Talk:Bilva: Difference between revisions

From Charak Samhita
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
111 edits
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Aegle marmelos, Bilva, Bilwa, Bael, stone apple, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Aegle marmelos (commonly known as bael, bilva, or stone apple) is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ
Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ


Line 12: Line 22:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 21: Line 31:
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''''Aegle marmelos''''' (commonly known as '''bael''', '''bilva''', or '''stone apple''') is a plant species in the family [[Rutaceae]].
 
Bael
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Pravahika, Agnimandhya(loss of appetite), grahani roga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
* '''Taxonomic name:''' ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa
* '''Botanical synonyms:''' ''Crateva marmelos'' L., ''Feronia pellucida'' Roth, ''Belou marmelos'' (L.) W.Wight
* '''Family:''' [[Rutaceae]] (Citrus family)
* '''Sanskrit names:''' ''Bilva'', ''Sriphala'', ''Shandilya'', ''Shailusha'', ''Malura'', ''Pootivata''
* '''Vernacular names:''' Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Kavit (Marathi).


Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)
''Aegle marmelos'' is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.<ref name="Sharma2011" /> It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.


==Synonyms in bhavaprakasa nighantu==
== Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics ==
Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (''Dravyaguna''), ''Bilva'' presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (''Pakva Bilva'') acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') and roots (''Bilva Mula'', a constituent of ''[[Dashamula]]'') possess potent ''Vata-Kapha'' pacifying properties.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|+ Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics of ''Bilva''
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Parameter !! Unripe fruit (''Ama Bilva'') !! Leaves (''Bilva Patra'') !! Root bark (''Bilva Mula'')
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Tikta'' (Bitter) || ''Tikta'' (Bitter), ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Kashaya'' (Astringent), ''Madhura'' (Sweet)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
| '''Guna''' (Qualities) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Ruksha'' (Dry) || ''Laghu'' (Light)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot) || ''Ushna'' (Hot)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || ''Katu'' (Pungent)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]
| '''Dosha Karma''' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Kapha-Vata Hara'' || ''Tridosha Hara'' (esp. ''Vata-Kapha'')
|-
|-
| '''Primary actions''' || ''Grahi'' (Absorbent), ''Deepana'' (Stomachic), ''Pachana'' (Digestive) || ''Mehahara'' (Antidiabetic), ''Shothahara'' (Anti-inflammatory) || ''Shothahara'' (Anti-edematous), ''Anulomana'' (Carminative)
|-
| '''Indications''' || ''Atisara'' (Diarrhea), ''Grahani'' (IBD/IBS), ''Pravahika'' (Dysentery) || ''Prameha'' (Diabetes), ''Jwara'' (Fever), ''Shotha'' (Swelling) || ''Vata-vyadhi'' (Neurological/Joint disorders), ''Vamana'' (Vomiting)
|}
|}
==Therapeutic uses==
Pravahika, Agnimandya(loss of appetite), grahani roga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18</ref>
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu==
Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura<ref> Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13</ref>
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


Line 74: Line 99:
| 4  
| 4  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/28  
| Grahiyavagu
| Grahi yavagu
|-
|-
| 5  
| 5  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)  
| Arshoghnamahakashaya(anti-hemorrhoids)
| Arshoghna mahakashaya (anti-hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
| 6  
| 6  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)  
| Asthapanopagmahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
|-
| 7  
| 7  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(26)
| Anuvasanopagmahakashaya(unctuous enema)
| Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
|-
|-
| 8  
| 8  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(38)
| Shwayathuharamahakashaya(relieving oedema)
| Shwayathuhara mahakashaya(relieving oedema)
|-
|-
| 9  
| 9  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64
| Anutailadravya
| Anu taila dravya
|-
|-
| 10  
| 10  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10  
| Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
| Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
|-
|-
| 11  
| 11  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24  
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24  
| Management of obesity
| Management of obesity
|-
|-
| 12  
| 12  
Line 134: Line 159:
| 19
| 19
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/43
| In  formulation of brahma rasayana
| In  formulation of Brahma rasayana
|-
|-
| 20
| 20
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
| Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
| Used as peya with amla in Jwara atisara
|-
|-
| 21
| 21
Line 186: Line 211:
| 32
| 32
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/126
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/126
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
|-
| 33
| 33
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/127
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/127
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
| Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
|-
|-
| 34
| 34
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/168
| Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita
| Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita
|-
|-
| 35
| 35
Line 230: Line 255:
| 43
| 43
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/47  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/47  
| Used in avgah sweda  
| Used in avagaha sweda  
|-
|-
| 44
| 44
Line 250: Line 275:
| 48
| 48
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107  
| As an  ingredient of cavyadi ghrita
| As an  ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
|-
| 49
| 49
Line 258: Line 283:
| 50
| 50
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131  
| Used in  anuvasan basti  
| Used in  anuvasana basti  
|-
|-
| 51
| 51
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144  
| As an  ingredient of dantyarista
| As an  ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|-
| 52
| 52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195  
| Used in rakta arsha shoola  
| Used in rakta arsha shoola  
|-
|-
| 53
| 53
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/200  
| Used in rakta arsha  
| Used in rakta arsha  
|-
|-
| 54
| 54
Line 294: Line 319:
| 59
| 59
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
| As an  ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
| As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|-
| 60
| 60
Line 322: Line 347:
| 66
| 66
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
| Used in yavagu preparation  for hikka svasa
| Used in yavagu preparation  for hikka shvasa
|-
|-
| 67
| 67
Line 330: Line 355:
| 68
| 68
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
| As an ingredient of  dashamuladhya ghrita
| As an ingredient of  dashamuladya ghrita
|-
|-
| 69
| 69
Line 346: Line 371:
| 72
| 72
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/123
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/123
| As an ingredient  of dashamuladu ghrita
| As an ingredient  of dashamuladi ghrita
|-
|-
| 73
| 73
Line 354: Line 379:
| 74
| 74
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26
| As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
| As a Ingreidient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
| 75
| 75
Line 374: Line 399:
| 79
| 79
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/52
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
| As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
|-
|-
| 80
| 80
Line 442: Line 467:
| 96
| 96
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56  
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/56  
| As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pra;lepa
| As an ingredient  of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
|-
|-
| 97
| 97
Line 466: Line 491:
| 102
| 102
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/104
| Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/104
| As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
| As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
|-
|-
| 103
| 103
Line 488: Line 513:
* Bilvadi leha
* Bilvadi leha
* Bruhatagangadhara churna
* Bruhatagangadhara churna
    
    
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Line 496: Line 520:
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos
== Phytochemical profile ==
Chemical characterization of ''Aegle marmelos'' across various tissues has identified over 100 secondary metabolites.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /><ref name="Baliga2011" /> The principal active phytochemical groups include:


* '''Coumarins and furanocoumarins:''' Marmelosin (imperatorin), marmin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, aurapten, and xanthotoxol. Marmelosin represents the primary bio-marker constituent responsible for gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activity.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Alkaloids:''' Aegeline, marmeline, shahimspine, fragrine, O-methylhalfordinol, and aegelenine.<ref name="Dhankhar2011" /> Aegeline exhibits metabolic regulatory effects.
* '''Triterpenoids and sterols:''' β-sitosterol, lupeol, and γ-sitosterol.
* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />
* '''Polysaccharides and essential oils:''' Mucilage and pectins (fruit pulp); limonene, α-phellandrene, ''p''-cymene, and cineole (leaf essential oil).
== Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile ==
=== Anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric, and gastroprotective activity ===
The primary historical clinical use of unripe ''Bilva'' fruit is in managing inflammatory bowel conditions, infectious diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Unripe fruit extracts rich in marmelosin, tannins, and mucilage exhibit antisecretory and antimotility effects. Research demonstrates that aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly reduce castor oil-induced and enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and peristalsis.<ref name="Bhowmik2012" />
* '''Antimicrobial action against enteropathogens:''' ''A. marmelos'' extracts inhibit colonization and toxin production of enteropathogenic bacteria including ''Escherichia coli'', ''Vibrio cholerae'', ''Shigella dysenteriae'', and ''Salmonella typhimurium''.<ref name="Rajan2011" />
* '''Ulcer protective effect:''' Marmelosin and mucosal polysaccharides enhance gastric mucosal resistance, stimulate mucin secretion, and neutralize gastric hyperacidity, showing efficacy comparable to ranitidine in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models.<ref name="Baliga2011" />
=== Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity ===
Leaf and fruit extracts of ''Aegle marmelos'' possess potent blood-glucose-lowering properties, validating its use in traditional management of ''Prameha'' (metabolic syndrome).
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Aqueous leaf extract improves systemic glucose tolerance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing hepatic glycogen synthesis, and suppressing gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase).<ref name="Gandhi2012" />
* '''Pancreatic beta-cell protection:''' Histopathological evaluations show that administration of ''A. marmelos'' extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models promotes regeneration of pancreatic β-cells and increases serum insulin secretion.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
* '''Enzyme inhibition:''' Extracts demonstrate strong competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying postprandial glucose absorption.<ref name="Pathirana2020" />
=== Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties ===
The root bark and leaf preparations suppress systemic inflammation, joint pain, and fever.
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Methanolic leaf and root extracts inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in animal models.<ref name="Patel2012" /> Bioactive coumarins (marmin and umbelliferone) downregulate key inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).<ref name="Baliga2011" />
=== Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity ===
Free radical damage drives many chronic hepatic and systemic pathologies. ''A. marmelos'' leaves and fruit pulp contain high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).
* '''Mechanisms of action:''' Administration of ''A. marmelos'' restores depleted endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lipid peroxidation assays.<ref name="Jagetia2005" />
* '''Hepatoprotection:''' In carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>)- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models, ''Bilva'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, restoring normal liver architecture.<ref name="Sharma2011" />
=== Cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic activity ===
* '''Cardioprotection:''' Pre-treatment with ''A. marmelos'' leaf extract attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by preventing membrane phospholipid degradation, maintaining intracellular enzyme leakage (CK-MB, LDH), and mitigating oxidative stress.<ref name="Prince2005" />
* '''Lipid modulation:''' Extracts lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic models.<ref name="Gandhi2012" />
== Dosage, formulations, and safety profile ==
=== Classical formulations ===
# '''Bilvadi Churna:''' Powdered combination of unripe ''Bilva'', ''Mocharasa'', ''Musta'', and ''Dhataki'' used for acute diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS.
# '''Bilvashtaka Churna:''' Traditional polyherbal formulation prescribed for intestinal malabsorption (''Grahani'') and sluggish digestion.
# '''Bilvadilehya (Bilvadi Lehya):''' Herbal jam formulation indicated for chronic diarrhea, hyperacidity, vomiting, and nausea.
# '''Dashamularishta / Dashamula Kwatha:''' Complex decoction and fermented tonic incorporating ''Bilva'' root as a primary anti-inflammatory agent.
# '''Bilva Taila:''' Medicated sesame oil infused with ''Bilva'' fruit processed for ear ailments (''Karnaroga''), particularly tinnitus and hard of hearing.
=== Recommended posology (raw drug) ===
* '''Unripe fruit powder (''Churna''):''' 2–6 grams daily with warm water or buttermilk.
* '''Leaf powder (''Churna''):''' 3–6 grams daily.
* '''Leaf juice (''Swarasa''):''' 10–20 mL daily.
* '''Root bark decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
* '''Fresh fruit pulp (ripe):''' 50–100 grams (used as a seasonal cooling beverage).
=== Toxicology and safety ===
''Aegle marmelos'' exhibits a broad therapeutic window and high safety profile. Acute toxicity studies in rodents with aqueous and alcoholic leaf/fruit extracts showed no mortality or adverse behavioral parameters up to single doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight (NOAEL).<ref name="Baliga2011" />
* '''Precautions:''' Ripe fruit pulp is heavy to digest (''Guru'') and, if consumed excessively over prolonged periods, can cause intestinal bloating and constipation due to high pectin and mucosal content. Unripe fruit formulations should be discontinued once acute diarrhea or dysentery resolves to avoid excessive astringent (''Stambhana'') activity.
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Baliga2011">Baliga, M. S., Thilak, C., Haniadka, R., Rao, S., & Arora, R. (2011). Evaluation of the antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa. ''Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine'', 17(11), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0534</ref>
<ref name="Bhowmik2012">Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herb ''Aegle marmelos'' and its medicinal potential. ''The Pharma Innovation'', 1(4), 12–22.</ref>
<ref name="Dhankhar2011">Dhankhar, S., Ruhil, S., Balhara, M., Dhankhar, S., & Chhillar, A. K. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. ''Journal of Medicinal Plants Research'', 5(9), 1497–1507.</ref>
<ref name="Gandhi2012">Gandhi, G. R., & Sasikumar, P. (2012). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corr. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 2(3), S115–S122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60140-1</ref>
<ref name="Jagetia2005">Jagetia, G. C., Venkatesh, P., & Baliga, M. S. (2005). Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ''Phytomedicine'', 12(1-2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.006</ref>
<ref name="Patel2012">Patel, P. K., Patel, M. A., Vyas, B. A., Shah, D. R., & Gandhi, T. R. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaves. ''International Journal of Green Pharmacy'', 6(1), 23–28.</ref>
<ref name="Pathirana2020">Pathirana, C. K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (''Aegle marmelos'' (L.) Corrêa), a versatile medicinal plant: A review on chemical constituents and bioactivities. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'', 9(2), 1619–1629.</ref>
<ref name="Prince2005">Prince, P. S. M., & Rajadurai, M. (2005). Preventive effect of ''Aegle marmelos'' leaf extract on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. ''Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology'', 57(10), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.10.0015</ref>
<ref name="Rajan2011">Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jancy, P., Brindha, P., & Sujatha, R. (2011). Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of ''Aegle marmelos'' fruit pulp. ''International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences'', 3(2), 159–163.</ref>
<ref name="Sharma2011">Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sati, N., & Sanadya, J. (2011). ''Aegle marmelos'' (Linn.) Correa: A potential medicinal plant for pharmaceuticals. ''World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research'', 1(1), 10–30.</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== External links==
  This article is under development ..
* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Aegle%20marmelos IMPPAT database]
* [[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 07:15, 5 August 2026


Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ

Bilva
Section/Chapter Herb database/Bilva
Botanical name(s) Aegle marmelos (L.) CORREA EX. SCHULTZ
Family Rutaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Aegle marmelos (commonly known as bael, bilva, or stone apple) is a plant species in the family Rutaceae.

Botanical profile and nomenclature

  • Taxonomic name: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa
  • Botanical synonyms: Crateva marmelos L., Feronia pellucida Roth, Belou marmelos (L.) W.Wight
  • Family: Rutaceae (Citrus family)
  • Sanskrit names: Bilva, Sriphala, Shandilya, Shailusha, Malura, Pootivata
  • Vernacular names: Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Kavit (Marathi).

Aegle marmelos is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.[1] It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.

Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna), Bilva presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (Ama Bilva) is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (Pakva Bilva) acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (Bilva Patra) and roots (Bilva Mula, a constituent of Dashamula) possess potent Vata-Kapha pacifying properties.

Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics of Bilva
Parameter Unripe fruit (Ama Bilva) Leaves (Bilva Patra) Root bark (Bilva Mula)
Rasa (Taste) Kashaya (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter) Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent) Kashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet)
Guna (Qualities) Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) Laghu (Light)
Virya (Potency) Ushna (Hot) Ushna (Hot) Ushna (Hot)
Vipaka (Post-digestive) Katu (Pungent) Katu (Pungent) Katu (Pungent)
Dosha Karma Kapha-Vata Hara Kapha-Vata Hara Tridosha Hara (esp. Vata-Kapha)
Primary actions Grahi (Absorbent), Deepana (Stomachic), Pachana (Digestive) Mehahara (Antidiabetic), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory) Shothahara (Anti-edematous), Anulomana (Carminative)
Indications Atisara (Diarrhea), Grahani (IBD/IBS), Pravahika (Dysentery) Prameha (Diabetes), Jwara (Fever), Shotha (Swelling) Vata-vyadhi (Neurological/Joint disorders), Vamana (Vomiting)

Therapeutic uses

Pravahika, Agnimandya(loss of appetite), grahani roga[2]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura[3]

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 Asthapana
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/19 Pachani-Grahi yavagu(gruel)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/20 Piita-Shelsmaja Atisara yavagu
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/28 Grahi yavagu
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(12) Arshoghna mahakashaya (anti-hemorrhoids)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(26) Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya(unctuous enema)
8 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) Shwayathuhara mahakashaya(relieving oedema)
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/64 Anu taila dravya
10 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/10 Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
11 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 Management of obesity
12 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha
13 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/107 Shaka Varga(group of vegetables)
14 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/138 Phala Varga(group of fruits)
15 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/33 Vyapagat garbhashalya chikitsa
16 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/11 Aragvadha Yoga(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
17 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 9/12 Tilvaka Ghrita Yoga
18 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/16 Churna Yoga
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/43 In formulation of Brahma rasayana
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/183 Used as peya with amla in Jwara atisara
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/187 Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Parikartika(fissure)
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/220 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/235 Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with parikartika
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/46 In Yavagu prayoga
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 As Pathya Diet in Gulma
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/81 Ingredient in Triphalasav
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/93 Ingredient in Uttarbhatik Ghrita
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/126 Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/127 Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/168 Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/60 Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/40 As an application of taila before Swedana kriya
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/44 Used as avasechana in arsha roga
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/47 Used in avagaha sweda
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/69 Bilva and kapittha are used with chitraka
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/93 kashaya Or yavani used in yusha
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/100 Alleviates pain in arsha with patha
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/107 As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/131 Used in anuvasana basti
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of dantyarishta
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/195 Used in rakta arsha shoola
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/200 Used in rakta arsha
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/236 As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/113 Used as ingredient of yavagu
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/136 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 As an ingredient of Mulasava
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/188 Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/58 Used in Kaphaja Pandu(anemia) Roga
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/119 As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/94 Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 Used in yavagu preparation for hikka shvasa
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of dashamuladya ghrita
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/142 As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/77 As an ingredient of peya yoga
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/110 As a ahara dravya
72 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/123 As an ingredient of dashamuladi ghrita
73 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 As a pramathya dravya
74 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 As a Ingreidient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
75 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/34 As a yusha dravya
76 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/35 As a yusha dravya
77 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/45 As a anuvasana dravya
78 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/48 Use with paya for pana
79 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/52 As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara
80 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/62 As a anuvasana dravya
81 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/104 As a kwatha dravya
82 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/109 As a yoga dravya
83 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 As a yoga dravya
84 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/113 As a yoga dravya
85 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/114 As a main dravya in kaphaj atisara
86 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/118 As a piccha basti dravya
87 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/119 As a anuvasana dravya
88 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/23 As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
89 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula
90 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/78 Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola
91 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/82 As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga
92 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/135 Used in Vataja pratishyaya as dhoomavarti
93 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
94 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/243 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
95 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/29 As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga
96 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa
97 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/97 Used in the treatment of Nabhigata vata
98 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/123 As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita
99 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/141 As an ingredient of Yavadi taila
100 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/169 As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila
101 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/176 As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
102 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/104 As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila
103 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/91 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
104 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/266 Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa
105 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/278 Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya

Dose

  • 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form[4]

Important formulations

As per A.P.I.[5]

  • Bilvadi leha
  • Bruhatagangadhara churna

Current availability

Available

Current researches

Phytochemical profile

Chemical characterization of Aegle marmelos across various tissues has identified over 100 secondary metabolites.[6][7] The principal active phytochemical groups include:

  • Coumarins and furanocoumarins: Marmelosin (imperatorin), marmin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, aurapten, and xanthotoxol. Marmelosin represents the primary bio-marker constituent responsible for gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activity.[1]
  • Alkaloids: Aegeline, marmeline, shahimspine, fragrine, O-methylhalfordinol, and aegelenine.[6] Aegeline exhibits metabolic regulatory effects.
  • Triterpenoids and sterols: β-sitosterol, lupeol, and γ-sitosterol.
  • Phenolics and flavonoids: Rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid.[8]
  • Polysaccharides and essential oils: Mucilage and pectins (fruit pulp); limonene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, and cineole (leaf essential oil).

Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile

Anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric, and gastroprotective activity

The primary historical clinical use of unripe Bilva fruit is in managing inflammatory bowel conditions, infectious diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

  • Mechanisms of action: Unripe fruit extracts rich in marmelosin, tannins, and mucilage exhibit antisecretory and antimotility effects. Research demonstrates that aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly reduce castor oil-induced and enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and peristalsis.[9]
  • Antimicrobial action against enteropathogens: A. marmelos extracts inhibit colonization and toxin production of enteropathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhimurium.[10]
  • Ulcer protective effect: Marmelosin and mucosal polysaccharides enhance gastric mucosal resistance, stimulate mucin secretion, and neutralize gastric hyperacidity, showing efficacy comparable to ranitidine in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models.[7]

Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity

Leaf and fruit extracts of Aegle marmelos possess potent blood-glucose-lowering properties, validating its use in traditional management of Prameha (metabolic syndrome).

  • Mechanisms of action: Aqueous leaf extract improves systemic glucose tolerance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing hepatic glycogen synthesis, and suppressing gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase).[11]
  • Pancreatic beta-cell protection: Histopathological evaluations show that administration of A. marmelos extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models promotes regeneration of pancreatic β-cells and increases serum insulin secretion.[1]
  • Enzyme inhibition: Extracts demonstrate strong competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying postprandial glucose absorption.[8]

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties

The root bark and leaf preparations suppress systemic inflammation, joint pain, and fever.

  • Mechanisms of action: Methanolic leaf and root extracts inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in animal models.[12] Bioactive coumarins (marmin and umbelliferone) downregulate key inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).[7]

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity

Free radical damage drives many chronic hepatic and systemic pathologies. A. marmelos leaves and fruit pulp contain high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).

  • Mechanisms of action: Administration of A. marmelos restores depleted endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lipid peroxidation assays.[13]
  • Hepatoprotection: In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models, Bilva extract significantly reduces elevated serum biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, restoring normal liver architecture.[1]

Cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic activity

  • Cardioprotection: Pre-treatment with A. marmelos leaf extract attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by preventing membrane phospholipid degradation, maintaining intracellular enzyme leakage (CK-MB, LDH), and mitigating oxidative stress.[14]
  • Lipid modulation: Extracts lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic models.[11]

Dosage, formulations, and safety profile

Classical formulations

  1. Bilvadi Churna: Powdered combination of unripe Bilva, Mocharasa, Musta, and Dhataki used for acute diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS.
  2. Bilvashtaka Churna: Traditional polyherbal formulation prescribed for intestinal malabsorption (Grahani) and sluggish digestion.
  3. Bilvadilehya (Bilvadi Lehya): Herbal jam formulation indicated for chronic diarrhea, hyperacidity, vomiting, and nausea.
  4. Dashamularishta / Dashamula Kwatha: Complex decoction and fermented tonic incorporating Bilva root as a primary anti-inflammatory agent.
  5. Bilva Taila: Medicated sesame oil infused with Bilva fruit processed for ear ailments (Karnaroga), particularly tinnitus and hard of hearing.

Recommended posology (raw drug)

  • Unripe fruit powder (Churna): 2–6 grams daily with warm water or buttermilk.
  • Leaf powder (Churna): 3–6 grams daily.
  • Leaf juice (Swarasa): 10–20 mL daily.
  • Root bark decoction (Kwatha): 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
  • Fresh fruit pulp (ripe): 50–100 grams (used as a seasonal cooling beverage).

Toxicology and safety

Aegle marmelos exhibits a broad therapeutic window and high safety profile. Acute toxicity studies in rodents with aqueous and alcoholic leaf/fruit extracts showed no mortality or adverse behavioral parameters up to single doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight (NOAEL).[7]

  • Precautions: Ripe fruit pulp is heavy to digest (Guru) and, if consumed excessively over prolonged periods, can cause intestinal bloating and constipation due to high pectin and mucosal content. Unripe fruit formulations should be discontinued once acute diarrhea or dysentery resolves to avoid excessive astringent (Stambhana) activity.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sati, N., & Sanadya, J. (2011). Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential medicinal plant for pharmaceuticals. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1(1), 10–30.
  2. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
  3. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13
  4. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
  5. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dhankhar, S., Ruhil, S., Balhara, M., Dhankhar, S., & Chhillar, A. K. (2011). Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9), 1497–1507.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Baliga, M. S., Thilak, C., Haniadka, R., Rao, S., & Arora, R. (2011). Evaluation of the antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(11), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0534
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pathirana, C. K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa), a versatile medicinal plant: A review on chemical constituents and bioactivities. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 1619–1629.
  9. ↑ Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herb Aegle marmelos and its medicinal potential. The Pharma Innovation, 1(4), 12–22.
  10. ↑ Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jancy, P., Brindha, P., & Sujatha, R. (2011). Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(2), 159–163.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gandhi, G. R., & Sasikumar, P. (2012). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S115–S122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60140-1
  12. ↑ Patel, P. K., Patel, M. A., Vyas, B. A., Shah, D. R., & Gandhi, T. R. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 6(1), 23–28.
  13. ↑ Jagetia, G. C., Venkatesh, P., & Baliga, M. S. (2005). Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Phytomedicine, 12(1-2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.006
  14. ↑ Prince, P. S. M., & Rajadurai, M. (2005). Preventive effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57(10), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.10.0015

External links

Retrieved from "https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Talk:Bilva&oldid=45563"