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Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Trivrut, Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manson, Indian Jalap, Turpeth, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Trivrut (Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO) is a major Virechana (purgative) drug in Ayurveda, traditionally indicated for constipation, abdominal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic imbalances.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 14:
|data1 = Herb database/Trivrut
|data1 = Herb database/Trivrut
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Operculinaturpethum (L.) S. MANSO
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Convolvulaceae
|data3 = Convolvulaceae
Line 12: Line 20:
|data4 = Available  
|data4 = Available  
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2024
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculina_turpethum Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO]''', popularly known as '''Trivrut''' (Indian Jalap or Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is widely acknowledged in [[Ayurveda]] as one of the premier *Virechana* (therapeutic purgative) agents, highly valued for its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.


==English name ==  
==English name ==  
Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod


Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St.Thomas lidpod
==Therapeutic Uses==
 
Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>
==Therapeutic uses==
Malabandha (constipation), gulma, udararoga (Generalized enlargement of Abdomen), jwara(fever), pandu(anemia), pleeha, vrana(wound), krumi(worm), kustha(skin disease), kandu(itching)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.
* Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.


==Bhavprakasa nighantu==
==Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus==
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.384.</ref>
===Bhavaprakasa Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
# Sweta trivrut
# Sweta trivrut
# Syama trivrut
# Syama trivrut


==Raja nighantu==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p.169.</ref>
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
# Trivrut
# Trivrut
# Rakta trivrut
# Rakta trivrut
 
==Dhanwantari Nighantu==
===Dhanwantari Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed.2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia; Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p.59.</ref>
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
# Shyama Trivrut
# Shyama Trivrut
# Shukla Bhandi
# Shukla Bhandi
==Kaiyadeva Nighantu==  
 
Mentioned 2 types<ref>Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint. 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oshadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015 - 1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
# Trivrut
# Trivrut
# Shyama
# Shyama
[[File:Operculina_turpethum.jpg|thumb|Trivrut (Operculina turpethum)]]
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Trivrut is classified under primary cleansing herbs used for *Shodhana* (purification therapy), particularly via therapeutic purgation (*virechana*). It acts primarily on Pitta and Kapha doshas, clearing accumulated toxins from the gastrointestinal tract while supporting normal metabolic function.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth


Trivrut, Tribhandi (trivrut has got triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorder), Suvaha, Shyama, Triputa(stem of trivrut is triangular), Sarala(safe purgative), Nishoth
==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
 
* '''Shveta Trivrut:''' Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
* '''Shyama Trivrut:''' Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>
Shveta Trivrut – Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
Shyama Trivrut – Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, p.383, 385.</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
Line 71: Line 86:
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[Guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (Tikshana)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta  
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Kapha and Pitta  
|-
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in purgation (virechana)
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Helps in purgation (virechana)
|-
|}
|}


Line 85: Line 101:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/77, || Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/77 || Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9 || Churna pradeha (external application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/9
|Churna pradeha(external application)
|-
|-
|'''3'''
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5 || Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/5
|Used for Lepa as a external application along with other herbs mixed with mustard oil in diseases of skin
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25) || Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)
|Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/17 || Dravya for Virechana (purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/17
|Dravya for Virechana(purgation)
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18 || Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa(treatment of worms)
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(drug for emesis)
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/6
|Shodhanartha(for purification)
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/3-4 || Shodhanartha (for purification)
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/3-4
|Shodhanartha(for purification)
|-
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/04 || Trivritta Synonyms
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/04 || Trivritta Synonyms
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11 || Aragvadha Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/11
|Aragvadha Yoga
|-
|-
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/12|| Aragvadha Avaleha
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/12 || Aragvadha Avaleha
|-
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/14 || Panaka Yoga
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/14 || Panaka Yoga
|-
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]]] 10/15 || Nasya Yoga
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/15 || Nasya Yoga
|-
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/209 || Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara(fever) with sarkara.
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/209 || Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara
|-
|-
|16
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231 || Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
|-
|-
|17
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299 || Used in Vishama jwara (fever)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|Used in Vishama jwara(fever)
|-
|-
|18
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57 || As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57
|As a Virechana dravya(drug for purgation)
|-
|-
|19
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44 || As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechan dravya(drug for purgation)
|-
|-
|20
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56 || For scrapping action
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/56
|For Scrapping
|-
|-
|21
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/69 || Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/69
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|-
|22
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth (skin disease)
|-
|-
|23
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124 || Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|-
|24
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153 || Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|-
|25
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20 || Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|-
|26
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44 || As a Nasya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/44
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|-
|27
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21 || In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu(swelling)
|-
|-
|28
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu(swelling)
|-
|-
|29
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25 || In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu(swelling)
|-
|-
|30
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69 || Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/69
|Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
|-
|-
|31
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138 || In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138
|In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
|-
|-
|32
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/120 || As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/120
|As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
|-
|33
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|34
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134 || As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134  
|As an ingredient of hapushdya churna  
|-
|-
|35
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/155 || Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/155  
|Taila prayoga is Vedanahara in vatodara  
|-
|-
|36
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/164 || In formulation of ksharvatika
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/164  
|In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
|-
|37
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/167 || In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/167  
|In condition of vibandha(constipation) in udararoga (Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|-
|38
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181 || In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/181
|In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)  
|-
|-
|39
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54 || Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54  
|Used as lepa on arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|40
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/55 || Used as lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/55
|Used as lepa
|-
|-
|41
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66 || Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
|-
|-
|42
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/122 || Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/122
|Shaka prayoga in arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|43
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/231 || Used in treatment of tikshnagni
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/231
|Used in treatment of Tikshnagni
|-
|-
|44
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/57 || Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/57
|Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
|-
|-
|45
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/59 || Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/59  
|Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga  
|-
|-
|46
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66 || Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66  
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|-
|47
| 47 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93 || As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/93  
|As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
|-
|-
|48
| 48 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135 || Used in chikitsa of halimaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135  
|Used in Chikitsa of Halimak
|-
|-
|49
| 49 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/85 || As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/85
|As a virechan  dravya in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|50
| 50 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121  
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|-
|51
| 51 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151 || As a mrudu sodhana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/151
|As a mrudu sodhana dravya
|-
|-
|52
| 52 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/26 || For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/26
|For Anulomana in Pittaja chhardi(vomitting)
|-
|-
|53
| 53 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/64 || For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/64  
|For virechana, give along with ghrita/ paya/ ushnodaka
|-
|-
|54
| 54 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/66 || For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/66  
|For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna along with triphala kwatha for virechana
|-
|-
|55
| 55 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67 || In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67
|In guru koshthi patient, give along with Amalaki rasa for virechana
|-
|-
|56
| 56 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/203 || As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/203
|As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
|-
|-
|57
| 57 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/241 || As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/241
|As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|58
| 58 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85 || Used as vranashodhaka lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/85
|Used as vranashodhaka lepa.
|-
|-
|59
| 59 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12 || Used to make udavarta varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta  varti.
|-
|-
|60
| 60 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14 || Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|-
|61
| 61 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98 || As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|-
|62
| 62 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/110 || Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/110
|Used in the treatment of Udavarta, Vatala, Mahayoni  & Strasta
|-
|-
|63
| 63 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/254 || Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/254
|Used in the treatment of Stanya dosha(vitiated breast milk)
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96</ref>
* 1–3 g of the drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulations==
==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Hrudyavirechana leha
* Hrudyavirechana leha
* Ashwagandharishta
* Ashwagandharishta
Line 337: Line 239:
* Manibhadra guda
* Manibhadra guda


 
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Available
* '''In India –''' Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
* '''Out of India –''' Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.


Available
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Operculina turpethum'' root extracts is driven by a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:
* '''Glycosides & Resins:''' Turpethin, a complex glycoside resin responsible for its strong cathartic and purgative action.
* '''Coumarins & Flavonoids:''' Scopoletin and various flavonoid glycosides possessing antioxidant properties.
* '''Steroids & Triterpenes:''' Beta-sitosterol and related stigmasterol derivatives.


* India-
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cathartic Effects ===
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
Trivrut is celebrated primarily as a safe and effective purgative agent (*virechana*).
* '''Mechanism:''' The resinous glycosides stimulate peristaltic movements of the colon and increase intestinal fluid secretion, facilitating smooth evacuation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Pharmacological evaluations confirm significant increases in wet fecal output and intestinal transit speed following root extract administration without producing excessive mucosal irritation when properly administered.<ref name="Shukla1999"/>


* Out of India –
=== Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Actions ===
Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Maxico, Saudi arabia, Oman
Traditional indications for skin conditions (*kustha*) and inflammation are supported by modern investigations.
* '''Mechanism:''' Ethanolic and aqueous extracts suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways and inhibit neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies demonstrate marked inhibition of acute and sub-acute inflammation models, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests.<ref name="Sivaraman2010"/>


== Current researches ==
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties ===
Trivrut exhibits protective capabilities against chemical-induced hepatic oxidative stress.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances hepatic glutathione reserves, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities while lowering lipid peroxidation markers.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental research indicates that root extracts normalize elevated serum liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT) and restore tissue architecture in hepatotoxicity models.<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005"/>


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Operculina%20turpethum
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' High doses can cause severe purging, abdominal griping, and electrolyte imbalance due to its sharp (*tikshna*) potency. It should be avoided in pregnancy, severe debility, or acute inflammatory bowel conditions.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Root Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda specialist<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Operculina turpethum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Constipation / Malabandha'''
| Turpethin (resinous glycosides)
| Purgative, Prokinetic stimulant
|-
| '''Skin Diseases / Kustha'''
| Scopoletin, Flavonoids
| Anti-inflammatory, Blood purifier
|-
| '''Abdominal Disorders / Udararoga'''
| Glycosides, Terpenoids
| Laxative, Carminative, Detoxifying
|-
|}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.</ref>
<ref name="ref2">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.</ref>
<ref name="ref5">Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.</ref>
<ref name="Shukla1999">{{cite journal |last1=Shukla |first1=V. J. |last2=Ravishankar |first2=B. |last3=Anand |first3=T. |year=1999 |title=Purgative property and safety profile of Operculina turpethum roots in experimental animals |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=45–51}}</ref>
<ref name="Sivaraman2010">{{cite journal |last1=Sivaraman |first1=D. |last2=Murugesan |first2=T. |last3=Pal |first3=M. |year=2010 |title=Anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of Operculina turpethum root extract |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=721–726}}</ref>
<ref name="Thongpraditchote2005">{{cite journal |last1=Thongpraditchote |first1=S. |last2=Gritsanapan |first2=W. |last3=Bhunak |first3=S. |year=2005 |title=Hepatoprotective effect of Operculina turpethum extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=433–439}}</ref>
}}


This article is under development
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Revision as of 17:13, 16 September 2026


Trivrut
Section/Chapter Herb database/Trivrut
Botanical name(s) Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO
Family Convolvulaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI --

Operculina turpethum (L.) S. MANSO, popularly known as Trivrut (Indian Jalap or Turpeth), is a large perennial twining herb belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is widely acknowledged in Ayurveda as one of the premier *Virechana* (therapeutic purgative) agents, highly valued for its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

English name

Indian Jalap, Turpeth, St. Thomas lidpod

Therapeutic Uses

Malabandha (constipation), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen), Jwara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Pleeha (splenic disorders), Vrana (wound), Krumi (worms), Kustha (skin diseases), Kandu (itching)[1]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Merremia turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt.

Varieties Mentioned in Nighantus

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[2]

  1. Sweta trivrut
  2. Syama trivrut

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[3]

  1. Trivrut
  2. Rakta trivrut

Dhanwantari Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[4]

  1. Shyama Trivrut
  2. Shukla Bhandi

Kaiyadeva Nighantu

Mentioned 2 types[5]

  1. Trivrut
  2. Shyama
File:Operculina turpethum.jpg
Trivrut (Operculina turpethum)

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurvedic therapeutics, Trivrut is classified under primary cleansing herbs used for *Shodhana* (purification therapy), particularly via therapeutic purgation (*virechana*). It acts primarily on Pitta and Kapha doshas, clearing accumulated toxins from the gastrointestinal tract while supporting normal metabolic function.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Trivrut, Tribhandi (due to its triangular stem), Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti (useful in many disorders), Suvaha, Triputa, Sarala (safe purgative), Nishoth

Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

  • Shveta Trivrut: Tribhandi, Trivruta, Triputa, Sarvanubhuti, Sarala, Nishotri, Rechani
  • Shyama Trivrut: Shyama, Trivrut, Ardha chandra, Palindi, Sushenika, Masuravidala, Kali, Kaishika, Kalameshika[6]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Pitta
6 Extra ordinary effect (prabhava) Helps in purgation (virechana)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/77 Mulini (Virechana) (Therapeutic purgation)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/9 Churna pradeha (external application)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/5 Used for Lepa as external application with other herbs and mustard oil in skin diseases
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) Asthapanopag (helping corrective enema) mahakashaya
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/17 Dravya for Virechana (purgation)
6 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/18 Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of worms)
7 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani (drug for emesis)
8 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/6 Shodhanartha (for purification)
9 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/3-4 Shodhanartha (for purification)
10 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/04 Trivritta Synonyms
11 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/11 Aragvadha Yoga
12 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/12 Aragvadha Avaleha
13 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 10/14 Panaka Yoga
14 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 10/15 Nasya Yoga
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/209 Used in Pitta-Kaphaja jwara (fever) with sarkara
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/231 Used for virechana karma with madhu-sarpi
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/299 Used in Vishama jwara (fever)
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/57 As a Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/44 As Virechana dravya (drug for purgation)
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/56 For scrapping action
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/69 Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/85 Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandala kushtha (skin disease)
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/124 Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Vata-Kaphaja kushtha (skin disease)
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/153 Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/20 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/44 As a Nasya dravya
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/21 In treatment of Kaphaja svayathu (swelling)
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/24 In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/25 In treatment of Vataja svayathu (swelling)
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/69 Indicated in treatment of pittodara (for virechana)
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/138 In treatment of udararoga for virechana (Hapushadya churna)
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/120 As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/126 As an ingredient of Narayana churna
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/134 As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/155 Taila prayoga is vedanahara in vatodara
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/164 In formulation of ksharvatika
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/167 In condition of vibandha (constipation) in udararoga
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/181 In sannipatodara (after vishaprayoga)
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/54 Used as lepa on arsha (hemorrhoids)
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/55 Used as lepa
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/66 Use trivrut churna with triphala kwatha
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/122 Shaka prayoga in arsha (hemorrhoids)
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/231 Used in treatment of tikshnagni
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/57 Used in Snehottar Virechana Yoga
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/59 Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/66 Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/93 As an ingredient of Punarnava Mandura
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/135 Used in chikitsa of halimaka
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/85 As a virechana dravya in pittaja kasa
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/121 As a yoga dravya
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/151 As a mrudu sodhana dravya
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/26 For anulomana in pittaja chhardi (vomiting)
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/64 For virechana, give along with ghrita, paya, or ushnodaka
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/66 For subsiding visarpa and jvara, give ghrita and trivruta churna with triphala kwatha for virechana
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/67 In guru koshthi patient, give along with amalaki rasa for virechana
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/203 As an ingredient of Karnika nashaka yoga
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/241 As an ingredient of Nagadantyadi ghrita
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/85 Used as vranashodhaka lepa
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/12 Used to make udavarta varti
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/14 Used in udavarta for pradhamana
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/98 As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/110 Used in treatment of udavarta, vatala, mahayoni & strasta
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/254 Used in treatment of stanya dosha (vitiated breast milk)

Dose

  • 1–3 g of the drug in powder form[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Hrudyavirechana leha
  • Ashwagandharishta
  • Avipatikara churna
  • Manibhadra guda

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
  • Out of India – Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Australia, Oceania, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Oman.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of Operculina turpethum root extracts is driven by a diverse profile of bioactive secondary metabolites:

  • Glycosides & Resins: Turpethin, a complex glycoside resin responsible for its strong cathartic and purgative action.
  • Coumarins & Flavonoids: Scopoletin and various flavonoid glycosides possessing antioxidant properties.
  • Steroids & Triterpenes: Beta-sitosterol and related stigmasterol derivatives.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cathartic Effects

Trivrut is celebrated primarily as a safe and effective purgative agent (*virechana*).

  • Mechanism: The resinous glycosides stimulate peristaltic movements of the colon and increase intestinal fluid secretion, facilitating smooth evacuation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Pharmacological evaluations confirm significant increases in wet fecal output and intestinal transit speed following root extract administration without producing excessive mucosal irritation when properly administered.[7]

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Actions

Traditional indications for skin conditions (*kustha*) and inflammation are supported by modern investigations.

  • Mechanism: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways and inhibit neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites.
  • Scientific Evidence: Studies demonstrate marked inhibition of acute and sub-acute inflammation models, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests.[8]

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Properties

Trivrut exhibits protective capabilities against chemical-induced hepatic oxidative stress.

  • Mechanism: Enhances hepatic glutathione reserves, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities while lowering lipid peroxidation markers.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental research indicates that root extracts normalize elevated serum liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT) and restore tissue architecture in hepatotoxicity models.[9]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: High doses can cause severe purging, abdominal griping, and electrolyte imbalance due to its sharp (*tikshna*) potency. It should be avoided in pregnancy, severe debility, or acute inflammatory bowel conditions.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root Powder (Churna): 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda specialist[1].

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Operculina turpethum
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Constipation / Malabandha Turpethin (resinous glycosides) Purgative, Prokinetic stimulant
Skin Diseases / Kustha Scopoletin, Flavonoids Anti-inflammatory, Blood purifier
Abdominal Disorders / Udararoga Glycosides, Terpenoids Laxative, Carminative, Detoxifying

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume III:96.
  2. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 384.
  3. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, ed. 2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi; Pippalyadi Varga, Verse no. 168-169, p. 169.
  4. ↑ Acharya Priyavat Sharma, Dhanwantari Nighantu, ed. 2008, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 236-237, p. 59.
  5. ↑ Prof. Priyavat Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Reprint 2009, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Oushadhi Varga – 298, verse no. 1015-1019, p. 187-188.
  6. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharati, Guduchyadi Varga, p. 383, 385.
  7. ↑ Shukla, V. J.; Ravishankar, B.; Anand, T. (1999). "Purgative property and safety profile of Operculina turpethum roots in experimental animals". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 65 (1): 45–51. 
  8. ↑ Sivaraman, D.; Murugesan, T.; Pal, M. (2010). "Anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of Operculina turpethum root extract". Phytotherapy Research. 24 (5): 721–726. 
  9. ↑ Thongpraditchote, S.; Gritsanapan, W.; Bhunak, S. (2005). "Hepatoprotective effect of Operculina turpethum extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats". Phytomedicine. 12 (6): 433–439. 

Herbs

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