Haritaki: Difference between revisions

Line 1:

[[Abhaya]]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox

|title = Abhaya

|label1 = Section/Chapter

|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya

|label2 = Botanical name(s)

|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

|label3 = Family

|data3 = Combretaceae

|label4 = Availability

|data4 = Available

|label5 = Contributors

|data5 = Dravyaguna Team

|label6 = Year of publication

|data6 = 2025

|label7 = Publisher

|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label8 = DOI

|data8 = Awaited

}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons

* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.

* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.

* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.

* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze

* Terminalia acutae Walp.

* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain

* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.

* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.

* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites

* Terminalia reticulata Roth

* Terminalia tomentella Kurz

* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==

===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===

Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility

|-

| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases

|-

| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing

|-

| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application

|-

| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification

|-

| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases

|-

| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases

|-

| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder

|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>

# Niraja

# Vanaja

# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new

* Snigdha – Unctuous

* Ghana – Hard

* Vritta – Round

* Gurvi – With weight

* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water

* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana

|-

| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)

|-

| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)

|-

| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)

|-

| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)

|-

| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)

|-

| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)

|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana

|-

| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)

|-

| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)

|-

| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)

|-

| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)

|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed

* Balavarjita – weak

* Ruksha – who has dryness in body

* Krisha – lean

* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting

* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta

* Garbhavati – Pregnant

* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.

# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)

# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi

# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka

# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha

Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.

# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Properties

|-

! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties

|-

| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)

|-

| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)

|-

| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)

|-

| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)

|-

| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]

|-

| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]

|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Herbs and their activities

|-

! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity

|-

| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)

|-

| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).

|-

| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay

|-

| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay

|-

| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay

|-

| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay

|-

| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya

|-

| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya

|-

| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.

|-

| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya

|-

| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)

|-

| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut

|-

| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut

|-

| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka

|-

| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka

|-

| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga

|-

| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.

|-

| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga

|-

| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga

|-

|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==

As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

* Triphala Churna

* Triphaladi Taila

* Abhayarishta

* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana

* Citraka Haritaki

* Danti Haritaki

* Dasamula Haritaki

* Brahma Rasayana

* Abhaya Lavana

* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.

* Out of India –

* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh

* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand

* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==

The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:

* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.

* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].

* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.

* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.

* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.

* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.

* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.

* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).

* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.

* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''

** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.

** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''

! Indication

! Active Biomolecules

! Primary Pharmacological Action

|-

| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''

| Tannins, Chebulinic acid

| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection

|-

| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''

| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid

| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis

|-

| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''

| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid

| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition

|-

| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''

| Polyphenols, Flavonoids

| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence

|}

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>

}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Abhaya]]
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
+{{Infobox
+|title = Abhaya
+|label1 = Section/Chapter
+|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
+|label2 = Botanical name(s)
+|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
+|label3 = Family
+|data3 = Combretaceae
+|label4 = Availability
+|data4 = Available
+|label5 = Contributors
+|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
+|label6 = Year of publication
+|data6 =  2025
+|label7 = Publisher
+|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
+|label8 = DOI
+|data8  = Awaited
+}}
+'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.
+==English name ==
+Chebulic myrobalan
+==Therapeutic Use==
+Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
+==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==
+* 	Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
+* 	Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
+* 	Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
+* 	Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
+* 	Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
+* 	Terminalia acutae Walp.
+* 	Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
+* 	Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
+* 	Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
+* 	Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
+* 	Terminalia reticulata Roth
+* 	Terminalia tomentella Kurz
+* 	Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
+== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
+''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.
+In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.
+== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
+Haritaki, Pathya
+==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==
+Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini
+==Types==
+===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
+Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
+|-
+| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
+|-
+| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
+|-
+| 3 || Putana || Putana	Small but with large seed || For external application
+|-
+| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
+|-
+| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
+|-
+| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
+|-
+| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
+|}
+===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===
+Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
+# 	Niraja
+# 	Vanaja
+# 	Parvatiya
+===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===
+* 	Nava – new
+* 	Snigdha – Unctuous
+* 	Ghana – Hard
+* 	Vritta – Round
+* 	Gurvi – With weight
+* 	Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
+* 	Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+===Ritu Haritaki===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
+|-
+| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
+|-
+| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
+|-
+| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
+|-
+| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
+|-
+| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
+|-
+| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
+|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
+|-
+| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
+|-
+| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
+|-
+| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
+|-
+| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
+|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+===Contra indications of Haritaki===
+* 	Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
+* 	Balavarjita – weak
+* 	Ruksha – who has dryness in body
+* 	Krisha – lean
+* 	Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
+* 	Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
+* 	Garbhavati – Pregnant
+* 	Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===
+# 	Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
+# 	Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
+# 	Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
+# 	Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
+# 	Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
+Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
+# 	Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>
+== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Properties
+|-
+! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
+|-
+| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
+|-
+| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
+|-
+| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
+|-
+| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
+|-
+| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
+|-
+| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
+|}
+== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Herbs and their activities
+|-
+! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
+|-
+| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
+|-
+| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
+|-
+| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
+|-
+| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis)  mahakashay
+|-
+| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
+|-
+| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
+|-
+| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
+|-
+| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
+|-
+| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
+|-
+| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
+|-
+| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
+|-
+| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
+|-
+| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
+|-
+| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
+|-
+| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
+|-
+| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
+|-
+| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
+|-
+| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
+|-
+| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
+|-
+|}
+==Dose==
+-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
+==Important Formulations==
+As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
+* 	Triphala Churna
+* 	Triphaladi Taila
+* 	Abhayarishta
+* 	Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
+* 	Citraka Haritaki
+* 	Danti Haritaki
+* 	Dasamula Haritaki
+* 	Brahma Rasayana
+* 	Abhaya Lavana
+* 	Pathyadi Lepa
+== Current availability==
+Available
+* 	In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
+* 	Out of India –
+* 	South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
+* 	Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
+* 	East Asia - China
+== Current researches ==
+== Phytochemical Composition ==
+The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
+* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
+* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].
+* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.
+* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.
+== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
+=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===
+Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.
+* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>
+=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===
+Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-&beta; induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>
+=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===
+Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
+* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits &alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>
+=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===
+The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
+* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>
+=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===
+Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
+* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&alpha;, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).
+* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>
+== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
+* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
+* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
+* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
+** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
+** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.
+== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
+|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
+! Indication
+! Active Biomolecules
+! Primary Pharmacological Action
+|-
+| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
+| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
+| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
+|-
+| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
+| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
+| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis
+|-
+| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
+| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
+| &alpha;-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
+|-
+| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
+| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
+| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
+|}
+== References ==
+{{Reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>
+<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>
+<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>
+<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>
+<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
+}}
+[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]