Talk:Eranda: Difference between revisions

From Charak Samhita
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
218 edits
No edit summary
Dridhabala (talk | contribs)
218 edits
No edit summary
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<noinclude>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita - Herb Database
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Eranda, Ricinus communis L., Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia
|keywords= Eranda, Ricinus communis L, Castor oil plant, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Monograph on Eranda (Ricinus communis L.): comprehensive botanical profile, classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, therapeutic efficacy, and modern scientific research.
|description= Eranda (Ricinus communis L.) is traditionally classified as a premier vatahara (pacifying vata) and virechaka (purgative) herb, widely utilized in Ayurveda for managing vataraka (gout), abdominal colic, backache, and inflammatory joint disorders.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=Eranda - Ricinus communis
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
</noinclude>
 


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 31: Line 30:
}}
}}


'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (*Vatavyadhi*), especially rheumatoid arthritis (*Amavata*), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (*Virechana*) and enema therapies.<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinus_communis Ricinus communis L.]''', popularly known as '''Eranda''' or the '''Castor Oil Plant''', is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In [[Ayurveda]], it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (''Vatavyadhi''), especially rheumatoid arthritis (''Amavata''), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (''Virechana'') and enema therapies.<ref name="API" />


== English Name ==
== English Name ==
Line 168: Line 167:


== Dose ==
== Dose ==
* '''Decoction (*Kwatha*):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />
* '''Decoction (''Kwatha''):''' 20 – 30 ml of the drug.<ref name="API" />


== Important Formulations ==
== Important Formulations ==
Line 181: Line 180:


== Major Phytoconstituents ==
== Major Phytoconstituents ==
The pharmacological efficacy of *Ricinus communis* seeds, oil, and roots is attributed to several secondary metabolites:
''Ricinus communis'' contains several classes of bioactive constituents.<ref name="Pandey2025" />
* '''Fatty Acids (Castor Oil):''' High concentration of ricinoleic acid (accounting for nearly 85-90% of the fatty acid profile), alongside oleic, linoleic, and stearic acid triglycerides.
* '''Fatty acids (castor oil):''' Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid that is the principal component of castor oil.
* '''Toxic Proteins & Alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid), which are detoxified during traditional processing.
* '''Toxic proteins and alkaloids:''' Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid); ''Ricinus'' agglutinin is also present.
* '''Flavonoids & Terpenoids:''' Quercetin, gallic acid, and various glycosides present in root and leaf extracts.
* '''Phytosterols:''' Sitosterol, fucosterol and stigmasterol.


== Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research ==
== Therapeutic Efficacy &amp; Modern Scientific Research ==
Modern pharmacological investigations validate several traditional claims associated with *Ricinus communis*:
Modern pharmacological investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with ''Ricinus communis''. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and ''in vitro'' models).


=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (*Virechana*) ===
=== 1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (''Virechana'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely utilized as a safe and effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (*Udararoga*).
* '''Traditional Use:''' Widely used as an effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (''Udararoga'').
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid released from castor oil hydrolysis in the small intestine stimulates intestinal smooth muscle contraction and inhibits fluid absorption, promoting rapid and smooth evacuation.<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Ricinoleic acid, released from castor oil by intestinal lipases, selectively activates EP3 prostanoid receptors on intestinal smooth muscle; in mice lacking EP3 receptors on smooth-muscle cells, castor oil produced no laxative effect, establishing the mechanism of its purgative action. The same pathway mediates uterine contraction.<ref name="Tunaru2012" />


=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity (*Amavata*) ===
=== 2. Anti-inflammatory and Free-radical Scavenging Activity (''Sotha'' / ''Amavata'') ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Indicated in *Amavata* (rheumatoid arthritis), swelling (*Sotha*), and localized pain.
* '''Traditional Use:''' ''Amavata'' (rheumatoid arthritis), ''Sotha'' (swelling) and localized pain; the root is used in ''Vatavyadhi''.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Root and oil extracts demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models by inhibiting cyclooxygenase pathways, reducing edema, and alleviating joint discomfort.<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats together with free-radical scavenging activity, supporting the traditional use of the root in inflammatory conditions.<ref name="Ilavarasan2006" />


=== 3. Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Efficacy ===
=== 3. Antimicrobial Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Applied topically for skin ulcers and localized infections.
* '''Traditional Use:''' Leaves applied as poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings; used for wound and skin infections.
* '''Mechanism & Scientific Evidence:''' Seed and leaf extracts exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against common pathogens while enhancing dermal collagen synthesis and wound contraction metrics.<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves inhibited ''Escherichia coli'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' and ''Candida albicans'' ''in vitro'' (MIC 3.13–25.0 mg/ml); the methanol extract showed the largest zones of inhibition.<ref name="Suurbaar2017" />
 
=== 4. Anti-diabetic Activity ===
* '''Traditional Use:''' Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A 50% ethanolic extract of the seeds showed favourable effects on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and liver and kidney function in diabetic rats.<ref name="Shokeen2008" />


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of *Ricinus communis*
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Ricinus communis''
! Indication
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Part / Extract studied
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Primary Pharmacological Action
! Level of evidence
|-
| '''Constipation &amp; Bowel Cleansing (''Virechana'')'''
| Castor oil (ricinoleic acid)
| Laxative via EP3 receptor activation
| Preclinical (mouse)
|-
|-
| '''Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (*Virechana*)'''
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis / Swelling (''Amavata'' / ''Sotha'')'''
| Ricinoleic acid triglycerides
| Root extract
| Intestinal smooth muscle stimulant, Laxative
| Anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging
| Preclinical (animal, ''in vitro'')
|-
|-
| '''Rheumatoid Arthritis (*Amavata* / *Sotha*)'''
| '''Wounds &amp; Skin Infections'''
| Ricinoleic acid, Flavonoids
| Leaf extracts
| Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic
| Antibacterial, antifungal
| ''In vitro''
|-
|-
| '''Wounds & Skin Irritation'''
| '''Diabetes'''
| Phenolic principles, Tannins
| Seed ethanolic extract
| Antimicrobial, Dermal wound contraction
| Anti-hyperglycemic
| Preclinical (animal)
|}
|}


== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain toxic proteins (ricin) and must not be consumed unprocessed; standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.
* '''Precautions:''' Raw seeds contain the toxic protein ricin and must not be consumed unprocessed; ricin poisoning has no specific antidote, and castor oil itself is not a source of ricin. Standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.<ref name="Audi2005" />
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''  
** ''Root Decoction (*Kwatha*):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Root Decoction (''Kwatha''):'' 20–30 ml.<ref name="API" />
** ''Castor Oil (*Taila*):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.
** ''Castor Oil (''Taila''):'' 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
<ref name="API">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru, S., et al. "Castor oil induces laxative effect via epithelial receptor EP3 activation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Pandey2025">Pandey SN, Kumar P, Verma H, Durgapal S, Singh B. Phytopharmacological insights into ''Ricinus communis'': a comprehensive overview. Pharmacogn Res. 2025;17(2):348-57. doi:10.5530/pres.20251940.</ref>
<ref name="Shojaii2012">Shojaii, A., et al. "Review of pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of Ricinus communis." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.</ref>
<ref name="Tunaru2012">Tunaru S, Althoff TF, Nüsing RM, Diener M, Offermanns S. Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(23):9179-84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201627109.</ref>
<ref name="Perumal2015">Perumal, P., et al. "Wound healing and antimicrobial properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts." Journal of Ethnopharmacology.</ref>
<ref name="Ilavarasan2006">Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity of ''Ricinus communis'' root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(3):478-80.</ref>
<ref name="Suurbaar2017">Suurbaar J, Mosobil R, Donkor AM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of ''Ricinus communis'' against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:660. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2.</ref>
<ref name="Shokeen2008">Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of ''Ricinus communis'' and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(11):3458-66.</ref>
<ref name="Audi2005">Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J. Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2342-51. doi:10.1001/jama.294.18.2342.</ref>
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 05:36, 8 October 2026


Eranda
Section/Chapter Herb database/Eranda
Botanical name(s) Ricinus communis L.
Family Euphorbiaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Ricinus communis L., popularly known as Eranda or the Castor Oil Plant, is a large, annual or perennial shrub distributed widely throughout tropical and subtropical regions. In Ayurveda, it is highly revered as the prime drug for managing Vata disorders (Vatavyadhi), especially rheumatoid arthritis (Amavata), abdominal conditions, and as an ideal agent for therapeutic purgation (Virechana) and enema therapies.[1]

English Name

Castor oil plant

Therapeutic Uses

Sotha (swelling), Jwara (fever), Udararoga (disease of abdomen), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Bastisula (pain in urinary bladder)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

  • Urubuka
  • Vardhamana
  • Urubaka
  • Panchagula
  • Chitra

Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Amana – The flowers when blossomed, plant appears very attractive.
  • Chitra
  • Gandharvahasta – Resembling the palm of Gandharva.
  • Panchangula – Leaves of Eranda are palmately lobed.
  • Vardhamana
  • Dirghadanda – Leaves of Eranda have a long petiole.
  • Vyadambaka – When wind blows, the inflorescence of Eranda appears like dancing.
  • Vatari – Best drug for Vatavyadhi.
  • Taruna
  • Rubuka

Varieties

Bhavaprakasa Nighantu

  • Sukla eranda
  • Rakta eranda

Raja Nighantu

  • Rakta eranda
  • Sthula eranda

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

According to classical Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics (Rasa Panchaka), Eranda has the following properties:[1]

Sr. No. Pharmacological Criteria Properties (Ayurvedic Attributes)
1 Taste (Rasa) Sweet (Madhura), Pungent (Katu), Astringent (Kashaya)
2 Potency (Veerya) Hot (Ushna)
3 Post-digestion Effect (Vipaka) Sweet (Madhura)
4 Qualities (Guna) Unctuous (Snigdha), Sharp (Tikshna), Subtleness (Sukshma)
5 Dosha Action (Karma) Pacifies Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its Actions

Eranda is prominently documented across multiple therapeutic chapters of the Charaka Samhita:

Sr. No. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity / Formulation / Therapeutic Use
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/12 Asthapana (Therapeutic Enema)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(4) Bhedaniya mahakashaya (group of herbs breaking mass/solid lesions)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(22) Svedopag mahakashaya (helping diaphoresis/sudation)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(44) Angamardaprashamana mahakashaya (relieving body-ache)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/10 Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 14/31 Dravya for Nadi Sweda (tubular fomentation)
7 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 14/42 Dravya for Prastara Sweda (bed-fomentation)
8 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/12 Ideal for Virechana (purgation)
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (best food articles, factors, and drugs)
10 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/84 Viruddha ahara (unwholesome diet)
11 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/108, 27/109 Shaka Varga (group of vegetables)
12 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/289 Krutanna Varga (Class on food articles)
13 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhur skanda (group of sweet drugs)
14 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/50 Pathyadi modaka
15 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 11/11 Saptala Shankhini Yoga
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/235 Used as Ksheerapaka where Jwara is associated with Parikartika (fissure)
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/108 Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaj Kushtha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/112 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/65 In treatment of Vatodara for Anuvasana basti (unctuous enema)
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/69 In treatment of Pittodara for Anuvasana basti
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/173 Eranda taila is used in Avarana avastha of Udararoga
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/44 Used in Avasechana in Arsha roga (hemorrhoids)
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/79 Used for Virechana in treatment of Vataja grahani
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/77, 17/80 Used for Shodhanottara dhumpana (post-purification smoking)
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/171 As a yoga dravya
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/48 Used as medicine with Paya (milk)
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/85 Eranda taila with milk is used in Vata vyadhi with other doshas involved
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/114 As an ingredient of Utkarikadi lepa
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/161 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/197 Eranda taila is used in the treatment of Purishavrita vata
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/61 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/81 Used as Ksheerapaka for pain management
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/83 Eranda taila & ksheera used for Virechana in Bahudosha
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/103 As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/140 Used in Ksheerapishti form for Shoolanivrutti (pain relief)
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/141 Used in formulation of Erandamuladi pralepa
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/198 Used in treatment of Klaibya (impotency) for Asthapana basti

Dose

  • Decoction (Kwatha): 20 – 30 ml of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Gandharvahastadi kwatha churna
  • Vatari guggulu
  • Gandharvahastadi taila

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Widely cultivated and found growing wild throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

Major Phytoconstituents

Ricinus communis contains several classes of bioactive constituents.[2]

  • Fatty acids (castor oil): Ricinoleic acid, a hydroxylated fatty acid that is the principal component of castor oil.
  • Toxic proteins and alkaloids: Ricin (a toxic lectin) and ricinine (an alkaloid); Ricinus agglutinin is also present.
  • Phytosterols: Sitosterol, fucosterol and stigmasterol.

Therapeutic Efficacy & Modern Scientific Research

Modern pharmacological investigations have examined several traditional claims associated with Ricinus communis. Each activity below is supported by one primary study. Most of the evidence is preclinical (animal and in vitro models).

1. Purgative and Gastrointestinal Action (Virechana)

  • Traditional Use: Widely used as an effective purgative and in managing abdominal conditions (Udararoga).
  • Scientific Evidence: Ricinoleic acid, released from castor oil by intestinal lipases, selectively activates EP3 prostanoid receptors on intestinal smooth muscle; in mice lacking EP3 receptors on smooth-muscle cells, castor oil produced no laxative effect, establishing the mechanism of its purgative action. The same pathway mediates uterine contraction.[3]

2. Anti-inflammatory and Free-radical Scavenging Activity (Sotha / Amavata)

  • Traditional Use: Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Sotha (swelling) and localized pain; the root is used in Vatavyadhi.
  • Scientific Evidence: Root extract showed anti-inflammatory activity in rats together with free-radical scavenging activity, supporting the traditional use of the root in inflammatory conditions.[4]

3. Antimicrobial Activity

  • Traditional Use: Leaves applied as poultice or fomentation on sores, boils and swellings; used for wound and skin infections.
  • Scientific Evidence: Aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves inhibited Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans in vitro (MIC 3.13–25.0 mg/ml); the methanol extract showed the largest zones of inhibition.[5]

4. Anti-diabetic Activity

  • Traditional Use: Not a classical indication; reported in experimental research.
  • Scientific Evidence: A 50% ethanolic extract of the seeds showed favourable effects on fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and liver and kidney function in diabetic rats.[6]

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Ricinus communis
Indication Part / Extract studied Primary Pharmacological Action Level of evidence
Constipation & Bowel Cleansing (Virechana) Castor oil (ricinoleic acid) Laxative via EP3 receptor activation Preclinical (mouse)
Rheumatoid Arthritis / Swelling (Amavata / Sotha) Root extract Anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging Preclinical (animal, in vitro)
Wounds & Skin Infections Leaf extracts Antibacterial, antifungal In vitro
Diabetes Seed ethanolic extract Anti-hyperglycemic Preclinical (animal)

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Precautions: Raw seeds contain the toxic protein ricin and must not be consumed unprocessed; ricin poisoning has no specific antidote, and castor oil itself is not a source of ricin. Standard therapeutic use relies on processed castor oil or purified root decoctions under professional guidance.[7]
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Root Decoction (Kwatha): 20–30 ml.[1]
    • Castor Oil (Taila): 5–15 ml as directed for purgation.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1:23
  2. ↑ Pandey SN, Kumar P, Verma H, Durgapal S, Singh B. Phytopharmacological insights into Ricinus communis: a comprehensive overview. Pharmacogn Res. 2025;17(2):348-57. doi:10.5530/pres.20251940.
  3. ↑ Tunaru S, Althoff TF, Nüsing RM, Diener M, Offermanns S. Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(23):9179-84. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201627109.
  4. ↑ Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S. Anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity of Ricinus communis root extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(3):478-80.
  5. ↑ Suurbaar J, Mosobil R, Donkor AM. Antibacterial and antifungal activities and phytochemical profile of leaf extract from different extractants of Ricinus communis against selected pathogens. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:660. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3001-2.
  6. ↑ Shokeen P, Anand P, Murali YK, Tandon V. Antidiabetic activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis and its purified fractions. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(11):3458-66.
  7. ↑ Audi J, Belson M, Patel M, Schier J, Osterloh J. Ricin poisoning: a comprehensive review. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2342-51. doi:10.1001/jama.294.18.2342.

Herbs

This article is under development ..

Retrieved from "https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Talk:Eranda&oldid=45797"