase inhibition, Insulin stimulation, Lipid lowering
+|-
+| '''Chronic Inflammation'''
+| Niranthin, Geraniin, Rutin
+| NF-&kappa;B inhibition, COX-2 down-regulation, Cytokine suppression
+|}
 == References ==
-<references />
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="API">{{cite book |title=The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India |year=1986 |publisher=Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India |volume=1 |pages=70-71 |edition=Part I}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bhavaprakash">{{cite book |last=Chunekar |first=K. C. |title=Bhavaprakash Nighantu |year=2020 |publisher=Chaukhambha Bharati Academy |pages=Guduchyadi varga, verse 277 |edition=Reprint}}</ref>
+<ref name="Thyagarajan1988">{{cite journal |last1=Thyagarajan |first1=S. P. |last2=Subramanian |first2=S. |last3=Thirunalasundari |first3=T. |last4=Venkateswaran |first4=P. S. |last5=Blumberg |first5=B. S. |year=1988 |title=Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8614 |pages=764–766}}</ref>
+<ref name="Patel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=J. R. |last2=Tripathi |first2=P. |last3=Sharma |first3=V. |last4=Chauhan |first4=N. S. |last5=Dixit |first5=V. K. |year=2011 |title=Phyllanthus amarus: ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=286–313}}</ref>
+<ref name="Pramyothin2007">{{cite journal |last1=Pramyothin |first1=P. |last2=Ngamtin |first2=C. |last3=Poungrickhyo |first3=S. |last4=Suttisri |first4=R. |year=2007 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. extract in ethanol-treated rats: in vitro and in vivo studies |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=452–458}}</ref>
+<ref name="Lee1996">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=C. D. |last2=Ott |first2=M. |last3=Thyagarajan |first3=S. P. |last4=Shafritz |first4=D. A. |last5=Burk |first5=R. D. |last6=Gupta |first6=S. |year=1996 |title=Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and inhibits HBV polymerase activity |journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1069–1076}}</ref>
+<ref name="Freitas2002">{{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=A. M. |last2=Schor |first2=N. |last3=Boim |first3=M. A. |year=2002 |title=The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and skeletal retention of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate |journal=BJU International |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=829–834}}</ref>
+<ref name="Kassuya2006">{{cite journal |last1=Kassuya |first1=C. A. L. |last2=Silvestre |first2=A. |last3=Menezes-de-Lima |first3=O. |last4=Marotta |first4=D. M. |last5=Rehder |first5=V. L. G. |last6=Calixto |first6=J. B. |year=2006 |title=Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=546 |issue=1-3 |pages=182–188}}</ref>
+<ref name="Adeneye2006">{{cite journal |last1=Adeneye |first1=A. A. |last2=Amole |first2=O. O. |last3=Adeneye |first3=A. K. |year=2006 |title=Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=77 |issue=7-8 |pages=511–514}}</ref>
+}}
+[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]