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|title=Charak Samhita | |title=Charak Samhita | ||
|titlemode=append | |titlemode=append | ||
|keywords=Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium | |keywords= *Bijaka, Pterocarpus marsupium, Malabar kino, Indian kino* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda, | ||
|description= | |description= Bijaka (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) is traditionally classified as a premier pramehaghna (anti-diabetic) and kusthaghna herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing diabetes mellitus, skin disorders, obesity, and bleeding disorders. | ||
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | |image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg | ||
|image_alt= | |image_alt=charak samhita | ||
|type=article | |type=article | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Infobox | {{Infobox | ||
Revision as of 17:30, 30 September 2026
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Bijaka |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. |
| Family | Fabaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., popularly known as Bijaka, Malabar Kino, or Indian Kino Tree, is a large, deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered for its anti-diabetic (*Prameha*), skin-protective (*Kustha*), and Kapha-Vata pacifying properties.[1]
English Name
Malabar kino, Indian kino
Therapeutic Use
Worms infestation (Krimiroga), Psoriasis (Kustha), Diabetes mellitus (Prameha), Anaemia (Pandu), Obesity (Medodosa)[1]
Other Varieties / Other Botanical names
- Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuminata (Prain)
- Pterocarpus marsupium f. acuta Prain
- Pterocarpus marsupium f. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don)
Identification Characters
- Pivara – Trunk of Bijaka is very large.
- Mahasarja – Bijaka is big tree like that of Sarja (Vateria indica).
- Tishya – Bijaka blossoms in Pushya masa (Late winter).
- Sugandhi – Flowers are aromatic.
- Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
- Pitashalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of Sala (Shorea robusta).
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
- Pitasara – Heart wood of Bijaka is yellow in colour.
- Pitashaalaka – Heart wood is yellow in colour and resemble heart wood of saala (Shorea robusta).
- Bandhukpushpa
- Priyaka
- Sarjaka
- Asana
Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
- Bijaka
- Pitasara
- Pitashalaka
- Bandhukapushpa
- Priyaka
- Sarjaka
- Asana[2]
Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties
According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Bijaka has the following properties:
| Sr. No. | Pharmacological Criteria | Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taste (Rasa) | Astringent (Kasaya) |
| 2 | Potency (Veerya) | Dry (Ruksa), Light (Laghu) |
| 3 | Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) | Pungent (Katu) |
| 4 | Qualities (Guna) | Hot (Ushna) |
| 5 | Dosha Action (Karma) | Pacifies Kapha and Vata dosha |
Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions
Bijaka is documented across therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:
| Sr. No. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/106 | As an ingredient of Bijakarishta |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 | As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa |
Dose
- Decoction (*Kwatha*): 50 – 100 gm of the drug.[1]
Important Formulations
As per A.P.I.[1]
- Nyagrodhadi Churna
- Asanabilvadi Taila
Current Availability
Available
- In India: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha.
- Out of India: Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Taiwan.
Major Phytoconstituents
The pharmacological efficacy of *Pterocarpus marsupium* heartwood and bark is attributed to a distinct profile of secondary metabolites:
- Flavonoids & Polyphenols: Pterostilbene, marsupin, epicatechin, and liquiritigenin.
- Condensed Tannins & Gum: Significant proportions of kino-tannic acid yielding active astringent principles.
Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Pterocarpus marsupium*:
1. Anti-Diabetic and Hypoglycemic Activity (*Prameha*)
- Traditional Use: Highly indicated in *Prameha* (diabetes mellitus) and metabolic disorders.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Pterostilbene and epicatechin present in the heartwood demonstrate profound insulin-mimetic properties, enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, regenerating pancreatic beta-cells, and lowering blood glucose levels in experimental models.[3]
2. Antihyperlipidemic and Metabolic Support (*Medodosa*)
- Traditional Use: Indicated in *Medodosa* (obesity) and lipid dysregulation.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: Aqueous extracts significantly reduce serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), preventing lipid accumulation and supporting vascular health.[4]
3. Skin Protection and Anti-psoriatic Action (*Kustha*)
- Traditional Use: Used for *Kustha* (psoriasis and skin disorders) and chronic skin lesions.
- Mechanism & Scientific Evidence: The astringent and anti-inflammatory properties of kino-tannic acid fractions suppress inflammatory pathways, reduce cellular proliferation, and accelerate dermal healing.[5]
Summary of Therapeutic Profile
| Indication | Active Biomolecules | Primary Pharmacological Action |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes (*Prameha*) | Pterostilbene, Epicatechin | Beta-cell regeneration, Hypoglycemic action |
| Lipid Disorders (*Medodosa*) | Phenolic compounds | Lipid profile normalization, Antihyperlipidemic |
| Skin Diseases (*Kustha*) | Kino-tannic acid, Tannins | Anti-inflammatory, Anti-proliferative |
Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage
- Precautions: Safe within therapeutic limits; avoid excessive dosages without professional supervision.
- Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
- Decoction (*Kwatha*): 50–100 gm.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:8
- ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Vatadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Prof. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015.
- ↑ Chakravarthy, I. K., et al. "Insulin release and insulin-like activity of Pterocarpus marsupium if heartwood extracts." Life Sciences.
- ↑ Variya, B. C., et al. "Pterocarpus marsupium (Malabar kino): Chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential." Pharmaceutical Biology.
- ↑ Manickam, M., et al. "Antidiabetic activity of hypoglycemic principles from Pterocarpus marsupium." Journal of Natural Products.
This article is under development ..