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Myristica fragrens Houtt.
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{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Jati
|title = Jati
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|data1 = Herb database/Jati
|data1 = Herb database/Jati
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Myristica fragrens Houtt.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Myristicaceae
|data3 = Myristicaceae
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|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 19: Line 28:
|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica_fragrans Myristica fragrans Houtt.]''', popularly known as '''Jati''' or Nutmeg, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is widely valued in [[Ayurveda]] for its aromatic, carminative, and stimulant properties, providing two distinct spices from the same fruit: nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).


==English name==
==English name==
Nut-meg
Nutmeg


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara(Diarrhoea),swasa(dyspnea),chardi(vomiting),pinasa(rhinitis),grahani,mukharoga,sukrameha<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
Atisara (Diarrhoea), swasa (dyspnea), chardi (vomiting), pinasa (rhinitis), grahani, mukharoga, sukrameha<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Line 30: Line 41:


==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Jatikosha,malatiphala<ref>Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>
Jatikosha, malatiphala<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Properties'''
|+'''Properties'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|Taste (rasa)
|-
|Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


Line 63: Line 63:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4
|Siddhatama  churna pradeha(local application)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/4 || Siddhatama churna pradeha (local application)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13)
|Kushthaghna  (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77
|Mukha dharya  dravya( Mouth fresheners)
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/77 || Mukha dharya dravya (Mouth fresheners)
|Cha.sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tiktaskandha(group of bitter drugs)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143 || Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/26
|As a mood  enhancing
|-
|-
|6
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/26 || As a mood enhancing
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used in Vibadhdha dosha.
|-
|-
|7
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207 || Used in Vibadhdha dosha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57
|For Scrapping
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/57 || For Scrapping
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94
|Bahyaprayogarth(external application) Lepa in Kushtha 
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/94 || Bahyaprayogarth (external application) Lepa in Kushtha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri  Taila
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/111 || Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/135 || As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56 || As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva  peenasa
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145 || Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Pradhamana nasya
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/184 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna.
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205 || Used for mukhadhavna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241 || As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245
|-
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/245 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
* 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form<ref name="API1986"/>
 
==Important formulation==
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Jatiphaladi churna
* Jatiphaladi churna


==Current availability ==
==Current availability ==
Available
Available
* In India – Cultivated in southern parts of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
* Out of India – Native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia; cultivated widely across tropical Asia, Grenada, and tropical regions globally.
==Current researches ==
==Current researches ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans
==Phytochemical Composition==
The diverse therapeutic profile of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt. stems from its rich secondary metabolite concentration across its seed and aril:
* '''Volatile Essential Oils:''' Abundant in sabinene, 4-terpineol, myristicin, elemicin, and safrole.
* '''Lignans and Neolignans:''' High concentrations of macelignan and meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid.
* '''Phenolic Compounds & Terpenoids:''' Eugenol derivatives and various flavonoids contributing to cellular protection.
==Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy==
=== Gastrointestinal and Antidiarrheal Efficacy ===
Traditionally indicated in *Atisara* (diarrhoea) and *Grahani*, modern pharmacological research confirms its regulatory effects on bowel motility.
* '''Mechanism:''' It suppresses colonic smooth muscle hypermotility and inhibits mucosal prostaglandin synthesis, thereby reducing fluid loss.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies show that extracts exhibit significant anti-secretory and antidiarrheal activities, validating classical descriptions.<ref name="Hilal2023"/>
=== Neuroprotective and Nootropic Properties ===
Aligning with classical indications as a brain tonic and mood enhancer, modern findings support its cognitive benefits.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like myristicin and macelignan act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and protect against neuroinflammation by reducing glial cell activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Administration of plant extracts significantly attenuates oxidative stress markers and improves spatial memory deficits in animal models.<ref name="Asgarpanah2012"/>
=== Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions ===
Utilized traditionally for local pain relief and inflammatory ailments, experimental models confirm these systemic benefits.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oil components inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce the peripheral release of pain-signaling neuropeptides.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Topical and systemic evaluations demonstrate marked antinociceptive and anti-oedematogenic responses.<ref name="Tajdin2003"/>
=== Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties ===
* '''Mechanism:''' Phenolic constituents and terpene fractions disrupt microbial cell membrane integrity and neutralize reactive oxygen species.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts demonstrate potent inhibitory efficacy against various pathogenic bacterial strains alongside high free-radical scavenging capacity.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan2011"/>
==Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage==
* '''Safety Profile:''' While standard therapeutic doses are safe, excessive ingestion (exceeding 5g) can cause acute toxicity symptoms including palpitations, nausea, tachycardia, and central nervous system disturbances driven by myristicin and elemicin fractions.
* '''Standard Dosage:''' 0.5–1.0 g of the drug in powder form (*Churna*).
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt.
! Indication / Activity
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Diarrhoea / Grahani'''
| Tannins, fixed oils, eugenol
| Inhibition of intestinal motility and fluid secretion
|-
| '''Cognitive / Nootropic'''
| Myristicin, macelignan
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, neuroprotection
|-
| '''Anti-inflammatory / Pain'''
| Sabinene, 4-terpineol, myristic acid
| COX-2 inhibition, reduction of inflammation
|-
| '''Antimicrobial'''
| Eugenol, essential oil constituents
| Cell wall disruption, pathogen inhibition
|}


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34</ref>
<ref name="Bhavaprakasha">Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54</ref>
<ref name="Hilal2023">{{cite journal |last1=Hilal |first1=E. Y. |last2=Susilo |year=2023 |title=An update on the pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. as a source of treatment: A scoping review |journal=Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=081-092}}</ref>
<ref name="Asgarpanah2012">{{cite journal |last1=Asgarpanah |first1=J. |last2=Kazemivash |first2=N. |year=2012 |title=Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: A review |journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=6 |issue=16 |pages=1276-1282}}</ref>
<ref name="Tajdin2003">{{cite journal |last1=Tajuddin |first1= |last2=Ahmad |first2=S. |last3=Latif |first3=A. |last4=Qasmi |first4=I. A. |year=2003 |title=Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (clove) on sexual behaviour in male rats |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=3 |pages=6}}</ref>
<ref name="Gopalakrishnan2011">{{cite journal |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=V. |last2=Devi |first2=K. |year=2011 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Myristica fragrans extract |journal=International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=152-155}}</ref>
}}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
   This article is under development ..
   This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 10:28, 16 September 2026


Jati
Section/Chapter Herb database/Jati
Botanical name(s) Myristica fragrans Houtt.
Family Myristicaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Myristica fragrans Houtt., popularly known as Jati or Nutmeg, is an evergreen tree native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is widely valued in Ayurveda for its aromatic, carminative, and stimulant properties, providing two distinct spices from the same fruit: nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).

English name

Nutmeg

Therapeutic uses

Atisara (Diarrhoea), swasa (dyspnea), chardi (vomiting), pinasa (rhinitis), grahani, mukharoga, sukrameha[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Jati, Sumana

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Jatikosha, malatiphala[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Pungent (katu)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 3/4 Siddhatama churna pradeha (local application)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(13) Kushthaghna (anti-dermatosis) mahakashaya
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/77 Mukha dharya dravya (Mouth fresheners)
4 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/143 Tiktaskandha (group of bitter drugs)
5 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/26 As a mood enhancing
6 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/207 Used in Vibadhdha dosha
7 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/57 For Scrapping
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/94 Bahyaprayogarth (external application) Lepa in Kushtha
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/111 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/135 As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/56 As an ingredient of Mrita sanjivani agada
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/145 Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/205 Used for mukhadhavna
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/241 As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/245 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti

Dose

  • 0.5-1.0 gm of the drug in powder form[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Jatiphaladi churna

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Cultivated in southern parts of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
  • Out of India – Native to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Indonesia; cultivated widely across tropical Asia, Grenada, and tropical regions globally.

Current researches

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Myristica%20fragrans

Phytochemical Composition

The diverse therapeutic profile of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt. stems from its rich secondary metabolite concentration across its seed and aril:

  • Volatile Essential Oils: Abundant in sabinene, 4-terpineol, myristicin, elemicin, and safrole.
  • Lignans and Neolignans: High concentrations of macelignan and meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid.
  • Phenolic Compounds & Terpenoids: Eugenol derivatives and various flavonoids contributing to cellular protection.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Gastrointestinal and Antidiarrheal Efficacy

Traditionally indicated in *Atisara* (diarrhoea) and *Grahani*, modern pharmacological research confirms its regulatory effects on bowel motility.

  • Mechanism: It suppresses colonic smooth muscle hypermotility and inhibits mucosal prostaglandin synthesis, thereby reducing fluid loss.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies show that extracts exhibit significant anti-secretory and antidiarrheal activities, validating classical descriptions.[3]

Neuroprotective and Nootropic Properties

Aligning with classical indications as a brain tonic and mood enhancer, modern findings support its cognitive benefits.

  • Mechanism: Active constituents like myristicin and macelignan act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and protect against neuroinflammation by reducing glial cell activation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Administration of plant extracts significantly attenuates oxidative stress markers and improves spatial memory deficits in animal models.[4]

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Actions

Utilized traditionally for local pain relief and inflammatory ailments, experimental models confirm these systemic benefits.

  • Mechanism: Essential oil components inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways and reduce the peripheral release of pain-signaling neuropeptides.
  • Scientific Evidence: Topical and systemic evaluations demonstrate marked antinociceptive and anti-oedematogenic responses.[5]

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

  • Mechanism: Phenolic constituents and terpene fractions disrupt microbial cell membrane integrity and neutralize reactive oxygen species.
  • Scientific Evidence: Extracts demonstrate potent inhibitory efficacy against various pathogenic bacterial strains alongside high free-radical scavenging capacity.[6]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Safety Profile: While standard therapeutic doses are safe, excessive ingestion (exceeding 5g) can cause acute toxicity symptoms including palpitations, nausea, tachycardia, and central nervous system disturbances driven by myristicin and elemicin fractions.
  • Standard Dosage: 0.5–1.0 g of the drug in powder form (*Churna*).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of *Myristica fragrans* Houtt.
Indication / Activity Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Diarrhoea / Grahani Tannins, fixed oils, eugenol Inhibition of intestinal motility and fluid secretion
Cognitive / Nootropic Myristicin, macelignan Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, neuroprotection
Anti-inflammatory / Pain Sabinene, 4-terpineol, myristic acid COX-2 inhibition, reduction of inflammation
Antimicrobial Eugenol, essential oil constituents Cell wall disruption, pathogen inhibition

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :34
  2. ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, karpuradi varga, verse no.-54
  3. ↑ Hilal, E. Y.; Susilo (2023). "An update on the pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. as a source of treatment: A scoping review". Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 13 (7): 081–092. 
  4. ↑ Asgarpanah, J.; Kazemivash, N. (2012). "Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: A review". African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6 (16): 1276–1282. 
  5. ↑ Tajuddin; Ahmad, S.; Latif, A.; Qasmi, I. A. (2003). "Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (clove) on sexual behaviour in male rats". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 3: 6. 
  6. ↑ Gopalakrishnan, V.; Devi, K. (2011). "Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Myristica fragrans extract". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3 (4): 152–155.  
 This article is under development ..
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